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A nanobubble is a small sub-micrometer gas-containing cavity, or bubble, in aqueous solutions with unique properties caused by high internal pressure, small size and surface charge.[1][2] Nanobubbles generally measure between 70-150 nanometers in size [3][4] and less than 200 nanometers in diameter[5][6] and are known for their longevity and stability, low buoyancy, negative surface charge, high surface area per volume, high internal pressure, and high gas transfer rates.[2][7][8][9]

Nanobubbles can be formed by injecting any gas into a liquid.[10][11] Because of their unique properties, they can interact with and affect physical, chemical, and biological processes.[12] They have been used in technology applications for industries such as wastewater, environmental engineering, agriculture, aquaculture, medicine and biomedicine, and others.[7][13][14]

Background

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Nanobubbles are nanoscopic and generally too small to be observed using the naked eye or a standard microscope, but can be observed using backscattering of light using tools such as green laser pointers.[12] Stable nanobubbles in bulk about 30-400 nanometers in diameter were first reported in the British scientific journal Nature in 1982.[12] Scientists found them in deep water breaks using sonar observation.[12]

In 1994, a study by Phil Attard, John L. Parker, and Per M. Claesson further theorized about the existence of nano-sized bubbles, proposing that stable nanobubbles can form on the surface of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces depending on factors such as the level of saturation and surface tension.[15]

Nanobubbles can be generated using techniques such as solvent exchange, electrochemical reactions, and immersing a hydrophobic substrate into water while increasing or decreasing the water’s temperature.[13]

Nanobubbles and nanoparticles are often found together in certain circumstances,[16] but they differ in that nanoparticles have different properties such as density and resonance frequency.[17][18]

The study of nanobubbles faces challenges in understanding their stability and the mechanisms behind their formation and dissolution.[19]

Properties

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Nanobubbles possess several distinctive properties:

  • Stability: Nanobubbles are more stable than larger bubbles due to factors such as surface charge and contaminants that reduce interfacial tension, allowing them to remain in liquids for extended periods.[19][20]
  • High Internal Pressure: The small size of nanobubbles leads to high internal pressure, which influences their behavior and interactions with the surrounding liquid.[19]
  • Large Surface-to-Volume Ratio: This property is crucial for efficient gas transfer between the nanobubbles and the liquid, which is beneficial for various applications.[19]

Usage

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In aquaculture, nanobubbles have been used to improve fish health and growth rates[21][22][23] and to enhance oxidation.[24][25][26] Nanobubbles can improve health outcomes for fish by increasing the dissolved oxygen concentration of water,[21] reducing the concentration of bacteria and viruses in water,[22] and triggering the nonspecific defense system of species such as the Nile tilapia, improving survivability during bacterial infections.[27] The use of nanobubbles to increase dissolved oxygen levels can also promote plant growth and reduce the need for chemicals.[28] Nanobubbles have also been shown as effective in increasing the metabolism of living organisms including plants.[26] In regards to oxidation, nanobubbles are known for generating reactive oxygen species, giving them oxidative properties exceeding hydrogen peroxide.[25] Researchers have also proposed nanobubbles as a low-chemical alternative to chemical-based oxidants such as chlorine and ozone.[26][27]

References

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  1. ^ "Nanobubble - an overview". sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  2. ^ a b Nirmalkar, N.; Pacek, A. W.; Barigou, M. (2018-09-18). "On the Existence and Stability of Bulk Nanobubbles". Langmuir. 34 (37): 10964–10973. doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01163. ISSN 0743-7463. PMID 30179016.
  3. ^ Davey, Abby (2022-06-27). "Moleaer: Tiny bubble tech makes a big splash". H2O Global News. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  4. ^ Press, Aju (2022-10-27). "Fawoo Nanotech develops nanobubble generator to produce hydrogen in large quantities". Aju Press. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  5. ^ "Morphological and physiological responses". cabidigitallibrary.org.
  6. ^ Shah, Rahul; Phatak, Niraj; Choudhary, Ashok; Gadewar, Sakshi; Ajazuddin; Bhattacharya, Sankha (2024). "Exploring the Theranostic Applications and Prospects of Nanobubbles". Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. 25 (9): 1167–1181. doi:10.2174/0113892010248189231010085827. PMID 37861011. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  7. ^ a b Lyu, Tao; Wu, Shubiao; Mortimer, Robert J. G.; Pan, Gang (2019-07-02). "Nanobubble Technology in Environmental Engineering: Revolutionization Potential and Challenges". Environmental Science & Technology. 53 (13): 7175–7176. Bibcode:2019EnST...53.7175L. doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b02821. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 31180652.
  8. ^ Azevedo, A.; Etchepare, R.; Calgaroto, S.; Rubio, J. (2016-08-01). "Aqueous dispersions of nanobubbles: Generation, properties and features". Minerals Engineering. 94: 29–37. Bibcode:2016MiEng..94...29A. doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2016.05.001. ISSN 0892-6875.
  9. ^ Aluthgun Hewage, Shaini; Meegoda, Jay N. (2022). "Molecular dynamics simulation of bulk nanobubbles". Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 650. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129565.
  10. ^ Wine, Gaby. "Meet the Israeli scientist curing cancer with bubbles". thejc.com. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  11. ^ "The Proven Benefits of Nanobubbles". moleaer.com. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
  12. ^ a b c d "Nanobubbles (ultrafine bubbles)". water.lsbu.ac.uk. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  13. ^ a b Foudas, Anastasios W.; Kosheleva, Ramonna I.; Favvas, Evangelos P.; Kostoglou, Margaritis; Mitropoulos, Athanasios C.; Kyzas, George Z. (2023-01-01). "Fundamentals and applications of nanobubbles: A review". Chemical Engineering Research and Design. 189: 64–86. Bibcode:2023CERD..189...64F. doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2022.11.013. ISSN 0263-8762.
  14. ^ Mahasri, G.; Saskia, A.; Apandi, P. S.; Dewi, N. N.; Rozi; Usuman, N. M. (2018). "Development of an aquaculture system using nanobubble technology for the optimation of dissolved oxygen in culture media for nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 137 (1): 012046. Bibcode:2018E&ES..137a2046M. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/137/1/012046.
  15. ^ Parker, John L.; Claesson, Per M.; Attard, Phil (August 1994). "Bubbles, cavities, and the long-ranged attraction between hydrophobic surfaces". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 98 (34): 8468–8480. doi:10.1021/j100085a029. ISSN 0022-3654.
  16. ^ Alheshibri, Muidh; Al Baroot, Abbad; Shui, Lingling; Zhang, Minmin (2021-10-01). "Nanobubbles and nanoparticles". Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science. 55: 101470. doi:10.1016/j.cocis.2021.101470. ISSN 1359-0294.
  17. ^ Paknahad, Ali A.; Kerr, Liam; Wong, Daniel A.; Kolios, Michael C.; Tsai, Scott S. H. (2021). "Biomedical nanobubbles and opportunities for microfluidics". RSC Advances. 11 (52): 32750–32774. Bibcode:2021RSCAd..1132750P. doi:10.1039/d1ra04890b. ISSN 2046-2069. PMC 9042222. PMID 35493576.
  18. ^ Alheshibri, Muidh; Craig, Vincent S. J. (2018-09-27). "Differentiating between Nanoparticles and Nanobubbles by Evaluation of the Compressibility and Density of Nanoparticles". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 122 (38): 21998–22007. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b07174. ISSN 1932-7447.
  19. ^ a b c d Wu, Jiajia; Zhang, Kejia; Cen, Cheng; Wu, Xiaogang; Mao, Ruyin; Zheng, Yingying (2021-06-28). "Role of bulk nanobubbles in removing organic pollutants in wastewater treatment". AMB Express. 11 (1): 96. doi:10.1186/s13568-021-01254-0. ISSN 2191-0855. PMC 8239109. PMID 34184137.
  20. ^ Nazari, Sabereh; Hassanzadeh, Ahmad; He, Yaqun; Khoshdast, Hamid; Kowalczuk, Przemyslaw B. (April 2022). "Recent Developments in Generation, Detection and Application of Nanobubbles in Flotation". Minerals. 12 (4): 462. Bibcode:2022Mine...12..462N. doi:10.3390/min12040462. hdl:11250/3048662. ISSN 2075-163X.
  21. ^ a b Ebina, Kosuke; Shi, Kenrin; Hirao, Makoto; Hashimoto, Jun; Kawato, Yoshitaka; Kaneshiro, Shoichi; Morimoto, Tokimitsu; Koizumi, Kota; Yoshikawa, Hideki (2013-06-05). "Oxygen and Air Nanobubble Water Solution Promote the Growth of Plants, Fishes, and Mice". PLOS ONE. 8 (6): e65339. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...865339E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065339. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3673973. PMID 23755221.
  22. ^ a b Dien, Le Thanh; Linh, Nguyen Vu; Mai, Thao Thu; Senapin, Saengchan; St-Hilaire, Sophie; Rodkhum, Channarong; Dong, Ha Thanh (2022-03-30). "Impacts of oxygen and ozone nanobubbles on bacteriophage in aquaculture system". Aquaculture. 551: 737894. Bibcode:2022Aquac.55137894D. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.737894. ISSN 0044-8486.
  23. ^ Ramos, Royer Pizarro; Yupanqui, Walter Wilfredo Ochoa; Tineo-Vargas, Viky Soledad; Tello-Ataucusi, Dina Soledad; Pariona-Garay, Lino David; Ochoa-Rodríguez, Diego Wilfredo; Castro-Carranza, Tomás Segundo; Tenorio-Bautista, Saturnino Martín (2022-03-15). "Efecto de la oxigenación con micronanoburbujas en la calidad de agua y producción de "truchas" Oncorhynchus mykiss". Llamkasun (in Spanish). 3 (1): 66–73. doi:10.47797/llamkasun.v3i1.84. ISSN 2709-2275.
  24. ^ Atkinson, Ariel J.; Apul, Onur G.; Schneider, Orren; Garcia-Segura, Sergi; Westerhoff, Paul (2019-05-21). "Nanobubble Technologies Offer Opportunities To Improve Water Treatment". Accounts of Chemical Research. 52 (5): 1196–1205. doi:10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00606. ISSN 0001-4842. PMID 30958672.
  25. ^ a b Liu, Shu; Oshita, S.; Makino, Y.; Micro, th (2014). "Reactive oxygen species induced by water containing nano-bubbles and its role in the improvement of barley seed germination". S2CID 55453522. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  26. ^ a b c Liu, Shu; Oshita, Seiichi; Makino, Yoshio; Wang, Qunhui; Kawagoe, Yoshinori; Uchida, Tsutomu (2016-03-07). "Oxidative Capacity of Nanobubbles and Its Effect on Seed Germination". ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 4 (3): 1347–1353. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b01368. ISSN 2168-0485.
  27. ^ a b Linh, Nguyen Vu; Dien, Le Thanh; Panphut, Wattana; Thapinta, Anat; Senapin, Saengchan; St-Hilaire, Sophie; Rodkhum, Channarong; Dong, Ha Thanh (2021-05-01). "Ozone nanobubble modulates the innate defense system of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against Streptococcus agalactiae". Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 112: 64–73. Bibcode:2021FSI...112...64L. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2021.02.015. ISSN 1050-4648. PMID 33667674.
  28. ^ "Nanobubble systems | Applications in Horticulture & Hydroponics". Nanobubbles. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
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