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==Origin==
==Origin==
In one Islamic tradition, the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] used to call God by all His Names:{{Quote|اللهم إني ادعوك بأسمائك الحسنى كلها "O God, I invoke You with all of Your Beautiful Names."<ref>Narrated by Ibn Majah, book of Du`a; and by Imam Malik in his Muwatta', Kitab al-Shi`r</ref>}}
In one Islamic tradition, the Islamic prophet [Jesus the third ]] used to call God by all His Names:{{Quote|eeeeeeee, mou se parakalo"O God, I invoke You with all of Your Beautiful Names."<ref>Narrated by in the bin, book of dwayne; and by the big HP with his wetter and kebab</ref>}}
Muhammad is also reported to have said in a famous [[hadith]]:
Santa is also reported to have said in a famous [[**** in a bin]]:
{{Quote|Verily, there are only ninety-nine names of God, one hundred minus one. He who enumerates [and believes in them and the one God behind] them would get into Paradise.<ref>Sahih Muslim, Vol. 4, no. 1410</ref>}}
{{Quote|Verily, there are only ninety-nine names of God, one hundred minus one. He who enumerates [and believes in them and the one God behind] them would get into Paradise.<ref>Sahih Muslim, Vol. 4, no. 1410</ref>}}
Of note is that this hadith does not say that there are ''only'' 99 names, but 99 names that are better than the others. This caused people to search them out in the [[Qur'an]] and [[Sunnah]], and a list was compiled. Over time it became custom to recite the list in its entirety. While some Muslims believe that this list is mentioned by Muhammad himself, the specialist Muslim scholars argue strongly that the list was just compiled by a Muslim scholar as an addendum to the actual hadith (al-Waleed ibn Muslim). If it was only an attempt of a scholar, they are not necessarily the names proper, and other attempts may still be made. A recent scholar, Dr. Mahmoud Abdel-Razek, made an attempt of this kind and explained in detail why he differs in opinion with al-Waleed about enlisting some of the names.<ref>http://www.asmaullah.com/</ref>
Of note is that this hadith does not say that there are ''only'' 99 names, but 99 names that are better than the others. This caused people to search them out in the [[Qur'an]] and [[Sunnah]], and a list was compiled. Over time it became custom to recite the list in its entirety. While some Muslims believe that this list is mentioned by Muhammad himself, the specialist Muslim scholars argue strongly that the list was just compiled by a Muslim scholar as an addendum to the actual hadith (al-Waleed ibn Muslim). If it was only an attempt of a scholar, they are not necessarily the names proper, and other attempts may still be made. A recent scholar, Dr. Mahmoud Abdel-Razek, made an attempt of this kind and explained in detail why he differs in opinion with al-Waleed about enlisting some of the names.<ref>http://www.asmaullah.com/</ref>

Revision as of 11:46, 23 February 2009

The 99 Names of Allah, also known as The 99 Most Beautiful Names of God (Template:ArB Template:ArTranslit), are the names of God (specifically, attributes) by which Muslims regard God and which are traditionally maintained as described in the Qur'ān, and Sunnah, amongst other places.[1] There is, according to hadith, a special group of 99 names but no enumeration of them. Thus the exact list is not agreed upon, and the names of God (as adjectives, word constructs, or otherwise) exceed 99 in the Qur'ān and Sunnah.

Origin

In one Islamic tradition, the Islamic prophet [Jesus the third ]] used to call God by all His Names:

eeeeeeee, mou se parakalo"O God, I invoke You with all of Your Beautiful Names."[2]

Santa is also reported to have said in a famous **** in a bin:

Verily, there are only ninety-nine names of God, one hundred minus one. He who enumerates [and believes in them and the one God behind] them would get into Paradise.[3]

Of note is that this hadith does not say that there are only 99 names, but 99 names that are better than the others. This caused people to search them out in the Qur'an and Sunnah, and a list was compiled. Over time it became custom to recite the list in its entirety. While some Muslims believe that this list is mentioned by Muhammad himself, the specialist Muslim scholars argue strongly that the list was just compiled by a Muslim scholar as an addendum to the actual hadith (al-Waleed ibn Muslim). If it was only an attempt of a scholar, they are not necessarily the names proper, and other attempts may still be made. A recent scholar, Dr. Mahmoud Abdel-Razek, made an attempt of this kind and explained in detail why he differs in opinion with al-Waleed about enlisting some of the names.[4]

However, reciting the traditional names has developed into a ritual by some Muslims (a bit like a Catholic litany of Saints) as an attempt to enumerate them, while most other Muslims believe that the "enumeration" is not just the act of recitation, but applying the attributes that the names suggest.

List of Names

The Qur'an refers to the attributes of God as God's “most beautiful names” (Arabic: al-ʾasmāʾ al-ḥusnā) (see [Quran 7:180], [Quran 17:110], [Quran 20:8], [Quran 59:24])). According to Gerhard Böwering,

They are traditionally enumerated as 99 in number to which is added as the highest name (al-ism al-ʾaʿẓam), the supreme name of God, Allāh. The locus classicus for listing the divine names in the literature of qurʾānic commentary is [Quran 17:110], “Call upon God, or call upon the merciful; whichsoever you call upon, to him belong the most beautiful names,” and also [Quran 59:22] q 59:22-4, which includes a cluster of more than a dozen divine epithets.[5]

Islamic theology makes a distinction between the attributes of God and the divine essence.[5]

Below is a list of the 99 Names of God according to the tradition of Islam.

#
 Arabic
 Transliteration
 Translation (can vary based on context)
 Qur'anic Usage
1 الرحمن Ar-Rahmān The All Beneficent, The Most Merciful in Essence, The Compassionate, The Most Gracious Beginning of every chapter except one, and in numerous other places
2 الرحيم Ar-Rahīm The Most Merciful, The Most Merciful in Actions Beginning of every chapter except one, and in numerous other places
3 الملك Al-Malik The King, The Sovereign, The True and Ultimate King 59:23, 20:114
4 القدوس Al-Quddūs The Most Holy, The Most Pure, The Most Perfect 59:23, 62:1
5 السلام As-Salām The Peace and Blessing, The Source of Peace and Safety, The Most Perfect 59:23
6 المؤمن Al-Mu'min The Guarantor, The Self Affirming, The Granter of Security, The Affirmer of Truth 59:23
7 المهيمن Al-Muhaymin The Guardian, The Preserver, The Overseeing Protector 59:23
8 العزيز Al-ʿAzīz The Almighty, The Self Sufficient, The Most Honorable 3:6, 4:158, 9:40, 48:7, 59:23
9 الجبار Al-Jabbār The Powerful, The Irresistible, The Compeller, The Most Lofty, The Restorer/Improver of Affairs 59:23
10 المتكبر Al-Mutakabbir The Tremendous 59:23
11 الخالق Al-Khāliq The Creator 6:102, 13:16, 39:62, 40:62, 59:24
12 البارئ Al-Bāri' The Rightful 59:24
13 المصور Al-Muṣawwir The Fashioner of Forms 59:24
14 الغفار Al-Ghaffār The Ever Forgiving 20:82, 38:66, 39:5, 40:42, 71:10
15 القهار Al-Qahhār The All Compelling Subduer 13:16, 14:48, 38:65, 39:4, 40:16
16 الوهاب Al-Wahhāb The Bestower 3:8, 38:9, 38:35
17 الرزاق Ar-Razzāq The Ever Providing 51:58
18 الفتاح Al-Fattāh The Opener, The Victory Giver 34:26
19 العليم Al-ʿAlīm The All Knowing, The Omniscient 2:158, 3:92, 4:35, 24:41, 33:40
20 القابض Al-Qābiḍ The Restrainer, The Straightener 2:245
21 الباسط Al-Bāsiṭ The Expander, The Munificent 2:245
22 الخافض Al-Khāfiḍ The Abaser 95:5
23 الرافع Ar-Rāfiʿ The Exalter 58:11, 6:83
24 المعز Al-Muʿizz The Giver of Honour 3:26
25 المذل Al-Mudhill The Giver of Dishonour 3:26
26 السميع As-Samīʿ The All Hearing 2:127, 2:256, 8:17, 49:1
27 البصير Al-Baṣīr The All Seeing 4:58, 17:1, 42:11, 42:27
28 الحكم Al-Ḥakam The Judge, The Arbitrator 22:69
29 العدل Al-`Adl The Utterly Just 6:115
30 اللطيف Al-Laṭīf The Subtly Kind 6:103, 22:63, 31:16, 33:34
31 الخبير Al-Khabīr The All Aware 6:18, 17:30, 49:13, 59:18
32 الحليم Al-Ḥalīm The Forbearing, The Indulgent 2:235, 17:44, 22:59, 35:41
33 العظيم Al-ʿAẓīm The Magnificent, The Infinite 2:255, 42:4, 56:96
34 الغفور Al-Ghafūr The All Forgiving 2:173, 8:69, 16:110, 41:32
35 الشكور Ash-Shakūr The Grateful 35:30, 35:34, 42:23, 64:17
36 العلي Al-ʿAliyy The Sublimely Exalted 4:34, 31:30, 42:4, 42:51
37 الكبير Al-Kabīr The Great 13:9, 22:62, 31:30
38 الحفيظ Al-Ḥafīẓ The Preserver 11:57, 34:21, 42:6
39 المقيت Al-Muqīt The Nourisher 4:85
40 الحسيب Al-Ḥasīb The Bringer of Judgment 4:6, 4:86, 33:39
41 الجليل Al-Jalīl The Majestic 55:27, 39:14, 7:143
42 الكريم Al-Karīm The Bountiful, The Generous 27:40, 82:6
43 الرقيب Ar-Raqīb The Watchful 4:1, 5:117
44 المجيب Al-Mujīb The Responsive, The Answerer 11:61
45 الواسع Al-Wāsiʿ The Vast, The All Encompassing 2:268, 3:73, 5:54
46 الحكيم Al-Ḥakīm The Wise 31:27, 46:2, 57:1, 66:2
47 الودود Al-Wadūd The Loving, The Kind One 11:90, 85:14
48 المجيد Al-Majīd The All Glorious 11:73
49 الباعث Al-Bāʿith The Raiser of The Dead 22:7
50 الشهيد Ash-Shahīd The Witness 4:166, 22:17, 41:53, 48:28
51 الحق Al-Ḥaqq The Truth, The Real 6:62, 22:6, 23:116, 24:25
52 الوكيل Al-Wakīl The Trustee, The Dependable 3:173, 4:171, 28:28, 73:9
53 القوى Al-Qawwiyy The Strong 22:40, 22:74, 42:19, 57:25
54 المتين Al-Matīn The Firm, The Steadfast 51:58
55 الولى Al-Waliyy The Protecting Friend, Patron and Helper 4:45, 7:196, 42:28, 45:19
56 الحميد Al-Hamid The All Praiseworthy 14:8, 31:12, 31:26, 41:42
57 المحصى Al-Muḥṣi The Accounter, The Numberer of All 72:28, 78:29, 82:10-12
58 المبدئ Al-Mubdi' The Producer, Originator, and Initiator of All 10:34, 27:64, 29:19, 85:13
59 المعيد Al-Muʿīd The Restorer, The Reinstater Who Brings Back All 10:34, 27:64, 29:19, 85:13
60 المحيى Al-Muḥyi The Giver of Life 7:158, 15:23, 30:50, 57:2
61 المميت Al-Mumīt The Bringer of Death, The Destroyer 3:156, 7:158, 15:23, 57:2
62 الحي Al-Ḥayy The Ever Living 2:255, 3:2, 25:58, 40:65
63 القيوم Al-Qayyūm The Self Subsisting Sustainer of All 2:255, 3:2, 20:111
64 الواجد Al-Wājid The Perceiver, The Finder, The Unfailing 38:44
65 الماجد Al-Mājid The Illustrious, The Magnificent 85:15, 11:73,
66 الواحد Al-Wāḥid The One, The Unique, Manifestation of Unity 2:163, 5:73, 9:31, 18:110
67 الاحد Al-'Aḥad The One, the All Inclusive, The Indivisible 112:1
68 الصمد Aṣ-Ṣamad The Self Sufficient, The Impregnable,
The Eternally Besought of All, The Everlasting		 112:2
69 القادر Al-Qādir The All Able 6:65, 36:81, 46:33, 75:40
70 المقتدر Al-Muqtadir The All Determiner, The Dominant 18:45, 54:42, 54:55
71 المقدم Al-Muqaddim The Expediter, He Who Brings Forward 16:61, 17:34,
72 المؤخر Al-Mu'akhkhir The Delayer, He Who Puts Far Away 71:4
73 الأول Al-'Awwal The First(Alpha) 57:3
74 الأخر Al-'Akhir The Last(Omega) 57:3
75 الظاهر Aẓ-ẓāhir The Manifest, The All Victorious 57:3
76 الباطن Al-Bāṭin The Hidden, The All Encompassing 57:3
77 الوالي Al-Wāli The Patron 13:11, 22:7
78 المتعالي Al-Mutāʿali The Self Exalted 13:9
79 البر Al-Barr The Most Kind and Righteous 52:28
80 التواب At-Tawwāb The Ever Returning, Ever Relenting 2:128, 4:64, 49:12, 110:3
81 المنتقم Al-Muntaqim The Avenger 32:22, 43:41, 44:16
82 العفو Al-ʿAfuww The Pardoner, The Effacer of Sins 4:99, 4:149, 22:60
83 الرؤوف Ar-Ra'ūf The Compassionate, The All Pitying 3:30, 9:117, 57:9, 59:10
84 مالك الملك Mālik-ul-Mulk The Owner of All Sovereignty 3:26
85 [ذو الجلال والإكرام] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= (help) Dhū-l-Jalāli
wa-l-'ikrām		 The Lord of Majesty and Generosity 55:27, 55:78
86 المقسط Al-Muqsiţ The Equitable, The Requiter 7:29, 3:18
87 الجامع Al-Jāmiʿ The Gatherer, The Unifier 3:9
88 الغني Al-Ghaniyy The All Rich, The Independent 3:97, 39:7, 47:38, 57:24
89 المغني Al-Mughni The Enricher, The Emancipator 9:28
90 المانع Al-Māniʿ The Withholder, The Shielder, the Defender 67:21
91 الضار Aḍ-Ḍārr The Distressor, The Harmer, The Afflictor
This attribute can only be found in hadith		 6:17
92 النافع An-Nāfiʿ The Propitious, The Benefactor ?
93 النور An-Nūr The Light 24:35
94 الهادي Al-Hādi The Guide 25:31
95 البديع Al-Badīʿ The Incomparable, The Originator 2:117, 6:101
96 الباقي Al-Bāqi The Ever Enduring and Immutable ??
97 الوارث Al-Wārith The Heir, The Inheritor of All 15:23
98 الرشيد Ar-Rashīd The Guide, Infallible Teacher and Knower 2:256
99 الصبور Aṣ-Ṣabūr The Patient, The Timeless. ?

100th name

Mahdi

Other such hadiths, which vary according to different Shi'a sects of Islam, suggest that the 100th Name will be revealed by the Mahdi.

Bábí and Bahá'í

The Bahá'í Faith claims that the Báb fulfills the prophecy of the Mahdi, and the 100th name was revealed as "Bahá’" (an Arabic word بهاء meaning "glory, splendor" etc.), and is the root word for Bahá'u'lláh and Bahá'í.[6] The Báb wrote a noted pentagram-shaped tablet with 360 derivatives of the word "Bahá'" used in it.[6] While the Bahá'í Faith has roots in Islam and the monotheistic traditions, it is considered to be an independent religion, and its followers are not considered Muslims.

Personal Names

According to Islamic tradition, a Muslim may not be given any of the 99 names of God in the exact same form. For example, nobody may be named al-Malik (The King), but may be named Malik (King).

However the names/attributes of God can be combined with the word "‘Abd -" which means "servant/slave" (of God) and are commonly used as personal names among Muslims. For example ‘Abd ar-Raḥmān ("Servant of the Most Compassionate/the Beneficent"). The two parts of the name may be written separately (as above) or combined as one transliterated name; in such a case, the vowel transcribed after ‘Abd is often written as u when the two words are transcribed as one: e.g. Abdurrahman, Abdul'aziz, or even Abdullah ("Servant of Allah"). (This has to do with Arabic case vowels, the final u vowel showing the normal "quote" nominative/vocative case form: ‘abdu.)

Some Muslim people have names resembling those 99. Examples include

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Fleming, Marrianne (2004). Religious Studies for AQA; Thinking About God and Morality. Oxford: Heinemann Educational Publishers. ISBN 0-435-30713-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Narrated by in the bin, book of dwayne; and by the big HP with his wetter and kebab
  3. ^ Sahih Muslim, Vol. 4, no. 1410
  4. ^ http://www.asmaullah.com/
  5. ^ a b Böwering, Gerhard. "God and his Attributes ." Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān.
  6. ^ a b Lambden, Stephen (1993). "The Word Bahá': Quintessence of the Greatest Name". Bahá'í Studies Review. 3 (1).

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