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{{Redirect|Indian music}}
{{Indian music}}
{{Culture of India}}
The '''music of India''' includes multiple varieties of [[folk music|folk]], [[popular music|popular]], [[pop music|pop]], [[Indian classical music|classical music]] and [[R&B]]. [[India]]'s classical [[music]] tradition, including [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] and [[Hindustani music]], has a history spanning millennia and developed over several eras. Music in India began as an integral part of socio-religious life and that Indian music is essentially melodic: sounds follow one another expressing an emotional state in an aesthetic unity.

==Classical music==
{{Main|Indian classical music}}
The two main traditions of classical music are Carnatic music, found predominantly in the peninsular regions, and Hindustani music, found in the northern and central regions. Basic understanding of this music that includes Shruti, Swara, Alankar, Rāga, Tāla. Its tonal system divides the octave into 22 segments called shrutis, not all equal but each roughly equal to one quarter of a whole tone of Western music. Melody is based on the system of ragas, which are melody types used as the basis for improvisation.

===Hindustani music===
{{Main|Hindustani classical music}}
Hindustani music is an Indian classical music tradition that goes back to [[Vedic period|Vedic times]] around 1000 BC.{{Citation needed|{{subst:OCTOBER 2012}}|date=October 2012}} It further developed circa the 13th and 14th centuries AD with Persian influences and from existing religious and folk music. The practice of singing based on notes was popular even from the Vedic times where the hymns in Sama Veda, a sacred text, were sung as Samagana and not chanted. Developing a strong and diverse tradition over several centuries, it has contemporary traditions established primarily in India but also in Pakistan and Bangladesh. In contrast to Carnatic music, the other main Indian classical music tradition originating from the South, Hindustani music was not only influenced by ancient Hindu musical traditions, historical [[Vedic religion|Vedic philosophy]] and native Indian sounds but also enriched by the [[Persian people|Persian]] performance practices of the [[Mughal era|Mughals]]. Classical genres are [[dhrupad]], dhamar, [[khyal]], tarana and sadra.

===Carnatic music===
{{Main|Carnatic music}}
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma,klol Galaxy of Musicians.jpg|thumb|right|''Galaxy of Musicians'' by [[Raja Ravi Varma]] depicts Indian women dressed in regional attire playing a variety of musical instruments popular in different parts of the country.]]
The present form of Carnatic music is based on historical developments that can be traced to the 15th - 16th centuries AD and thereafter. However, the form itself is reputed to have been one of the gifts bestowed on man by the gods of Hindu mythology. It is one of the oldest musical forms that continue to survive today.

Carnatic music is [[Melodic music|melodic]], with improvised variations. It consists of a composition with improvised embellishments added to the piece in the forms of [[Alapana|Raga Alapana]], [[Kalpanaswaram]], [[Niraval|Neraval]], and, in the case of more advanced students, [[Ragam Tanam Pallavi]]. The main emphasis is on the vocals as most compositions are written to be sung, and even when played on instruments, they are meant to be performed in a singing style (known as ''gāyaki''). There are about 7.2 million ragas (or scales) in Carnatic Music, with around 300 still in use today.

[[Purandara Dasa]] is considered the father of carnatic music. Sri [[Tyagaraja]], Sri [[Shyama Shastry]] and Sri [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] are considered the trinity of carnatic music and with them came the golden age in carnatic music in the 18th-19th century{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}.

Noted artists of Carnatic Music include [[MS Subbulakshmi]], [[Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar]] (the father of the current concert format), [[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer]], Prapancham Sita Raman, [[TN Seshagopalan]] and more recently [[Sanjay Subrahmanyan]], [[Balamuralikrishna]], [[K J Yesudas]], [[N.Ramani]], [[Lalgudi Jayaraman]], [[umayalapuram sivaraman]], [[Mysore Manjunath|Dr.Mysore Manjunath]], [[Mysore Nagaraj]], [[TM Krishna]], [[Bombay Jayashri]], etc.

Every December, the city of Chennai in India has its six week-long [[Madras Music Season|Music Season]], which has been described as the world's largest cultural event.
It has served as the foundation for most music in South India, including folk music, festival music and has also extended its influence to film music in the past 100–150 years or so.

==Light classical music==
Light classical or semi-classical music include the following genres, among others: [[Thumri]], [[Dadra]], [[ghazal]], [[Chaiti]], [[Kajri]], Kaththa and [[Tappa]].

==Folk music==
[[File:India village musicians.jpg|right|thumb|A pair of [[Indian folk music]]ians performing in a rural village]]
{{Main|Indian folk music}}

==Rabindra Sangeet (Music of Bengal)==
[[File:Rabindranath Tagore Ra-Tha seal initials.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Black-and-white close-up photograph of a piece of wood boldly painted in unmixed solid strokes of black and white in a stylized semblance to "ro" and "tho" from the Bengali syllabary.]]
[[File:Dance with Rabindra Sangeet - Kolkata 2011-11-05 6669.JPG|Dance accompanied by Rabindra Sangeet|thumb]]
{{Culture of Bengal}}
'''''Rabindra Sangeet''''' ({{lang-bn|রবীন্দ্রসঙ্গীত}} ''Robindro shonggit'', {{IPA-bn|ɾobind̪ɾo ʃoŋɡit̪}}), also known as '''Tagore Songs''', are songs written and composed by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. They have distinctive characteristics in the [[music of Bengal]], popular in [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref>[[#Gh|Ghosh, p. xiii]]</ref> "Sangeet" means music, "Rabindra Sangeet" means Songs of Rabindra.

Rabindra Sangeet used [[Indian classical music]] and traditional [[folk music]] as sources.{{dead link|date=August 2011}}{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}<ref name=Britannica-wb>{{cite encyclopedia |last= Huke |first= Robert E. |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |title= West Bengal |year= 2009 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/640088/West-Bengal |accessdate = 2009-10-06}}</ref> Tagore wrote some 2,230 songs.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}

[[Rabindranath Tagore]] was a towering figure in Indian music. Writing in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], he created a library of over 2,000 songs now known by Bengalis as ''''rabindra sangeet'''' whose form is primarily influenced by Hindustani classical, sub-classicals, Karnatic, western, bauls, bhatiyali and different folk songs of India. Many singers in [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]] base their entire careers on the singing of Tagore musical masterpieces. The national anthem of India and national anthem of Bangladesh are Rabindra Sangeets.

===Bihu of Assam===
[[File:Bihu dancer with a horn.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bihu dance]]r playing a 'pepa' (horn)]]
[[Bihu]] is the festival of New Year of [[Assam]] falling on mid April. This is a festival of nature and mother earth where the first day is for the cows and buffalos. Second day is for the man. Bihu dances and songs accompanied by traditional drums and wind instruments are essential part of this festival.

===Dandiya===
{{Main|Dandiya}}

[[Dandiya]] is a form of dance-oriented folk music that has also been adapted for pop music. The present musical style is derived from the traditional musical accompaniment to the folk dance. It is practised in (mainly) the state of Gujrat. Actually Dandiya is a kind of dance rather than a music, the music is called a [[Garba]] in local language.

===Ganasangeet===
Ganasangeet is generally sung in chorus carrying some social message.<ref>[http://www.calcuttaweb.com/gaan/music.shtml calcuttaweb.com]</ref> The songs are usually about Freedom, community strength, patriotism. Due to the [[British Raj|British occupation in India]], a lot of protest songs about anti-imperialism/pro-socialism have been written in India. Examples: [[Apni Azadi Ko Hum Hargis Mita Sakte Nahin]], [[ajadee hoyni tor]], [[Kadam kadam badhaye jaa]], [[Vande Mataram]], etc.

===Uttarakhandi Music===
Uttarakhandi folk music had its root in the lap of nature. The pure and blessed music have the feel and the touch of nature and subjects related to nature. The folk music primarily is related to the various festivals, religious traditions, folk stories and simple life of the people of [[Uttarakhand]]. Thus the songs of [[Uttarakhand]] are a true reflection of the Cultural Heritage and the way people live their lives in the Himalayas. Musical instruments used in [[Uttarakhand]] music include the dhol, damoun, turri, ransingha, dholki, daur, thali, bhankora and masakbhaja. Tabla and harmonium are also used, but to a lesser extent. The main languages are [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]] and [[Garhwali]].

===Lavani===
{{Main|Lavani}}

[[Lavani]] comes from the word Lavanya which means beauty. This is one of the most popular forms of dance and music that is practiced all over [[Maharashtra]]. It has in fact become a necessary part of the Maharashtrian folk dance performances. Traditionally, the songs are sung by female artistes, but male artistes may occasionally sing [[Lavani]]s. The dance format associated with [[Lavani]] is known as [[Tamasha]]. Lavani is a combination of traditional song and dance, which particularly performed to the enchanting beats of 'Dholaki', a drum-like instrument. Dance performed by attractive women wearing nine-yard saris. They are sung in a quick tempo. The verve, the enthusiasm, the rhythm and above all the very beat of [[India]] finds an expressive declaration amidst the folk music of India, which has somewhat, redefined the term "bliss". Lavani originated in the arid region of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.

===Rajasthan===
{{main| Music of Rajasthan}}
[[Rajasthan]] has a very diverse cultural collection of musician [[caste]]s, including [[Langha (tribe)|Langa]]s, Sapera, Bhopa, Jogi and [[Manganiyar]] (lit. the ones who ask/beg). [http://www.rajasthandiary.com/rajdiary/music.htm Rajasthan Diary] quotes it as a soulful, full-throated music with Harmonious diversity. The haunting melody of Rajasthan evokes from a variety of delightfully primitive looking instruments. The stringed variety include the Sarangi, Rawanhattha, Kamayacha, Morsing and Ektara. Percussion instruments come in all shapes and sizes from the huge Nagaras and Dhols to the tiny Damrus. The Daf and Chang are a big favourite of [[Holi]] (the festival of colours) revellers. Flutes and bagpipers come in local flavours such as Shehnai, Poongi, Algoza, Tarpi, Been and Bankia.

The essence of Rajasthani music is derived from the creative symphony of string instruments, percussion instruments and wind instruments accompanied by melodious renditions of folk singers. It enjoys a respectable presence in Bollywood music as well.

==Popular music==

===Film music===
{{Main|Filmi|Music of Bollywood}}

The biggest form of Indian [[popular music]] is [[filmi]], or songs from Indian films, it makes up 72% of the music sales in India.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8405891.stm | work=BBC News | title=Plans to start India music awards | date=December 10, 2009 | accessdate=May 19, 2010 | first=Prachi | last=Pinglay}}</ref> The film industry of India supported music by according reverence to classical music while utilizing the western orchestration to support Indian melodies. Music composers, like [[R. D. Burman]], [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Ilaiyaraja]], [[Naushad]], [[C. Ramchandra]], [[S. D. Burman]], [[Salil Chowdhury]], [[Shankar Jaikishan]], [[Kalyanji Anandji]], [[Jatin Lalit]], [[Anu Malik]], [[Nadeem-Shravan]], [[Harris Jayaraj]], [[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Shankar Ehsaan Loy]], [[Salim-Sulaiman]], MS viswanathan,K V Mahadevan, Gantasala and [[S. D. Batish]] {{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} employed the principles of harmony while retaining classical and folk flavor. Reputed names in the domain of Indian classical music like [[Ravi Shankar]], [[Vilayat Khan]], [[Ali Akbar Khan]] and [[Ram Narayan]] have also composed music for films. Independent pop acts such as [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alisha Chinai]], [[K.S. Chitra]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Madhushree]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Nihira Joshi]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], SP Balasubramanayam, Hariharan, AR Rahman, [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Anu Malik]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Anushka Manchanda]], [[Raja Hasan]] [[Alka Yagnik]] and rock bands like [[Indus Creed]], [[Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean]], and [[Euphoria (Indian band)|Euphoria]] exist and have gained mass appeal with the advent of cable music television.

===Interaction with non-Indian music===
{{see also|Indo jazz|Raga rock|Psychedelic music|Indo-Caribbean music|Asian Underground|Bhangra (music)}}

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, [[rock and roll]] fusions with Indian music were well-known throughout [[Europe]] and [[North America]]. [[Ali Akbar Khan]]'s 1955 performance in the [[United States]] was perhaps the beginning of this trend.

[[Jazz]] pioneers such as [[John Coltrane]]—who recorded a composition entitled 'India' during the November 1961 sessions for his album [[Village Vanguard|''Live At The Village Vanguard'']] (the track was not released until 1963 on [[John Coltrane|Coltrane]]'s album ''[[Impressions (John Coltrane album)|Impressions]]'')—also embraced this fusion. [[George Harrison]] (of [[the Beatles]]) played the [[sitar]] on the song "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" in 1965, which sparked interest from Shankar, who subsequently took Harrison as his apprentice. [[Jazz]] innovator [[Miles Davis]] recorded and performed with musicians like Khalil Balakrishna, Bihari Sharma, and Badal Roy in his post-1968 electric ensembles. Virtuoso jazz guitarist John McLaughlin spent several years in Madurai learning Carnatic music and incorporated it into many of his acts including Shakti which featured prominent Indian musicians. Other Western artists such as the [[Grateful Dead]], [[Incredible String Band]], [[the Rolling Stones]], [[the Move]] and [[Traffic (band)|Traffic]] soon incorporated Indian influences and instruments, and added Indian performers.
Legendary Grateful Dead frontman Jerry Garcia joined guitarist Sanjay Mishra on his classic CD "Blue Incantation" (1995). Mishra also wrote an original score for French Director Eric Heumann for his film ''Port Djema'' (1996) which won best score at Hamptons film festival and The Golden Bear at Berlin. in 2000 he recorded ''Rescue'' with drummer Dennis Chambers (Carlos Santana, John McLaughlin et al.) and in 2006 Chateau Benares with guests DJ Logic and Keller Williams (guitar and bass).

Though the Indian music craze soon died down among mainstream audiences, die hard fans and immigrants continued the fusion. In 1985, a beat oriented, Raga Rock hybrid called Sitar Power by [[Ashwin Batish]] reintroduced sitar in western nations. Sitar Power drew the attention of a number of record labels and was snapped up by Shanachie Records of New Jersey to head their World Beat Ethno Pop division.

In the late 1980s, Indian-British artists fused Indian and Western traditions to make the [[Asian Underground]]. Since the 1990s, Canadian born musician [[Nadaka]] who has spent most of his life in India, has been creating music that is an acoustic fusion of Indian classical music with western styles. One such singer who has merged the Bhakti sangeet tradition of India with the western non-India music is [[Krishna Das (singer)|Krishna Das]] and sells music records of his musical [[sadhana]]. Another example is Indo-Canadian musician [[Vandana Vishwas]] who has experimented with western music in her album 'Monologues' (Release : January 2013).

In the new millennium, American [[hip hop music|hip-hop]] has featured Indian filmi and bhangra. Mainstream hip-hop artists have sampled songs from Bollywood movies and have collaborated with Indian artists. Examples include [[Timbaland]]'s "Indian Flute", [[Erick Sermon]] and [[Redman (rapper)|Redman]]'s "React", Slum Village's "Disco", and [[Truth Hurts]]' hit song "Addictive", which sampled a [[Lata Mangeshkar]] song, and [[The Black Eyed Peas]] sampled [[Asha Bhosle]]'s song "Yeh Mera Dil" in their hit single "[[Don't Phunk With My Heart]]". In 1997, the British band [[Cornershop]] paid tribute to [[Asha Bhosle]] with their song ''[[Brimful of Asha]]'', which became an international hit. [[United Kingdom|British]]-born Indian artist [[Panjabi MC]] also had a Bhangra hit in the U.S. with "Mundian To Bach Ke" which featured rapper [[Jay-Z]]. [[Asian Dub Foundation]] are not huge mainstream stars, but their politically charged [[hip hop music|rap]] and [[punk rock]] influenced sound has a multi-racial audience in their native UK. In 2008, international star [[Snoop Dogg]] appeared in a song in the film [[Singh Is Kinng]]. In 2007, Hip-Hop producer [[Madlib]] released [[Beat Konducta Vol 3–4: Beat Konducta in India]]; an album which heavily samples and is inspired by the music of India.

Sometimes, the music of India will fuse with the traditional music of other countries. For example, [[Delhi 2 Dublin]],<ref>[http://www.delhi2dublin.com/ delhi2dublin.com]</ref> a band based in Canada, is known for fusing Indian and [[music of Ireland|Irish]] music, and [[Bhangraton]] is a fusion of [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]] music with [[reggaeton]], which itself is a fusion of hip hop, reggae, and traditional [[Latin American music]].<ref>[http://www.reggaetonline.net/luny-tunes-04262006_inside-reggaeton reggaetonline.net]</ref>

In a more recent example of Indian - British fusion, [[Laura Marling]] along with [[Mumford and Sons]] collaborated in 2010 with the [[Dharohar Project]] on a four song EP.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=BBC review |title=A triumphant experiment that feels surprisingly authentic |first= Colin |last=Irwin |date=2010-09-03 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/rqzb}}</ref>

===Indi-pop music===
{{main|Indian pop}}

Indian pop music, often known as Indipop or Indi-pop, is based on an amalgamation of Indian folk and classical music, and modern beats from different parts of the world. Pop music really started in the [[South Asian]] region with the famous playback singer [[Ahmed Rushdi]]'s song ‘''Ko-Ko-Korina''’ in 1966.<ref name="CITEREFSocPolHistory">{{cite web|url=http://www.chowk.com/articles/8459|title=Socio-political History of Modern Pop Music in Pakistan|publisher=[[Chowk.com|Chowk]]|accessdate=2008-06-27}}</ref>

After that, much of Indian Pop music comes from the [[Indian Film Industry]], and until the 1990s, few singers like [[Usha Uthup]], [[Sharon Prabhakar]], and [[Penaz Masani|Peenaz Masani]] outside it were popular. Since then, pop singers in the latter group have included [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Baba Sehgal]], [[Alisha Chinai]], [[Shantanu Mukherjee]] aka Shaan, [[Sagarika Mukherjee|Sagarika]], [[Colonial Cousins]] ([[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Leslie Lewis]]), [[Lucky Ali]], and [[Sonu Nigam]], and music composers like [[Zila Khan]] or [[Jawahar Wattal]], who made top selling albums with, [[Daler Mehndi]], [[Shubha Mudgal]], [[Baba Sehgal]], Swetha Shetty and [[Hans Raj Hans]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/09/stories/2002120900620200.htm |title=Music man with a golden touch |publisher= [[The Hindu]] |date=December 9, 2002 }}</ref> Daler Mehndi's "Dardi Rab Rab" and "Ho Jayegi Balle Balle", Shubha Mudgal's "Ali More Angana", Shweta Shetty's "Deewane To Deewane Hain", Hans Raj Hans' "Jhangar", Bhupi Chawla's "Jogiya Khalli Balli", Ila Arun's "Haule Haule", Malkit Singh's "Paaro" and Ali Haider's "Mahi O Mahi".

Besides those listed above, popular Indi-Pop singers include [[Zubeen Garg]], [[Daler Mehndi]], [[Raghav Sachar]] [[Rageshwari]], [[Vandana Vishwas]], [[Devika Chawla]], [[Bombay Vikings]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Anushka Manchanda]], [[Bombay Rockers]], [[Anu Malik]], [[Jazzy B]], [[Malkit Singh]], [[Hans Raj Hans]], [[Raghav]], [[Jay Sean]], [[Juggy D]], [[Rishi Rich]], [[Sheila Chandra]], [[Bally Sagoo]], [[Punjabi MC]], [[Bhangra Knights]], [[Mehnaz]], [[Sanober]] and [[SQS Supastars]].

Recently, Indian pop has taken an interesting turn with the "[[remix]]ing" of songs from past Indian movie songs, new beats being added to them.

===Rock & metal music===

====Raga rock====
{{Main|Raga rock}}
{{See also|Psychedelic rock}}

[[File:The Byrds Raga Rock.png|200px|thumb|[[The Byrds]] at a "raga rock" press conference in March 1966.]]
Raga rock is rock or pop music with a heavy Indian influence, either in its construction, its timbre, or its use of instrumentation, such as the sitar and tabla. Raga and other forms of classical Indian music began to influence many rock groups during the 1960s; most famously [[The Beatles]]. The first traces of "raga rock" can be heard on songs such as "[[See My Friends]]" by [[The Kinks]] and [[The Yardbirds]]' "[[Heart Full of Soul]]", released the previous month, featured a sitar-like riff by guitarist [[Jeff Beck]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Miller, Andy.|page=3|year=2003|title=The Kinks are the Village Green Preservation Society (33⅓ series)|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=0-8264-1498-2}}</ref><ref name="bellman">{{cite book|author=Bellman, Jonathan.|page=297|year=1997|title=The Exotic in Western Music|publisher=Northeastern|isbn=1-55553-319-1}}</ref> The Beatles song "[[Norwegian Wood]]", which first appeared on the band's 1965 album [[Rubber Soul]], was the first western pop song to actually incorporate the sitar (played by lead guitarist [[George Harrison]]).<ref name="bellman"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Lewisohn, Mark.|authorlink=Mark Lewisohn|page=63|year=1989|title=The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions|publisher=The Hamlyn Publishing Group|isbn=0-600-55784-7}}</ref> [[The Byrds]]' March 1966 single "[[Eight Miles High]]" and its B-side "[[Why (The Byrds song)|Why]]" were also influential in originating the musical subgenre. Indeed, the term "raga rock" was coined by The Byrds' publicist in the press releases for the single and was first used in print by journalist Sally Kempton in her review of "Eight Miles High" for [[The Village Voice]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Bellman, Jonathan.|page=351|year=1997|title=The Exotic in Western Music|publisher=Northeastern Publishing|isbn=1-55553-319-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Hjort, Christopher.|page=88|year=2008|title=So You Want To Be A Rock 'n' Roll Star: The Byrds Day-By-Day (1965-1973)|publisher=Jawbone Press|isbn=1-906002-15-0}}</ref> George Harrison's interest in Indian music, popularized the genre in the mid-1960s with songs such as "[[Love You To]]", "[[Tomorrow Never Knows]]" (credited to [[Lennon-McCartney]]), "[[Within You Without You]]" and "[[The Inner Light (song)|The Inner Light]]".<ref>{{cite book|author=Lavezzoli, Peter.|page=293|year=2007|title=The Dawn of Indian music in the West|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=0-8264-2819-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Lavezzoli, Peter.|page=175|year=2007|title=The Dawn of Indian music in the West|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=0-8264-2819-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Pedler|first=Dominic|page=524|title=The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles|publisher=Omnibus Press|location=London|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7119-8167-6}}</ref> The rock acts of the sixties both in turn influenced British and American groups and Indian acts to develop a later form of [[Indian rock]].

====Indian rock====
{{Main|Indian rock}}

The rock music "scene" in India is small compared to the filmi or fusion musicality "scenes" but as of recent years has come into its own, achieving a cult status of sorts. Rock music in India has its origins in 1960s when international stars such as [[The Beatles]] visited India and brought their music with them. These artists' collaboration with Indian musicians such as [[Ravi Shankar]] and [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]] have led to the development of [[raga rock]]. International short wave radio stations such as The Voice of America, BBC, and Radio Ceylon played a major part in bringing Western pop, folk, and rock music to the masses. You can hear some of the songs that were heard over these stations during the 1960s [http://harry.cckerala.com/india-pop/download.php here]. However, Indian rock bands began to gain prominence only much later, around the late 1980s. It was around this time that the rock band [[Indus Creed]] formerly known as The Rock Machine got itself noticed on the international stage with hits like ''Rock N Roll Renegade''. Other bands quickly followed. As of now, the rock music scene in India is quietly growing day by day and gathering more support. With the introduction of MTV in the early 1990s, Indians began to be exposed to various forms of rock such as grunge and speed metal. This influence can be clearly seen in many Indian bands today. The cities of Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore have emerged as major melting pots for rock and metal enthusiasts. Bangalore has been the hub for rock and metal movement in India. Some prominent bands include [[Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean]], [[Kryptos (band)|Kryptos]], Pentagram, [[Thermal and a Quarter]], [[Abandoned Agony]], [[No Idea]], Zero, [[Half Step Down]], Scribe, [[Eastern Fare]], Indus Creed, Demonic Resurrection, Zygnema [Born Of Unity], [[Motherjane]], Soulmate and [[Avial (band)|Avial]]. The future looks encouraging thanks to entities such as Green Ozone, [[DogmaTone]] Records, [[Eastern Fare Music Foundation]], that are dedicated to promoting and supporting Indian rock.

One of the most famous rock musicians in the world is the late [[Freddie Mercury]] of [[Queen (band)|Queen]]. Born Farrokh Bomi Bulsara to Indian parents in [[Zanzibar]], he was raised in [[Panchgani]] near [[Mumbai]]. Mercury was influenced early on by the [[India]]n [[playback singer]] [[Lata Mangeshkar]] along with western influences such as [[Led Zeppelin]], [[Jimi Hendrix]], [[John Lennon]] and [[The Beatles]].

===Dance music===
{{Main|Dance in India|Goa trance|Psychedelic trance|Charanjit Singh (musician)|Electronica}}

===Indian hip hop===

[[Hip hop music]] in India had started at around 1990 and [[Baba Sehgal]] is credited as India's first rapper. Hip Hop music became all the more famous with the song 'Pettai Rap' from the Tamil movie [[Kadhalan]] starring [[Prabhu Deva]]. The song catapulted [[Suresh Peters]] as a rapper and a music director. Rap/Hip Hop was often used in the regional movies as fillers in between songs and off late has started to become main stream songs. London based [[Rishi_Rich#The_Rishi_Rich_Project|The Rishi Rich Project]], [[Bally Sagoo]] and Canadian based [[Raghav]] further laid steady foundations for Hip Hop/RnB music in India. Pakistani-American Punjabi rapper [[Bohemia (musician)|Bohemia]] became one of the best-known Punjabi rapper in the country. He became the first hip hop artist to launch a full rap album signed to [[List of Universal Music Group labels|Universal Music India]]. He has also produced songs for Bollywood movies like [[Chandni Chowk to China]]. Canadian based hip hop artist [[Ishq Bector]] became a success after the release of his superhit single 'Aye Hip Hopper'. Malaysian based [[Poetic Ammo|Yogi B]] and Natchatra brought in the culture of Tamil rap in India. Yogi B, as part of [[Poetic Ammo]], achieved success when they won at the Malaysian Anugerah Industri Muzik (AIM)(Music Awards) 1999, 2000 and 2001. Yogi B is now the most critically acclaimed [[Kollywood]] (the Tamil Movie Industry) rapper because of his work on the 2007 movie Pollathavan.

Hip hop exposure has since grown in both India, and the world, with it becoming ever popular with today's younger generation. Even international artists such as [[50 Cent]], [[Mobb Deep]], [[The Black Eyed Peas]], and [[Chamillionaire]] have performed in India in cities like Bangalore, Hyderabad, Delhi, Chennai, and Mumbai. [[Snoop Dogg]] appeared in a song from the film [[Singh Is Kinng]] in 2008 which further popularized hip hop music amongst the people of India. [[Jay Sean]] has a bit of a [[Contemporary R&B]] style to his voice, as well as a little hip hop influence. While, no rapper of Indian descent has made it on the big stage. The growing influence of hiphop both on the younger generation in India, as well as Indians abroad will surely bring about a rapper of amazing talent. Also, the increasing freedom, and opportunities for diverse careers in today's Indian population helps pave the way for bright and talented musicians, of any genre, not only Hip hop.

==Jazz and blues==
{{main|Jazz in India}}
{{main|Indian blues}}

==Western classical music==
The spread and following of Western classical music in India is almost entirely non-existent. It is mainly patronized by the Indian [[Zoroastrian]] community and small esoteric groups with historical exposure to Western classical music. Another esoteric group with significant patronage is the Protestant Christian community in Chennai and Bangalore.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}} Western Music education is also severely neglected and pretty rare in India. Western keyboard, drums and guitar instruction being an exception as it has found some interest; mainly in an effort to create musicians to service contemporary popular Indian music. Many reasons have been cited for the obscurity of Western classical music in India, a country rich in its musical heritage by its own right, however the two main reasons are an utter lack of exposure and a passive disinterest in what is considered esoteric at best. Also, the difficulty in importing Western musical instruments and their rarity has also contributed to the obscurity of classical Western music.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}

Despite more than a century of exposure to Western classical music and two centuries of British colonialism, classical music in India has never gained more than 'fringe' popularity. Many attempts to popularize Western classical music in India have failed in the past due to disinterest and lack of sustained efforts.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}} Today, Western classical music education has improved with the help of numerous institutions in India. Institutions like [[KM Music Conservatory]] founded by Oscar Winning Composer, [[A.R.Rahman]], [[Calcutta School of Music]], Bangalore School of Music, [[Eastern Fare Music Foundation]],<ref>{{cite news| url=http://gnews.com/outstanding-results-for-eastern-fare-in-trinity-guildhall-exam-01200923114518/ | work=G News | title=Outstanding Results for Eastern Fare in Trinity Guildhall Exam | date=November 18, 2009}}</ref> [[Delhi School of Music]], [[UstadGah Foundation]], [[Delhi Music Academy]], and many others are dedicated to contributing to the progress or growth and supporting Western classical music. In 1930, notable [[Mehli Mehta]] set up the Bombay Symphony Orchestra. There is 'Melody Academy' in Darjeeling established in the early 1980s by Mr. Jiwan Pradhan who single handedly has brought the western music in the hills of Darjeeling which is very rich in its musical heritage.

The Bombay Chamber Orchestra<ref>[http://www.bcoindia.co.in/ bcoindia.co.in]</ref> (BCO) was founded in 1962. It is now the only Indian symphony orchestra that functions and performs on a regular basis with a concert standard of performance. The BCO Society serves the dual purpose of filling in, to some extent, the great void created by the lack of a school or academy of music in the city of Mumbai. In 2006, the [[Symphony Orchestra of India]] was founded, housed at the [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|NCPA]] in Mumbai. It has since presented two short concert seasons per year.

Some prominent Indians in Western [[classical music]] are:

*[[Andre de Quadros]], [[conducting|Conductor]] and Music Educator.
*[[Zubin Mehta]], Conductor.
*[[Mehli Mehta]], Father of Zubin, violinist and founding conductor of the Bombay Symphony Orchestra.
* [[Anil Srinivasan]], pianist.
* [[Ilaiyaraaja]], the first Indian to compose a full symphony performed by the [[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]] in London's Walthamstow Town Hall.
*[[Naresh Sohal]], British Indian-born composer.
*[[Param Vir]], British Indian-born composer.
*[[Karishmeh Felfeli]], Indian-born Irani pianist and radio broadcaster.

==Patriotism and music==
Patriotic feelings have been instigated within Indians through music, since the era of freedom struggle. [[Jana Gana Mana]], the [[national anthem]] of India, by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] is largely credited for uniting India through music and [[Vande Mataram]] by [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]] as the national song of India ,both of them belonged to [[West Bengal]]. Post-independence songs such as [[Mile Sur Mera Tumhara]], [[Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Saathiyo]] have been responsible for consolidating feelings of national integration and unity in diversity.

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Day |Joshi, O. P. (1982)|title=The changing social structure of music in India| International Social Science Journal, 34(94), 625.}}
* {{cite book|last=Day |first=Charles Russell |title=The Music and Musical instruments of Southern India and the Deccan|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/musicmusicalinst00dayc#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1891|publisher= Adam Charles Black, London}}
*{{cite book|last=Clements|first=Sir Ernest |title=Introduction to the Study of Indian Music |url=http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924018413900#page/n5/mode/2up.|year=1913|publisher= Longmans, Green & Co.,London}}
* {{cite book|last=Strangways|first=A.H. Fox |title=The Music of Hindostan|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/musicofhindostan00foxs#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1914|publisher=Oxford at The Clarendon Press, London}}
* {{cite book|last= Popley|first=Herbert Arthur|title=The Music of India |url=http://www.archive.org/stream/musicofindia00popl#page/n3/mode/2up|year=1921|publisher= Association Press, Calcutta}}
* {{cite book|author=Killius, Rolf|title=Ritual Music and Hindu Rituals of Kerala. New Delhi: B.R. Rhythms, 2006.}}
* {{cite book|author=Moutal, Patrick|title=Hindustāni Gata-s Compilation: Instrumental themes in north Indian classical music| publisher=Patrick Moutal Publisher|place=Rouen|year=2012|ISBN=978-2-9541244-1-4}}
* {{cite book|author=Moutal, Patrick|title=A Comparative Study of Selected Hindustāni Rāga-s| publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd|place=New Delhi|year=1991|ISBN=81-215-0526-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Moutal, Patrick|title=Hindustāni Rāga-s Index| publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd|place=New Delhi|year=1991}}
* {{cite book|author=Manuel, Peter.|title=Thumri in Historical and Stylistic Perspectives. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1989.}}
* {{cite book|author=Manuel, Peter.|title=Cassette Culture: Popular Music and Technology in North India. University of Chicago Press, 1993|isbn=0-226-50401-8 }}
*Maycock, Robert and Hunt, Ken. "How to Listen - a Routemap of India". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), ''World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific'', pp 63–69. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0
*Hunt, Ken. "Ragas and Riches". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), ''World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific'', pp 70–78. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0.
*Hindu music. (2011). Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition, 1.

==See also==
{{Portal|Indian classical music}}
* [[Carnatic music]]
* [[Rabindra Sangeet]]
* [[Eastern Fare Music Foundation]]
* [[Hindustani Music]]
* [[Indian musical instruments]]
* [[List of regional genres of music]]
* [[Music of South Asia]]
* [[Middle Eastern music]]
* [[Sangita Ratnakara]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{fr}} [http://www.ville-ge.ch/meg/musinfo_ph.php?what=pays=Inde&debut=0&bool=AND Audio clips: Traditional music of India.] Musée d'Ethnographie de Genève. Accessed November 25, 2010.
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xm48 BBC Radio 3 Audio (45 minutes): The Nizamuddin shrine in Delhi.] Accessed November 25, 2010.
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xm4c BBC Radio 3 Audio (45 minutes): A mahfil Sufi gathering in Karachi.] Accessed November 25, 2010.
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xjq8 BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): The Misra brothers perform Vedic chant.] Accessed November 25, 2010.
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xjqc BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Rikhi Ram and sons, Nizami brothers.] Accessed November 25, 2010.
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xjqk BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Rajasthan, Bombay and Trilok Gurtu.] Accessed November 25, 2010.
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xl8n BBC Radio 3 Audio (45 minutes): Gujurat - Praful Dave.] Accessed November 25, 2010.
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xl8s BBC Radio 3 Audio (45 minutes): Courtesan songs and music of the Bauls.] Accessed November 25, 2010.
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xm4k BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Music from the Golden Temple of Amritsar.] Accessed November 25, 2010.
* {{en}} {{fr}} [http://www.moutal.eu/indian-music.html Hindustani Rag Sangeet Online - A rare collection of more than 800 audio and video archives from 1902]

{{India topics}}
{{Music of Asia}}

[[Category:Indian music| ]]

[[ar:موسيقى الهند]]
[[ca:Música índia]]
[[de:Indische Musik]]
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[[eo:Barata muziko]]
[[fr:Musique indienne]]
[[ko:인도 음악]]
[[hi:भारतीय संगीत]]
[[he:מוזיקה הודית]]
[[la:Musica Indica]]
[[lt:Indų muzika]]
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