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Muriel Matters

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Muriel Matters
Born(1877-11-12)12 November 1877
Bowden, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia[1]
Died17 November 1969(1969-11-17) (aged 92)
Hastings, East Sussex, England[1]
NationalityAustralian
Alma materUniversity of Adelaide
Occupation(s)Educator, writer, suffragist
Spouse
William Arnold Porter
​
​
(m. 1914)​

Muriel Lilah Matters (12 November 1877 – 17 November 1969) was an Australian-born suffragist, lecturer, journalist, educator, actress and elocutionist.[1] Based in Britain from 1905 until her death, Matters is best known for her work on behalf of the Women's Freedom League at the height of the militant struggle to enfranchise women in the United Kingdom.[2]

Early life

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Muriel Matters was born in the inner city suburb of Bowden in Adelaide, South Australia, to a large Methodist family. Her mother, Emma Alma Matters (née Warburton), gave birth to five daughters and five sons, with Muriel being the third oldest child. Her father was John Leonard Matters, a cabinetmaker and, later, a stockbroker.[citation needed]

Matters spent the majority of her youth in South Australia. In 1894, under legislation passed by the Kingston Government, the colony had gained attention for being the first self-governing territory to enfranchise women on the same terms as were granted to men.[citation needed]

During Matters' upbringing, she was introduced to two 19th-century literary figures who proved influential in informing her political consciousness. They were the American poet Walt Whitman, and the Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen, author of A Doll's House.[2] While attending elocution classes as a child, the works of both of those writers featured prominently.[citation needed]

Matters studied music at the University of Adelaide and, by the late 1890s, had begun to act and conduct recitals, initially in Adelaide, but later in Sydney and Melbourne with the Robert Brough Company.[3]

At the time of the federation of Australia in 1901, Matters had returned to Adelaide and taught elocution,[4] while concurrently performing for audiences at numerous halls and salons across the state.[5] In 1904, she left Adelaide once more to join her family who, in the meantime, had moved to Perth, Western Australia. In Perth, she continued her acting and was encouraged by friends in the industry to further her career in London.[3] Following their advice, in late 1905, aged 28, Matters boarded the passenger ship Persic to travel to London, England.[citation needed]

Conversion to the suffrage cause

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When Matters arrived in London she began giving recitals intermittently and eventually performed at the Bechstein Hall (now the Wigmore Hall).[6] However, recital work in London was difficult to acquire due to a surplus of performers, and Matters undertook occasional work as a journalist for income. She is known to have interviewed George Bernard Shaw and the exiled anarchist Prince Peter Kropotkin. Matters eventually performed at the home of Kropotkin and, after her recital, he challenged her to use her skills for something more useful stating that, "Art is not an end of life, but a means."[7] Matters agreed with his assessment and soon became involved with the Women's Freedom League (WFL).

She later wrote that her encounter with Kropotkin "proved to be the lifetime in a moment lived – my entire mental outlook was changed."[7] The WFL was led by Charlotte Despard and was set up to be more democratic than the Pankhurst-led Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) suffragettes.[2] Matters accompanied Maud Arncliffe Sennet to an event at which Milicent Fawcett was debating the support for women's militancy. Sennett wrote in the press that Matters had not been forced into silence.[8]

Work with the Women's Freedom League

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Caravan tour of 1908

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In early May through to mid-October 1908, Matters was "Organiser in Charge" of the first "Votes for Women" caravan that toured the south-east counties of England.[9] The caravan tour began in Oxshott and passed through Surrey, Sussex, East Anglia and Kent. The purpose of the tour was to speak about women's enfranchisement and to establish new WFL branches in the regions. Despite the occasional heckler, Matters and the others involved, such as Charlotte Despard and Amy Hicks, were successful in achieving those aims and established several branches.[9] In Tunbridge Wells, Matters met a young Quaker named Violet Tillard who remained a close acquaintance until Tillard's death in 1922, due to typhus contracted while helping people in famine-ravaged Russia.[citation needed]

Grille incident

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The London Illustrated News illustration of the grille incident, 7 November 1908

On the night of 28 October 1908, the WFL conducted simultaneous protests at the British Houses of Parliament. It was held outside St Stephen's Entrance, the Old Prison Yard and in the House of Commons. The purpose was to raise attention to the struggle of women and to remove the "grille", a piece of ironwork placed in the Ladies' Gallery that obscured their view of parliamentary proceedings.[10] Matters was at the heart of the protest over that symbol of women's oppression.[2] She and an associate, Helen Fox, both chained themselves to the grille of the Ladies' Gallery and Matters began loudly proclaiming the benefits of enfranchisement directly to the elected MPs.[citation needed]

Although not noted in Hansard, the official record of proceedings in the House of Commons, Matters' pronouncements were, technically, the first speech by a woman in the British Parliament.[11]

Meanwhile, Violet Tillard lowered a proclamation to the politicians below using pieces of string, and a man from the Stranger's Gallery threw handbills onto the floor of Parliament. The police soon seized all the people involved but could not separate Matters and Fox from the grille. Eventually the grille was removed with the women attached and, after being taken to a nearby committee room, a blacksmith was fetched to detach the women from the ironwork. Not charged over the incident, Matters and the other women involved were soon released near St Stephen's Entrance, where they rejoined other members of the WFL who were still protesting. It was there that Matters was arrested on a "trumped-up charge of obstruction", trying to rush the Parliament's lobby.[12]

The following day, 14 women (including Matters) and one man were tried at the Westminster Police Court. Matters was found guilty of wilfully obstructing London Police and was sentenced to one month imprisonment to be served at Holloway Gaol.[13] Emily Duval was arrested, together with her teenage daughter Barbara. They had both been with Matters when she chained herself to the grille. Emily paid her fine, and 17 year old Barbara Duval was released after she said that she would not get involved in any further protests until she was 21 (i.e. an adult).[14]

Airship flight

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The Votes For Women dirigible lifting off
Muriel Matters in the didigible

On 16 February 1909, King Edward VII officially opened Parliament for the coming year. As a part of the occasion, there was a procession to the Houses of Parliament led by the King. To gain attention and to promote the suffrage cause, Matters decided to hire a small dirigible (airship) owned by Percival G. Spencer, intending to shower the King and the Houses of Parliament with WFL pamphlets.[15] However, due to adverse wind conditions and the rudimentary motor powering the airship, she never made it to the Palace of Westminster. Instead, Matters, beginning at Hendon airfields, hugged the outskirts of London flying over Wormwood Scrubs, Kensington, Tooting and finally landing in Coulsdon with the trip lasting an hour and a half in total.[16]

With the airship emblazoned with "Votes for Women" on one side and "Women's Freedom League" on the other, it rose to a height of 3,500 feet (1,100 m). Matters scattered 56 pounds (25 kg) of handbills promoting the WFL's cause and leading members of the league, Edith How-Martyn and Elsie Craig, pursued her by car.[17] Her flight made headlines around the world.[18]

1910: First lecture tour of Australia

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Before sailing to Australia, Matters and fellow suffragette Violet Tillard, helped the Women's Freedom League campaign in Liverpool from January to April 1910,[19] and she spoke with Amy Sanderson and Emma Sproson at a mass gathering in Trafalgar Square in April.[20] From May to July 1910, Matters gave lectures focused on her experiences in Britain agitating for change. In the four-month tour, she spoke in Perth (Literary Hall), Adelaide (Town Hall), Melbourne (Princess Theatre) and Sydney (King's Hall). Giving three talks in each city she advocated for prison reform, equal pay for equal work and for the vote to be granted to the women of Great Britain.[21] Accompanied by Violet Tillard on the tour, Matters presented the audience with illustrations related to the movement and donned a facsimile of her prison dress. From the newspaper reports surrounding her visit it is evident that she played to sizeable audiences and that her performances were littered with laughter and applause.[22]

At the conclusion of the lecture tour, Matters helped Vida Goldstein secure an Australian Senate resolution that outlined the country's positive experiences with women's suffrage.[23] The resolution was passed and sent to Prime Minister Asquith in Britain.

Work in East London

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Within a year of Matters' return from her native country, she became involved with the "Mothers Arms" project in East London led by Sylvia Pankhurst. Matters and other concerned women worked with poor children and mothers residing in the slums of Lambeth, London. With the help of others, she educated impoverished children in the Montessori method, although she was not formally qualified at that point, in addition to feeding and clothing them. During 1913, Matters ensured that the male dominated National Federation of Mineworkers came to support women's suffrage.[2]

Work in Scotland

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During 1913, Matters spent much time campaigning for the suffrage cause in Scotland. For example, in January, she spoke in the Livingstone Hall in Edinburgh on the subject of the Representation Of The People (Women) Bill which had been introduced to parliament.[24] In April, Matters spoke at a number of suffrage meetings in East Fife. In Newhaven, the meeting was chaired by Alice Low, who also spoke at meetings alongside Matters in Armadale and Bathgate (West Lothian) later that year during a local by-election.[25] A letter from Matters in The Scotsman, published in April, denounced forcible feeding and the Cat and Mouse Act, which were being imposed on suffragettes.[26]

Matters was presented with a most unusual souvenir after a meeting in Perth, Tayside in May. Among the missiles thrown at her was a hambone, which was later inscribed "N.U.W.S.S., Perth 20-6-13" and presented to her.[27] Dr Elsie Inglis presided over a meeting in Edinburgh in November 1913, at which Matters was the speaker.[28] In December, Matters spoke in Nairn on the subject of "women in social and political evolution".[29] She made a number of other appearances in Scotland in the first six months of 1914, for instance, in Musselburgh in June when she dealt "most effectively" with the subject of women's suffrage.[30]

Marriage

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In September 1913, Matters became engaged to William Arnold Porter, a divorced Bostonian dentist, at the fourth time of asking. In those days it was controversial to marry a divorcee, and the rumour was that he had left his wife for her.[31][32] The couple married on 15 October 1914, and Matters subsequently became known as Muriel Matters-Porter. She later attained American citizenship through the marriage. The couple did not have children.[citation needed]

Objection to the First World War

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In June 1915, a year after the outbreak of World War I, Matters declared her opposition to the war in an address entitled "The False Mysticism of War".[33] In essence, she argued that war was not a successful problem-solving mechanism and that justifications for war were based on false pretences. She expressed her displeasure at Christianity being used as a justification of war, because the origins of the faith made no appeal to armed force. For Matters, those advocating war in government along theological lines could not be trusted: "For their god is in their own consciousness, a magnified edition of themselves."[33]: 5  Furthermore, she provided a rebuttal of the militaristic arguments presented in the book War and the World's Life by Colonel Frederic Natusch Maude[dead link‍]. Matters also questioned the importance of nationality – the rise of which was a central factor in the outbreak of the war she was denouncing. With the newspapers of the day filled with honour rolls of dead soldiers and advertisements to purchase war bonds, her arguments were in conflict with a society engaged in total war. The address was later reproduced in the form of a pamphlet by the anti-war Peace Committee of the Society of Friends (Quakers) and sold for a small fee. Her brother, Charles Adams Matters, died at the Battle of Lone Pine in August 1915.

Montessori method

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In 1916, Matters spent a year in Barcelona attending the Italian educator Maria Montessori's international course, which focused on new education strategies for children, looking at the whole child's development:[2] physical, social, emotional and cognitive.[34] Spain's neutrality during the Great War allowed Matters to go there to study the child-centred approach to learning taught by Montessori, which fitted her view that education should be a universal right.[2] On her return to England she resumed work with the poor children of East London and, on occasion, was invited to lecture education students in England and Scotland on the merits of the Montessori method.[34]

1922: Second lecture tour of Australia

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In 1922, Matters undertook a second lecture tour of Australia but this time her primary concern was to advocate Montessori's ideas to the educators of her native country. Giving lectures in Perth, Sydney, Adelaide and Melbourne, her tour was closely followed by the Australian press.[34]

Candidate for Hastings

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After returning to the UK, Matters was selected to run as the Labour Party candidate for the seat of Hastings in the general election of 1924.[35] Her opponent was the incumbent Conservative candidate, Lord Eustace Percy. She ran on a largely socialist platform, advocating a fairer distribution of wealth, work for the unemployed and furthering the equality of the sexes.[36] During the election, her younger brother, Leonard Matters, joined her on the campaign. Leonard's experience as a writer and journalist would have been invaluable in negotiating the hostile Hastings press (Leonard himself was later elected as the member for Kennington in 1929).[37] Despite the Matters’ best efforts, Lord Eustace Percy was returned with an increased majority of 9,135 which echoed the Conservative gains across the country.

Hastings remained a safe Conservative seat and was not claimed by a Labour Party candidate until 1997.[38]

Later life and death

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Speaking in 1928 to voters

In the years after the election, Matters settled in Hastings with her husband. In 1928, a fifty-one-year-old Matters finally saw the achievement of what she and other women of Great Britain were seeking, equal suffrage for women and men (partial suffrage had been granted to women in 1918). In her later years, Matters often wrote letters to the editor of newspapers, frequented the local library and was heavily involved in the Hastings community. Controversial to the end, she was locally reported as seen "skinny dipping" at Pelham Beach.[2]

Widowed in 1949, Matters died 21 years later, on 17 November 1969, aged 92, at the St Leonards on Sea nursing home.[39] Her ashes were scattered in the Hastings Cemetery.

Recognition

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Matters was not given the same recognition in Australia as in the UK, where she was interviewed by the BBC in 1939. But, in 2009, the Muriel Matters Society was set up.[11] The Society's play Why Muriel Matters was performed in the Adelaide Town Hall in June 2010, 100 years after Matters appeared at the same venue. In 2013, a docu-drama called Muriel Matters! was presented at the Adelaide Film Festival and on ABC TV.[31] In 2018, a street mural of Matters appeared in Adelaide and an article compared the battles she fought with the #MeToo movement.[40]

In 2021, the Speaker of the South Australian House of Assembly, and the South Australian Minister for Education, instituted the Muriel Matters Award for South Australian secondary school students who show self-initiative and commitment to making a difference in the community.[41] In 2022, a maquette was presented by the Muriel Matters Society to the Hastings Borough Council, where the council offices have been named "Muriel Matters House". A blue plaque has been placed on her former home at 7 Pelham Crescent, Hastings.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Gosse, Fayette. "Matters, Muriel Lilah (1877–1969)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Awcock, Hannah (8 March 2018). "Turbulent Londoners: Muriel Matters, 1877-1969". Turbulent London. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  3. ^ a b "Personal Gossip". The Critic. Adelaide, S.A. 9 August 1905. p. 7. Retrieved 19 December 2024 – via Trove.
  4. ^ "Public Notices". The Advertiser. Adelaide, S.A. 8 June 1901. p. 2. Retrieved 19 December 2024 – via Trove.
  5. ^ "Miss Muriel Matters' Recital". The Advertiser. Adelaide, S.A. 30 August 1902. p. 8. Retrieved 19 December 2024 – via Trove.
  6. ^ "Bechstein Hall – Miss Muriel Matters", The Times, 9 March 1907.
  7. ^ a b Mrs. Leonard W. Matters 1913, Australasians Who Count in London and Who Counts in Western Australia, Jas. Truscott & Son, Ltd., London, p. 163.
  8. ^ "Mary Kingsley Review". British Newspaper Archive. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  9. ^ a b Women's Freedom League 1908, Report for the Year 1908, London, p 13, held in the Suffragette Fellowship Collection, Museum of London.
  10. ^ Women's Freedom League 1908, Report for the Year 1908, London, p 10, held in the Suffragette Fellowship Collection, Museum of London.
  11. ^ a b Society, Muriel Matters (15 August 2017). "The Muriel Matters Society Inc. AGM 2017". The Muriel Matters Society Inc. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  12. ^ Mrs. Leonard W. Matters 1913, Australasians Who Count in London and Who Counts in Western Australia, Jas. Truscott & Son, Ltd., London, p. 164.
  13. ^ "Woman Suffrage – The Disorder at Westminster", The Times, 30 October 1908, p. 9.
  14. ^ Atkinson, Diane (2019). Rise Up, Women!: The Remarkable Lives of the Suffragettes. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-4088-4405-2.
  15. ^ "Suffragette Tries Balloon Campaign", The New York Times.
  16. ^ The Times, 17 February 1909, p. 10.
  17. ^ "Suffragists in the Air". The West Australian. Vol. XXV, no. 7, 171. Western Australia. 19 March 1909. p. 3. Retrieved 23 May 2017 – via Trove.
  18. ^ Walsh, Liz (25 March 2017). "Adelaide suffragette Muriel Matters took to an airship to fight for women's rights in the 1900s". The Advertiser. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  19. ^ Cowman, Krista (November 1994). "Engendering Citizenship Political Involvement of Women on Merseyside 1890-1920" (PDF). University of York Centre for Women's Studies. p. 267. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  20. ^ "W.F.L. in Trafalgar Square". The Vote. 9 April 1910. p. 278.
  21. ^ "Address by Miss Muriel Matters", The Advertiser, 1 August 1910, p. 9.
  22. ^ "Through Women's Eyes", The Register, 13 June 1910, p. 10.
  23. ^ D.S., "Australian Women in Politics: An Interview with Miss Muriel Matters", The British Australasian, 9 February 1911, p. 9.
  24. ^ "Women suffragists and the Reform Bill". The Scotsman. 16 January 1913. p. 6.
  25. ^ "West Lothian By-election: National Union of Womens Suffrage Societies". West Lothian Courier and Lanarkshire, Stirlingshire and Mid-Lothian Herald. 31 October 1913. p. 1.
  26. ^ "Letters to the Editor: British and Russian prisons". The Scotsman. 21 April 1913. p. 9.
  27. ^ "Tayside echoes". The Perthshire Advertiser. 23 July 1913. p. 4.
  28. ^ "The Suffragist campaign". The Scotsman. 7 November 1913. p. 8.
  29. ^ "Suffrage meeting at Nairn". The Aberdeen Press and Journal. 5 December 1913. p. 9.
  30. ^ "The National Union of Women's DSuffrage Societies". The Musselburgh News. 26 June 1914. p. 4.
  31. ^ a b Fallon, Amy (11 October 2013). "Muriel Matters: an Australian suffragette's unsung legacy". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  32. ^ "Engagements". The Mail. Vol. 2, no. 71. Adelaide S.A. 6 September 1913. p. 2. Retrieved 23 May 2017 – via Traove.
  33. ^ a b Matters, Muriel 1915, The False Mysticism of War, Headly Bros., London.
  34. ^ a b c "The Child Mind". The Argus. 6 October 1922. p. 12. Retrieved 19 December 2024 – via Trove.
  35. ^ "Parliamentary Candidates", The Times, 21 August 1924, p. 7.
  36. ^ "Election Notes and News", The Hastings Observer, 28 October 1924.
  37. ^ "India: Service in Cause of Freedom", The Hindu, 31 October 1957.
  38. ^ "Muriel Matters: Former Suffragette who Wanted to be Hastings MP", <"The British Women's Emancipation Movement 1830-1930". Archived from the original on 24 October 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2009.>
  39. ^ Hastings Observer, 22 November 1969.
  40. ^ Kesteven, Sophie; Croall, Fiona (18 September 2018). "The daring Australian suffragist who took to an airship to fight for women's rights". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  41. ^ "Muriel Matters Awards". Department for Education. 7 October 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.

Further reading

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  • Wainwright, Robert; Australian Broadcasting Corporation (2017), Miss Muriel Matters, Sydney, NSW HarperCollinsPublishers Australia Pty Limited, ISBN 978-0-7333-3373-6
  • Wright, Clare (2018). You Daughters of Freedom: The Australians Who Won the Vote and Inspired the World. Melbourne: Text Publishing. ISBN 9781925603934.
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