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Nyamuragira

Coordinates: 1°24′29″S 29°12′00″E / 1.408°S 29.2°E / -1.408; 29.2
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Nyamuragira
Nyamuragira (left) and Nyiragongo (right). Vertical scale exaggerated (1.5×).
Highest point
Elevation3,058 m (10,033 ft)[1]
Prominence784 m (2,572 ft)
Coordinates1°24′29″S 29°12′00″E / 1.408°S 29.2°E / -1.408; 29.2[1]
Geography
Nyamuragira is located in Democratic Republic of the Congo
Nyamuragira
Nyamuragira
Democratic Republic
LocationNord-Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Parent rangeVirunga Mountains
Geology
Mountain typeShield volcano
Last eruptionJuly 26 2024 (ongoing)[when?]

Nyamuragira, also known as Nyamulagira, is an active shield volcano in the Virunga Mountains of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, situated about 25 kilometres (16 mi) north of Lake Kivu. The name is derived from the Kinyarwanda Bantu verb Kuragira nyamu, meaning to herd animals; nyamu means animal or cows.[citation needed]

It has been described as Africa's most active volcano[2] and has erupted over 40 times since 1885.[3] As well as eruptions from the summit, there have been numerous eruptions from the flanks of the volcano, creating new smaller volcanoes that have lasted only for a short time (e.g. Murara from late 1976 to 1977).

Recent eruptions occurred on 2 January 2010,[3] 8 November 2011[citation needed] and 23 May 2021.[4]

Geography and geology

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Nyamuragira volcano is an active volcano near the city of Goma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, situated about 25 kilometres (16 mi) north of Lake Kivu. It is in the Nord-Kivu Province. It is 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) north-north-west of Nyiragongo, the volcano which caused extensive damage to the city of Goma in its 2002 eruption.

Nyamuragira has a volume of 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi), and covers an area of 1,500 square kilometres (580 sq mi). It has a low shield profile and contrasts with adjacent steep-sided Nyiragongo volcano.

Sulfur dioxide emissions by volcanoes, 1979-2003.

Nyamuragira volcano is responsible for a large portion of the sulfur dioxide released into the atmosphere by volcanoes.

Lava flows from Nyamuragira (upper left) extend to Lake Kivu.

Recent activity

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2010 eruption

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At dawn on 2 January 2010 Nyamuragira began spewing out lava flows. There are no settlements close to the volcano, but wildlife officials feared that the eruption may threaten the chimpanzees in the area. Another danger was that the lava could have flowed into the southern sector of Virunga National Park, where there are settlements and villages.[5]

Extensive lava flows from the 2010 eruption can be seen on satellite photographs[6] reaching 25 kilometres (16 mi) south-west to Lake Kivu, about 22 kilometres (14 mi) north-west and 35 kilometres (22 mi) north-north-east.

2011 eruption

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The volcano erupted again on 5 November 2011.[7]

That eruption produced a 400-metre (1,300 ft) high column of lava, and it is said to have been its largest eruption in 100 years.[8]

2014 lava lake

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Part of crater of Nyamuragira volcano

In 2014, a new lava lake appeared at the volcano for the first time in 75 years. The previous lava lake at the volcano was emptied in the 1938 lava flow. The formation of the new lake occurred between June and August 2014.[9] It reached a depth of 500 metres (1,600 ft). The eruption did not affect the communities in the area but left a lot of ash and air pollution. Sulfate aerosols formed by volcanic sulfur dioxide from the eruptions were observed as far away as over the central Amazon rain forest in South America.[10] By 2018, the lava lake had hardened and the activity appeared to have stopped. Eruptive activity continues during 2021 at the summit caldera. [11]

2021 lava lake

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In 2021, a lava lake appeared at the volcano based on a June 11 satellite image.[12]

2024 caldera overflow

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On July 26, 2024, lava began to overflow the northern caldera rim and flowed towards the northwest. This was accompanied by a large increase in effusive lava output. The flow advanced 5km in the first day.[13]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Nyamuragira". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  2. ^ Smets, B.; Wauthier, C.; d’Oreye, N. (2010), "A new map of the lava flow field of Nyamulagira (D.R. Congo) from satellite imagery", Journal of African Earth Sciences, 58 (5): 778–786, Bibcode:2010JAfES..58..778S, doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2010.07.005, ISSN 1464-343X
  3. ^ a b "Volcano erupts in Congo". CNN. 2 January 2010. Archived from the original on 27 January 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
  4. ^ "Mount Nyiragongo: DR Congo residents flee as volcano erupts". BBC News. 23 May 2021.
  5. ^ "DR Congo Volcano Eruption Threatens Rare Chimpanzees". BBC News. 2 January 2010. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
  6. ^ Google Earth Archived 8 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine shows the crater and lava flows very clearly at coordinates -1.408333, 29.200000
  7. ^ "Congo Volcano Erupts: Video". The Guardian. 8 November 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
  8. ^ "Nyamuragira Volcano, Democratic Republic of the Congo". Volcano Photos. Geographic.org. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  9. ^ "New Lava Lake Appears Atop African Volcano". iflscience. 28 November 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
  10. ^ Saturno, Jorge; et al. (2018), "African volcanic emissions influencing atmospheric aerosols over the Amazon rain forest" (PDF), Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 18 (5): 10391–10405, Bibcode:2018ACP....1810391S, doi:10.5194/acp-18-10391-2018, ISSN 1680-7316, S2CID 55952287, HAL hal-01846902
  11. ^ "Volcano on the Brink". PBS. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  12. ^ "Nyamuragira volcano (DRCongo): new lava lake". www.volcanodiscovery.com. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  13. ^ "Nyamuragira volcano (DRCongo): lava overflowed caldera rim and advances further northwest". www.volcanodiscovery.com. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
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