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A bunch of dumb [[broads]] who don't know shit about anything, see [[stuiped]] [[whores]]. |
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{{Infobox Organization |
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|name = Mothers Against Drunk Driving |
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|image = MADD.JPG |
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|size = 200px |
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|caption = |
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|map = |
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|msize = |
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|abbreviation = MADD |
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|motto = |
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|formation = [[1980]] |
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|extinction = |
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|type = 501(c)3 |
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|status = |
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|purpose = |
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|headquarters =[[Irving, Texas]] |
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|location = |
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|membership = |
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|language = |
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|leader_title = |
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|main_organ = |
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|parent_organization = |
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|affiliations = [[MADD Canada]] |
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|website = http://www.madd.org/ |
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}} |
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'''Mothers Against Drunk Driving''', or '''MADD''', is a [[non-profit]] organization that seeks to stop [[drunk driving]], support those affected by drunk driving and prevent underage drinking. The [[Irving, Texas]]-based organization was founded in 1980 by [[Candice Lightner]] after her 13-year-old daughter was killed by a drunk driver, Clarence Busch, a 46-year-old cannery worker.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,956231-3,00.html Man of the Year]</ref> |
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== Aims == |
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Generally MADD favours: |
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* Education, advocacy and victim assistance |
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* Strict policy in a variety of areas, including an illegal [[blood alcohol content]] of .08% or lower and using stronger sanctions for DUI offenders, including mandatory jail sentences, treatment for alcoholism and other alcohol abuse issues, ignition interlock devices,<ref name=ignition>[http://www.madd.org/activism/0,1056,7604,00.html Ignition Interlock - Issue Brief] from the MADD website</ref> and license suspensions |
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* Helping victims of drunk driving |
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* Maintaining the legal drinking age at 21 years old |
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* Mandating alcohol breath testing ignition interlock devices for everyone convicted of driving while intoxicated |
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==History== |
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[[Candice Lightner]] was the organizer and founding president of Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD). In 1980, Lightner’s 13-year-old daughter, Cari, was killed by a drunken hit-and-run driver as she walked down a suburban street in California. The impact of the accident broke almost every bone in her body and fractured her skull, yet the driver left her dead body at the scene. "I promised myself on the day of Cari’s death that I would fight to make this needless homicide count for something positive in the years ahead," Candy Lightner later wrote.{{Fact|date=August 2008}} A 1983 television movie about Lightner resulted in publicity for the group, which grew rapidly. |
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In the early 1990s, the group managed to attract attention from the [[U.S. Congress|United States Congress]]. At a time when alcohol consumption laws varied greatly by state, New Jersey Senator [[Frank Lautenberg]] was a notable early supporter.{{Fact|date=August 2008}} Lautenberg took exception to the fact that youth in New Jersey could easily travel into New York to purchase alcoholic beverages, thereby circumventing New Jersey's law restricting consumption to those 21-years-old and over.<ref name="madd-21-turns-20">[http://www.madd.org/news/8916 "21" turns 20], MADD Online; published in ''DRIVEN'' magazine, Spring 2004</ref> The group had its greatest success with the imposition of a 1984 federal law, the [[National Minimum Drinking Age Act]], that introduced a federal penalty (a 5%–later raised to 10%–loss of [[Federal-Aid Highway Act|federal highway dollars]]), for states that didn't raise to 21 the minimum legal age for the purchase and possession of alcohol. After the [[United States Supreme Court]] upheld the law in the 1987 case of ''[[South Dakota v. Dole]]'', every state capitulated. |
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In 1988, a drunk driver traveling the wrong way on [[Interstate 71]] in [[Kentucky]] caused a head-on collision with a [[school bus]]. 27 people died and dozens more were injured in the ensuing fire. The [[Carrollton bus collision|Carrollton bus disaster]] in 1988 was tied with [[Prestonsburg bus disaster|another bus crash in Kentucky in 1958]] as the deadliest bus crash in U.S. history, and remains the country's deadliest drunk-driving incident to date. In the aftermath, several parents of the victims became actively involved in MADD, and one became its national president. |
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In 1990, MADD introduced its "20 by 2000" plan to reduce the proportion of traffic fatalities that are alcohol-related 20 percent by the year 2000. This goal was accomplished three years early, in 1997.{{Fact|date=August 2008}} That same year, [[MADD Canada]] was founded.<ref>[http://www.madd.ca/english/about/index.html Learn More] from the MADD Canada website</ref> |
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In 1991, MADD released its first "Rating the States" report, grading the states in their progress against drunk driving. "Rating the States" has been released four times since then. |
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In 1999, MADD’s National Board of Directors unanimously voted to change the organization’s mission statement to include the prevention of underage drinking.<ref>[http://www.madd.org/aboutus/1272 Why has MADD changed its mission statement?] from the MADD website</ref> |
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In 2002, MADD announced an "Eight-Point Plan". This comprised: |
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# Resuscitate the nation's efforts to prevent impaired driving. |
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# Increase driving while intoxicated (DWI)/driving under the influence (DUI) enforcement, especially the use of frequent, highly publicized sobriety checkpoints. |
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# Enact primary enforcement seat belt laws in all states. |
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# Create tougher, more comprehensive sanctions geared toward higher-risk drivers. |
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# Develop a dedicated National Traffic Safety Fund. |
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# Reduce underage drinking. |
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# Increase beer excise taxes to the same level as those for spirits. |
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# Reinvigorate court monitoring programs.<ref name=eightpoint>[http://www.madd.org/stats/5611 MADD's Eight-Point Plan for Refocusing the Nation's Attention on Preventing Impaired Driving] from the MADD Canada website</ref> |
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In a November 2006 press release, MADD launched its Campaign to Eliminate Drunk Driving: this is a four-point plan to completely eliminate drunk driving in the United States using a combination of current technology (such as [[Breath alcohol ignition interlock device|alcohol ignition interlock device]]s), new technology in smart cars, law enforcement, and grass roots activism.<ref name="MADD-campaign-to-eliminate">[http://www.madd.org/news/11286 MADD Announces National Campaign to Eliminate Drunk Driving] MADD Online Press Release; November 20, 2006</ref> |
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===Funding=== |
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According to the [[Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006|Obama-Coburn Federal Funding Accountability Transparency Act of 2006]], MADD received $9,593,455 in funds from the federal government between [[fiscal year]]s 2001 and 2006, but received only $56,814 in fiscal year 2000.<ref>[http://www.usaspending.gov/faads/faads.php?reptype=p&database=faads&principal_place_state_code=48&principal_place_cc=Irving&recip_cat_type=n&asst_cat_type=&email=&fiscal_year=&first_year_range=2001&last_year_range=2006&detail=-1&datype=T Federal Assistance for Nonprofits in Irving, Texas from 2001 to 2006] from usaspending.gov</ref> |
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==Activities and impact== |
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===Drunk driving laws=== |
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Since the group's inception, thousands of anti-drunk driving laws have been passed.{{Fact|date=August 2008}} MADD also helped popularize the use of [[designated driver]]s, although at first it opposed the practice because it might enable non-drivers to consume more.{{Fact|date=August 2008}} |
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More recently, MADD was heavily involved in lobbying to reduce the legal limit for [[blood alcohol]] from BAC .10 to BAC .08.{{Fact|date=August 2008}} |
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In 2000, this standard was passed by Congress and by 2005, every state had an illegal .08 BAC limit.{{Fact|date=August 2008}} |
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[[MADD Canada]] has called for a maximum legal BAC of .05. Although many MADD leaders have supported a lower limit,<ref name="activist-cash-madd-quotes">"[http://www.activistcash.com/organization_quotes.cfm/oid/17 http://www.activistcash.com/organization_quotes.cfm/oid/17 Mothers Against Drunk Driving]," ActivistCash.com</ref> MADD U.S. has not yet officially called for a legal limit of .05. |
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Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) supports legislation setting the illegal blood alcohol content (BAC) limit for adult drivers who have been previously convicted of DUI/DWI at .05 ''per se''. This lower BAC limit shall apply to these offenders for a period of five years from date of conviction and they shall be required to provide a breath test if requested by an officer following a legal traffic stop.<ref>[http://www.madd.com/aboutus/4225 MADD's Position Statements: Other Positions]</ref> |
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MADD has successfully advocated, and continues to advocate, for the enactment of laws for even more strict and severe punishment of offenders of laws against driving under the influence, as well as laws against drinking and driving.{{Fact|date=August 2008}} |
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===Declines in drunk driving deaths=== |
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The death rate from alcohol-related traffic accidents has declined since the 1980s. According to statistics from the [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration|National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)]],<ref name="madd-online-fatalities-stats">"[http://www.madd.org/stats/0,1056,1298,00.html Total Traffic Fatalities vs. Alcohol Related Traffic Fatalities - 1982-2005]," MADD Online; load date: ''November 17, 2006''</ref> alcohol related deaths per year have declined from 26,173 in 1982 to 16,885 in 2005. MADD has argued that the group's efforts have brought about this decrease, because it claims that alcohol-related fatalities declined more than did non-alcohol-related fatalities.{{Fact|date=August 2008}} |
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However, NHTSA's definition of "alcohol-related" deaths includes all deaths on U.S. highways involving alcohol. In 2001, for example, the NHTSA's Fatality Analysis Reporting System estimated an annual total of 17,448 alcohol-related deaths. The NHTSA breakdown of this estimate is that 8,000 deaths involved only a single car and in most of those cases the only death was the drunk driver, 5,000 sober victims were killed by legally drunk drivers, and there were 2,500 to 3,500 crash deaths in which no driver was legally drunk but alcohol was detected.<ref>Vartabedian, Ralph. 2002.</ref><ref>[http://www.maddatgm.com/downloads/021230_LATimes.pdf A Spirited Debate Over DUI Laws] ''Los Angeles Times'', [[December 30]], pp. A1.</ref>. It should also be noted that vehicle safety has been improved since the 1980s, and this has likely resulted in a decrease in all auto fatalities, including alcohol-related deaths. Also, public attitudes are more negative toward drunk driving than they were in the early 1980s<ref> |
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[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0197-5897(199022)11%3A2%3C189%3APOOAP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-O Public Opinion on Alcohol Policies, by Alexander C. Wagenaar and Fredrick M. Streff] from [[JSTOR]]</ref>. |
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In 1999, the [[Government Accountability Office]] (GAO) evaluated the effectiveness of state .08 BAC laws in reducing the number and severity of crashes involving alcohol. It stated, "Overall, the evidence does not conclusively establish that .08 BAC laws, by themselves, result in reductions in the number and severity of alcohol-related crashes. There are, however, strong indications that .08 BAC laws in combination with other drunk driving laws (particularly license revocation laws), sustained public education and information efforts, and vigorous and consistent enforcement can save lives."<ref>[http://www.gao.gov/archive/1999/rc99179.pdf HIGHWAY SAFETY: Effectiveness of State .08 Blood Alcohol Laws GAO/RCED-99-179] from the [[Government Accountability Office]] website</ref> |
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===Minimum drinking age laws=== |
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MADD argues that, given that the brain does not stop developing until the early to mid-20s, alcohol consumption damages brain development.<ref>[http://why21.org/teen/ Alcohol and the Teen Brain]</ref> |
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MADD also cites NHTSA data that the 21 minimum drinking age law has saved 17,000 lives since 1988.<ref>[http://why21.org/history/ Brief History of the Drinking Age] from why21.org</ref> |
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However, evidence of harm to brain development is based on studies of [[rats]]{{Fact|date=August 2008}} and severe alcohol abusers rather than social drinkers.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} |
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===Operating hours and availability of alcohol=== |
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MADD has generally taken the position that a decrease in the availability of alcohol will lead to a decrease in consumption, and therefore a decrease in drunk driving.{{Fact|date=September 2008}} |
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Empirical research has suggested that later closing hours have no effect on alcohol-related traffic crashes and fatalities <ref>Halstead, R. Novato woman testifies at state hearing. ''Marin Independent Journal'', [[April 20]], [[2004]]; Gordon, A. Young drivers go to pot. ''Toronto Star'', [[February 10]], [[2006]]; Later sales don't increase crashes, DWI arrests. Associated Press, [[March 1]], [[2005]]; Reilly, S. & Snider, J. Drinking five or more drinks in a day. ''USA Today'', [[May 21]], [[2004]]</ref>, but MADD provides its own research which claims the opposite.{{Fact|date=September 2008}} |
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<!-- In a [http://jtodirect.madd.org/sa/news/summaries/reader/0,1854,553105,00.html press release] titled "Fewer Liquor Stores in Los Angeles Equals Reduced Crime", MADD implies that fewer liquor stores with shorter operating hours resulted in an improvement in the quality of life in LA. The press release made no mention of operating motor vehicles. Commented out as supposed press release cannot be found --> |
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<!-- In [[Okaloosa County, Florida]], local MADD activists lobbied to reduce the operating hours of bars, requiring them to close at 2:00 AM.[http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:kN-4ID-v7XUJ:www.weartv.com/news/Stories/February%25202006/0228/barhoursreduction.shtml+%22Okaloosa+County%22+MADD+%22operating+hours%22&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=5] A local bar owner responded, "I think its dangerous, because you're talking about putting people on the road at 2 a.m. and people are going to drink no matter what time you close an establishment and you'd be putting everyone out on the road at two." Commented out as supposed source cannot be found --> |
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===Other=== |
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On April 29, 2008 MADD issued a press release criticizing the video game ''[[Grand Theft Auto IV]]'' saying it was "extremely disappointed" with the manufacturers. MADD has called on the [[ESRB]] to re-rate the game to Adults Only. They also called on the manufacturer (Rockstar) "to consider a stop in distribution – if not out of responsibility to society then out of respect for the millions of victims/survivors of drunk driving.".<ref>http://www.madd.org/Media-Center/Media-Center/Press-Releases/Press-Releases/2008/MADD’s-Statement-Regarding-Grand-Theft-Auto-IV.aspx</ref> Players can drive drunk in Grand Theft Auto IV but doing so makes it harder to drive.<ref>[http://www.joystiq.com/2008/01/23/grand-theft-auto-iv-preview-splosion/ Grand Theft Auto IV preview-splosion!] - Joystiq</ref> The game also explicitly recommends that the player take a taxi instead of driving, and the player avatar makes audio comments suggesting against drunk driving; moreover, if any police officer is around while the player is drunk driving, the player immediately becomes wanted by the police. |
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==Criticisms== |
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===Candy Lightner's departure=== |
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By 1985, many MADD leaders were calling for the criminalization of all driving after drinking any amount of alcoholic beverage. Lightner disagreed with this aim and said that police ought to be concentrating their resources on arresting drunk drivers, not those drivers who happen to have been drinking.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} Lightner stated that MADD "has become far more [[Neo-prohibitionism|neo-prohibitionist]] than I had ever wanted or envisioned … I didn't start MADD to deal with alcohol. I started MADD to deal with the issue of drunk driving".<ref name="washtimes_madd-strugles">Bresnahan, S. MADD struggles to remain relevant. ''[[Washington Times]]'' Metropolitan edition), August 6, 2002, B1-2 (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-90152301.html)</ref> |
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===Civil liberty aspects=== |
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[[Radley Balko]], a [[libertarian]] writer, talks about the possible social implications of some of MADD's policies. He writes, "In its eight-point plan to 'jump-start the stalled war on drunk driving,' MADD advocates the use of highly publicized but random roadblocks to find drivers who have been drinking. Even setting aside the civil liberties implications, these checkpoints do little to get dangerous drunks off the road. Rather, they instill fear in people who have a glass of wine with dinner, a beer at a ballgame or a toast at a retirement party." |
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MADD writes that “opponents of sobriety checkpoints tend to be those who drink and drive frequently and are concerned about being caught”.<ref name="madd-online-sobriety-facts-and-myths">[http://www.madd.org/madd_programs/1229 Sobriety Checkpoints: Facts & Myths] from MADD's website</ref> |
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===Efficacy of MADD's proposals=== |
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{{main|Breath alcohol ignition interlock device}} |
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Additionally, MADD has proposed that [[breath alcohol ignition interlock device]]s should be installed in all new cars. |
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Tom Incantalupo wrote <ref>[http://www.beawarenow.org/news_archive.php?id=701 "MADD: Device Key to Keep Drinkers off Road", [[Newsday]], November 21, 2006]</ref>: |
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:"Ultimately, the group said yesterday, it wants so-called alcohol interlock devices factory-installed in all new cars. "The main reason why people continue to drive drunk today is because they can," MADD president Glynn Birch said at a news teleconference from Washington, D.C." |
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Sarah Longwell, a spokeswoman for the [[American Beverage Institute]] responded to MADD's desire to legislate breathalyzers into every vehicle in America by stating "This interlock campaign is not about eliminating drunk driving, it is about eliminating all moderate drinking prior to driving. The 40 million Americans who drink and drive responsibly should be outraged." She also points out that "Many states have laws that set the presumptive level of intoxication at .05% and you can't adjust your interlock depending on which state you're driving in. Moreover, once you factor in liability issues and sharing vehicles with underage drivers you have pushed the preset limit down to about .02%. It will be a ''de facto'' zero tolerance policy."<ref name="MADD Interlock Campaign Targets Responsible Social Drinkers">"[http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/061121/dctu019.html?.v=74 MADD Interlock Campaign Targets Responsible Social Drinkers] from a [[Yahoo!]] website</ref> |
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Some point out that the policy assumes that citizens are guilty of drunkenness and requires them to prove themselves innocent not only before they drive but repeatedly while they drive<ref name="harvcrim">[http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=515945 Drunk Until Proven Innocent] from ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]''</ref> |
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A review of devices concluded, "The results of the study show that interlock works for some offenders in some contexts, but not for all offenders in all situations. More specifically, ignition interlock devices work best when they are installed, although there is also some evidence that judicial orders to install an interlock are effective for repeat DUI offenders, even when not all offenders comply and install a device. California’s administrative program, where repeat DUI offenders install an interlock device in order to obtain restricted driving privileges, is also associated with reductions in subsequent DUI incidents. One group for whom ignition interlock orders do not appear effective is first DUI offenders with high blood alcohol levels."<ref>California Department of Motor Vehicles [http://www.dmv.ca.gov/about/profile/rd/210_ignition_interlock_report.pdf An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Ignition Interlock in California]</ref> |
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==== Victim impact panels ==== |
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MADD promotes the use of victim impact panels (VIPs), in which judges require DWI offenders to hear victims or relatives of victims of drunk driving crashes relate their experiences. MADD received $3,749,000 in 2004 from VIPs; much of this income was voluntary donations by those attending as some states, such as California, do not allow a fee to be charged to offenders for non-legislative programs. Some states in the United States, such as Massachusetts, permit victims of all crimes, including drunk driving accidents, to give "[[victim impact statement]]s" prior to sentencing so that judges and prosecutors can consider the impact on victims in deciding on an appropriate sentence to recommend or impose. The presentations are often emotional, detailed, and graphic, and focus on the tragic negative consequences of DWI and alcohol-related crashes. According to the John Howard Society, some studies have shown that permitting victims to make statements and to give testimony is psychologically beneficial to them and aids in their recovery and in their satisfaction with the criminal justice system.<ref name="john-howard-society-victim-impact">[http://www.johnhoward.ab.ca/PUB/C53.htm Victum Impact Statements—John Howard Society of Alberta], 1997</ref> However, a [[New Mexico]] study suggested that the VIPs tended to be perceived as confrontational by multiple offenders. Such offenders then had a higher incidence of future offenses.<ref name="vip-deterrence-effectiveness">"[http://casaa.unm.edu/posters/a%20randomized%20trial%20of%20victim%20impact%20panels%20dwi%20deterrence%20effectiveness.pdf A Randomized Trial of Victim Impact Panels’ DWI Deterrence Effectiveness]," W. G. Woodall, H. Delaney, E. Rogers, & D. R. Wheeler; Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions (CASAA), [[University of New Mexico]]</ref> |
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===MADD's mission=== |
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Some critics claim that MADD has shifted in emphasis from preventing DUI deaths and injuries to preventing underage alcohol use and that this is undermining the organization's original goal because MADD's leadership has stated that it's more important to stop drinking than it is to stop drunk driving fatalities. For example, the president of MADD, Glynn Byrch, wrote in a letter to the editor of the ''Washington Post'': |
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:Taking away a teenager's car keys and replacing them with a beer may prevent death and injury on the road but it sends a dangerous message to teenagers that it's okay to break the law.<ref name="washpost-address-perilous-pleasures">"[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/14/AR2005081400903_3.html Addressing Life's Perilous Pleasures]," [[The Washington Post]], ''Letters to the Editor'' section; Monday, August 15, 2005</ref> |
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In 2005, [[John McCardell, Jr.]] wrote in ''The New York Times'' that "the 21-year-old drinking age is bad social policy and terrible law" that has made the college drinking problem far worse.<ref name="mccardell-oped-on-alcohol">"[http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/13/opinion/13mccardell.html?n=Top%2fOpinion%2fEditorials%20and%20Op%2dEd%2fOp%2dEd%2fContributors What Your College President Didn't Tell You]," McCardell Jr., John M.; ''[[The New York Times]]''; op-ed section; September 13, 2004</ref> |
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Many who are otherwise sympathetic to MADD's cause feel the organization has gone too far. Balko argued in a December 2002 article that MADD's policies are becoming overbearing. "In fairness, MADD deserves credit for raising awareness of the dangers of driving while intoxicated. It was almost certainly MADD's dogged efforts to spark public debate that effected the drop in fatalities since 1980, when Candy Lightner founded the group after her daughter was killed by a drunk driver," Balko wrote. "But MADD is at heart a bureaucracy, a big one. It boasts an annual budget of $45 million, $12 million of which pays for salaries, pensions and benefits. Bureaucracies don't change easily, even when the problems they were created to address change."<ref name="balko-targeting">"[http://www.cato.org/research/articles/balko-021209.html Targeting the Social Drinker Is Just MADD]," Balko, Radley (from the [[CATO Institute]] website)</ref> |
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===Blood alcohol content=== |
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MADD's critics point out that the organization is focused entirely upon the ''presence'' of alcohol in the body, rather than upon the actual danger posed by any ''impairment''.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} The original drunk driving laws addressed the danger by making it a criminal offense to drive a vehicle while impaired — that is, while "under the influence of alcohol"; the amount of alcohol in the body was simply evidence of that impairment. In part due to MADD's influence, however, all 50 states have now passed laws making it a criminal offense to drive with a designated level of alcohol, regardless of whether the driver is impaired or not. |
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===Beer taxes=== |
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Balko criticizes MADD for not advocating higher [[excise tax]]es on distilled spirits, even though it campaigns for higher excise taxes for beer. He writes, "Interestingly, MADD refrains from calling for an added tax on distilled spirits, an industry that the organization has partnered with on various drunk driving awareness projects."<ref name="balko-targeting"/> MADD writes, "Currently, the federal excise tax is $.05 per can of beer, $.04 for a glass of wine and $.12 for a shot of distilled spirits, which all contain about the same amount of alcohol."<ref name=eightpoint/> Point 7 of MADD's 8-Point Plan is to "Increase beer excise taxes to equal the current excise tax on distilled spirits".<ref>[http://www.madd.org/news/0,1056,4395,00.html New 8-Point Plan To Jumpstart Stalled War On Drunk Driving] from MADD's website</ref> |
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===High fundraising costs=== |
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In 1994, ''Money'' magazine reported that telemarketers raised over $38 million for MADD, keeping nearly half of it in fees. This relationship no longer exists. Overall, MADD reports that it spends 17% of its budget on fundraising, which is below average for an advocacy organization that is heavily dependent on many individual contributions. However, the [[American Institute of Philanthropy]] notes that MADD categorizes much of its fundraising expenses as "educational expenses." The [[American Institute of Philanthropy]] has given MADD poor grades for its high bureaucratic and fundraising costs<ref>Jayne O'Donnell [http://www.usatoday.com/money/2005-09-28-madd-change-usat_x.htm MADD enters 25th year with change on its mind]</ref> (MADD Money. Investigative report, K5 News, [[Seattle]], WA.). In December 2001, '''Worth'' magazine listed MADD as one of its "100 best charities". [[Charity Navigator]] rates MADD as needing improvement.<ref>[http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm/bay/search.summary/orgid/4129.htm Charity Navigator Rating - Mothers Against Drunk Driving] from charitynavigator.org</ref> |
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==See also== |
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* [[Amethyst Initiative]] |
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* [[Choose Responsibility]] |
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* [[SADD]] |
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* [[Driving under the influence]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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==External links== |
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* [http://www.madd.org/ MADD website] |
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* [http://why21.org/ WHY 21 -Get the Truth About the 21 Law] (a MADD website) |
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* [http://www.drunkard.com/issues/08_02/08_02_fighting_madd.htm MDM Magazine article about MADD] |
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[[Category:Drunk driving]] |
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[[Category:Non-profit organizations]] |
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[[Category:Victims' rights organizations]] |
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[[Category:Organizations established in 1980]] |
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[[de:Mothers Against Drunk Driving]] |
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