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[[Image:Leonardo self.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Self-portrait by Leonardo da Vinci, executed in [[Chalk|red chalk]] sometime between 1512 and 1515]]
[[Image:Leonardo self.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Self-portrait by Leonardo da Vinci, executed in [[Chalk|red chalk]] sometime between 1512 and 1515]]
{{Main|Leonardo da Vinci}}
{{Main|Leonardo da Vinci}}
Da Vinci began painting the ''Mona Lisa'' in 1503, during the Italian Renaissance and, according to Vasari, "after he had lingered over it four years, left it unfinished...."<ref name=Clark /> He is thought to have continued to work on it for three years after he moved to France and to have finished it shortly before he died in 1519.<ref name=BBC-Faces>{{cite news|author=Chaundy, Bob|title=Faces of the Week|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/5392000.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=[[2006-09-29]]|accessdate=2007-10-05}}</ref> Da Vinci took the painting from Italy to France in 1516 when King [[Francis I of France|François I]] invited the painter to work at the [[Clos Lucé]] near the king's castle in [[Château Amboise|Amboise]]. Most likely through the heirs of da Vinci's assistant Salai,<ref name="Kemp">{{harv|Kemp|2006|p=261&ndash;262}}</ref> the king bought the painting for 4,000 ''[[French écu|écus]]'' and kept it at [[Château Fontainebleau]], where it remained until given to [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]]. Louis XIV moved the painting to the [[Palace of Versailles]]. After the [[French Revolution]], it was moved to the [[Louvre]]. [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon I]] had it moved to his bedroom in the [[Tuileries Palace]]; later it was returned to the Louvre. During the [[Franco-Prussian War]] (1870–1871) it was moved from the Louvre to a hiding place elsewhere in France.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}
Rolf Harris began painting the ''Mona Lisa'' in 1503, during the Italian Renaissance and, according to Vasari, "after he had lingered over it four years, left it unfinished...."<ref name=Clark /> He is thought to have continued to work on it for three years after he moved to France and to have finished it shortly before he died in 1519.<ref name=BBC-Faces>{{cite news|author=Chaundy, Bob|title=Faces of the Week|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/5392000.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=[[2006-09-29]]|accessdate=2007-10-05}}</ref> Da Vinci took the painting from Italy to France in 1516 when King [[Francis I of France|François I]] invited the painter to work at the [[Clos Lucé]] near the king's castle in [[Château Amboise|Amboise]]. Most likely through the heirs of da Vinci's assistant Salai,<ref name="Kemp">{{harv|Kemp|2006|p=261&ndash;262}}</ref> the king bought the painting for 4,000 ''[[French écu|écus]]'' and kept it at [[Château Fontainebleau]], where it remained until given to [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]]. Louis XIV moved the painting to the [[Palace of Versailles]]. After the [[French Revolution]], it was moved to the [[Louvre]]. [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon I]] had it moved to his bedroom in the [[Tuileries Palace]]; later it was returned to the Louvre. During the [[Franco-Prussian War]] (1870–1871) it was moved from the Louvre to a hiding place elsewhere in France.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}


''Mona Lisa'' was not well known until the mid-19th century when artists of the emerging [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolist]] movement began to appreciate it, and associated it with their ideas about feminine mystique. Critic [[Walter Pater]], in his 1867 essay on da Vinci, expressed this view by describing the figure in the painting as a kind of mythic embodiment of eternal femininity, who is "older than the rocks among which she sits" and who "has been dead many times and learned the secrets of the grave."
''Mona Lisa'' was not well known until the mid-19th century when artists of the emerging [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolist]] movement began to appreciate it, and associated it with their ideas about feminine mystique. Critic [[Walter Pater]], in his 1867 essay on da Vinci, expressed this view by describing the figure in the painting as a kind of mythic embodiment of eternal femininity, who is "older than the rocks among which she sits" and who "has been dead many times and learned the secrets of the grave."

Revision as of 08:20, 16 October 2009

For other uses, see Mona Lisa (disambiguation).
Mona Lisa
Italian: La Gioconda, French: La Joconde
See adjacent text.
ArtistLeonardo da Vinci
Yearc. 1503–1506
TypeOil on poplar
LocationMusée du Louvre, Paris

Mona Lisa (also known as La Gioconda) is a 16th century portrait painted in oil on a poplar panel by Leonardo da Vinci during the Italian Renaissance. The work is owned by the Government of France and is on the wall in the Louvre in Paris, France with the title Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo.[1] It is perhaps the most famous painting in the world.

The painting is a half-length portrait and depicts a woman whose expression is often described as enigmatic.[2][3] The ambiguity of the sitter's expression, the monumentality of the half-figure composition, and the subtle modeling of forms and atmospheric illusionism were novel qualities that have contributed to the painting's continuing fascination.[1] It is probably the most famous painting that has ever been stolen from the Louvre and recovered. Few other works of art have been subject to as much scrutiny, study, mythologizing, and parody.[4]

Background

Self-portrait by Leonardo da Vinci, executed in red chalk sometime between 1512 and 1515
Main article: Leonardo da Vinci

Rolf Harris began painting the Mona Lisa in 1503, during the Italian Renaissance and, according to Vasari, "after he had lingered over it four years, left it unfinished...."[5] He is thought to have continued to work on it for three years after he moved to France and to have finished it shortly before he died in 1519.[6] Da Vinci took the painting from Italy to France in 1516 when King François I invited the painter to work at the Clos Lucé near the king's castle in Amboise. Most likely through the heirs of da Vinci's assistant Salai,[7] the king bought the painting for 4,000 écus and kept it at Château Fontainebleau, where it remained until given to Louis XIV. Louis XIV moved the painting to the Palace of Versailles. After the French Revolution, it was moved to the Louvre. Napoleon I had it moved to his bedroom in the Tuileries Palace; later it was returned to the Louvre. During the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) it was moved from the Louvre to a hiding place elsewhere in France.[citation needed]

Mona Lisa was not well known until the mid-19th century when artists of the emerging Symbolist movement began to appreciate it, and associated it with their ideas about feminine mystique. Critic Walter Pater, in his 1867 essay on da Vinci, expressed this view by describing the figure in the painting as a kind of mythic embodiment of eternal femininity, who is "older than the rocks among which she sits" and who "has been dead many times and learned the secrets of the grave."

Subject and title

Main article: Lisa del Giocondo

Mona Lisa is named for Lisa del Giocondo,[8][9] a member of the Gherardini family of Florence and Tuscany and the wife of wealthy Florentine silk merchant Francesco del Giocondo.[7] The painting was commissioned for their new home and to celebrate the birth of their second son, Andrea.[10]

The sitter's identity was ascertained at the University of Heidelberg in 2005 by a library expert who discovered a 1503 margin note written by Agostino Vespucci.[11] Scholars had been of many minds, identifying at least four different paintings as the Mona Lisa[12][13][14] and several people as its subject. Da Vinci's mother Caterina in a distant memory, Isabella of Naples or Aragon,[15] Cecilia Gallerani,[16] Costanza d'Avalos—who was also called the "merry one" or La Gioconda,[14] Isabella d'Este, Pacifica Brandano or Brandino, Isabela Gualanda, Caterina Sforza, and da Vinci himself had all been named the sitter.[6][17] Today the subject's identity is held to be Lisa, which was always the traditional view.[11]

A margin note by Agostino Vespucci from October 1503 in a book in the library of the University of Heidelberg identifies Lisa del Giocondo as the subject of Mona Lisa

The painting's title stems from a description by Giorgio Vasari in his biography of da Vinci published in 1550, 31 years after the artist's death. "Leonardo undertook to paint, for Francesco del Giocondo, the portrait of Mona Lisa, his wife...."[5] (one version in Template:Lang-it).[18] In Italian, ma donna means my lady. This became madonna, and its contraction mona. Mona is thus a polite form of address, similar to Ma’am, Madam, or my lady in English. In modern Italian, the short form of madonna is usually spelled Monna, so the title is sometimes Monna Lisa, rarely in English and more commonly in Romance languages such as French and Italian.

At his death in 1525, da Vinci's assistant Salai owned the portrait named in his personal papers la Gioconda which had been bequeathed to him by the artist. Italian for jocund, happy or jovial, Gioconda was a nickname for the sitter, a pun on the feminine form of her married name Giocondo and her disposition.[7][19] In French, the title La Joconde has the same double meaning.

Aesthetics

Detail of the background (right side)
black and white reproduction of chalk drawing of two hands
Study by da Vinci for the hands of the Mona Lisa, in red chalk (Windsor Library)

Da Vinci used a pyramid design to place the woman simply and calmly in the space of the painting. Her folded hands form the front corner of the pyramid. Her breast, neck and face glow in the same light that models her hands. The light gives the variety of living surfaces an underlying geometry of spheres and circles. Da Vinci referred to a seemingly simple formula for seated female figure: the images of seated Madonna, which were widespread at the time. He effectively modified this formula in order to create the visual impression of distance between the sitter and the observer. The armrest of the chair functions as a dividing element between Mona Lisa and the viewer.

The woman sits markedly upright with her arms folded, which is also a sign of her reserved posture. Only her gaze is fixed on the observer and seems to welcome them to this silent communication. Since the brightly lit face is practically framed with various much darker elements (hair, veil, shadows), the observer's attraction to Mona Lisa's face is brought to even greater extent. Thus, the composition of the figure evokes an ambiguous effect: we are attracted to this mysterious woman but have to stay at a distance as if she were a divine creature.[citation needed] There is no indication of an intimate dialogue between the woman and the observer as is the case in the Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione (Louvre) painted by Raphael about ten years after Mona Lisa, and undoubtedly influenced by da Vinci's portrait.

Detail of Lisa's hands, her right hand resting on her left. Da Vinci chose this gesture rather than a wedding ring to depict Lisa as a virtuous woman and faithful wife.[20]

The painting was among the first portraits to depict the sitter before an imaginary landscape. The enigmatic woman is portrayed seated in what appears to be an open loggia with dark pillar bases on either side. Behind her a vast landscape recedes to icy mountains. Winding paths and a distant bridge give only the slightest indications of human presence. The sensuous curves of the woman's hair and clothing, created through sfumato, are echoed in the undulating imaginary valleys and rivers behind her. The blurred outlines, graceful figure, dramatic contrasts of light and dark, and overall feeling of calm are characteristic of da Vinci's style. Due to the expressive synthesis that da Vinci achieved between sitter and landscape it is arguable whether Mona Lisa should be considered as a traditional portrait, for it represents an ideal rather than a real woman. The sense of overall harmony achieved in the painting—especially apparent in the sitter's faint smile—reflects da Vinci's idea of a link connecting humanity and nature.

Mona Lisa has no visible facial hair—including eyebrows and eyelashes. Some researchers claim that it was common at this time for genteel women to pluck them out, since they were considered to be unsightly.[21][22] For modern viewers the missing eyebrows add to the slightly semi-abstract quality of the face.

Theft and vandalism

Vacant wall in the Salle Carré, Louvre

The Mona Lisa painting now hangs in the Musée du Louvre in Paris, France. The painting's increasing fame was further emphasized when it was stolen on August 21, 1911. The next day, Louis Béroud, a painter, walked into the Louvre and went to the Salon Carré where the Mona Lisa had been on display for five years. However, where the Mona Lisa should have stood, he found four iron pegs. Béroud contacted the section head of the guards, who thought the painting was being photographed for marketing purposes. A few hours later, Béroud checked back with the section head of the museum, and it was confirmed that the Mona Lisa was not with the photographers. The Louvre was closed for an entire week to aid in investigation of the theft.

French poet Guillaume Apollinaire, who had once called for the Louvre to be "burnt down," came under suspicion; he was arrested and put in jail. Apollinaire tried to implicate his friend Pablo Picasso, who was also brought in for questioning, but both were later exonerated.[23]

At the time, the painting was believed to be lost forever, and it would be two years before the real thief was discovered. Louvre employee Vincenzo Peruggia stole it by entering the building during regular hours, hiding in a broom closet and walking out with it hidden under his coat after the museum had closed.[19] Peruggia was an Italian patriot who believed da Vinci's painting should be returned to Italy for display in an Italian museum. Peruggia may have also been motivated by a friend who sold copies of the painting, which would skyrocket in value after the theft of the original. After having kept the painting in his apartment for two years, Peruggia grew impatient and was finally caught when he attempted to sell it to the directors of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence; it was exhibited all over Italy and returned to the Louvre in 1913. Peruggia was hailed for his patriotism in Italy and only served a few months in jail for the crime.[23]

During World War II, the painting was again removed from the Louvre and taken safely, first to Château d'Amboise, then to the Loc-Dieu Abbey and finally to the Ingres Museum in Montauban. In 1956, the lower part of the painting was severely damaged when a vandal doused the painting with acid.[24] On December 30 of that same year, a young Bolivian named Ugo Ungaza Villegas damaged the painting by throwing a rock at it. This resulted in the loss of a speck of pigment near the left elbow, which was later painted over.[25]

The use of bulletproof glass has shielded the Mona Lisa from more recent attacks. In April 1974, a handicapped woman, upset by the museum's policy for the disabled, sprayed red paint at the painting while it was on display at the Tokyo National Museum.[26] On August 2, 2009, a Russian woman, distraught over being denied French citizenship, threw a terra cotta mug or teacup, purchased at the museum, at the painting in the Louvre, cracking the glass enclosure.[27][28] In both cases, the painting was undamaged.

Conservation

The Mona Lisa has survived for more than 500 years, and an international commission convened in 1952 noted that "the picture is in a remarkable state of preservation."[29] This is partly due to the result of a variety of conservation treatments the painting has undergone. A detailed analysis in 1933 by Madame de Gironde revealed that earlier restorers had "acted with a great deal of restraint."[29] Nevertheless, applications of varnish made to the painting had darkened even by the end of the 16th century, and an aggressive 1809 cleaning and re-varnish removed some of the uppermost portion of the paint layer, resulting in a washed-out appearance to the face of the figure. Despite the treatments, the Mona Lisa has been well-cared for throughout its history, and the 2004-05 conservation team was optimistic about the future of the work.[29]

Poplar panel

File:Mona Lisa Back Panel.PNG
The back of the Mona Lisa showing the frame

At some point in its history, the Mona Lisa was removed from its original frame. The unconstrained poplar panel was allowed to warp freely with changes in humidity, and as a result, a crack began to develop near the top of the panel. The crack extends down to the hairline of the figure. In the mid 18th to early 19th century, someone attempted to stabilize the crack by inlaying two butterfly shaped walnut braces into the back of the panel to a depth of about 1/3 the thickness of the panel. This work was skillfully executed, and has successfully stabilized the crack. Sometime between 1888 and 1905, or perhaps at some point during the picture's theft, the upper brace fell out. A later restorer glued and lined the resulting socket and crack with cloth. The flexible oak frame (added 1951) and crossbraces (1970) help to keep the panel from warping further. A butterfly brace prevents the panel from further cracking.

The picture is currently kept under strict, climate controlled conditions in its bullet-proof glass case. The humidity is maintained at 50% ±10%, and the temperature is maintained between 18 and 21°C. To compensate for fluctuations in relative humidity, the case is supplemented with a bed of silica gel treated to provide 55% relative humidity.[29]

Frame

Because the Mona Lisa's poplar support expands and contracts with changes in humidity, the picture has experienced some warping. In response to warping and swelling experienced during its storage during World War II, and to prepare the picture for an exhibit to honor the anniversary of Da Vinci's 500th birthday, the Mona Lisa was fitted in 1951 with a flexible oak frame with beech crosspieces. This flexible frame, which is used in addition to the decorative frame described below, exerts pressure on the panel to keep it from warping further. In 1970, the beech crosspieces were switched to maple after it was found that the beech wood had been infested with insects. In 2004-2005, a conservation and study team replaced the maple crosspieces with sycamore ones, and an additional metal crosspiece was added for scientific measurement of the panel's warp. The Mona Lisa has had many different decorative frames in its history, owing to changes in taste over the centuries. In 1906, the countess of Béarn gave the portrait its current frame, a Renaissance-era work consistent with the historical period of the Mona Lisa. The edges of the painting have been trimmed at least once in its history to fit the picture into various frames, but none of the original paint layer has been trimmed.[29]

Cleaning and touch-up

Museum visitors viewing the Mona Lisa through security glass (prior to 2005 move)

The first and most extensive recorded cleaning, revarnishing, and touch up of the Mona Lisa was an 1809 wash and re-varnish undertaken by Jean-Marie Hooghstoel, who was responsible for restoration of paintings for the galleries of the Musée Napoléon. The work involved cleaning with spirits, touch up of color, and revarnishing the painting. In 1906, Louvre restorer Eugène Denizard performed watercolor retouches on areas of the paint layer disturbed by the crack in the panel. Denizard also retouched the edges of the picture with varnish, to mask areas that had been covered initially by an older frame. In 1913, when the painting was recovered after its theft, Denizard was again called upon to work on the Mona Lisa. Denizard was directed to clean the picture without solvent, and to lightly touch up several scratches to the painting with watercolor. In 1952, the varnish layer over the background in the painting was evened out. After the second 1956 attack, restorer Jean-Gabriel Goulinat was directed to touch up the damage to Mona Lisa's left elbow with watercolor.[29]

In 1977, a new insect infestation was discovered in the back of the panel as a result of crosspieces installed to keep the painting from warping. This was treated on the spot with carbon tetrachloride, and later with an ethylene oxide treatment. In 1985, the spot was again treated with carbon tetrachloride as a preventive measure.[29]

Infrared scan

In 2004 experts from the National Research Council of Canada conducted a three-dimensional infrared scan. Because of the aging of the varnish on the painting it is difficult to discern details. Data from the scan and infrared were used by Bruno Mottin of the French Museums' "Center for Research and Restoration" to argue that the transparent gauze veil worn by the sitter is a guarnello, typically used by women while pregnant or just after giving birth. A similar guarnello was painted by Sandro Botticelli in his Portrait of Smeralda Brandini (c.1470/1475), depicting a pregnant woman on display in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. Furthermore, this reflectography revealed that Mona Lisa's hair is not loosely hanging down, but seems attached at the back of the head to a bonnet or pinned back into a chignon and covered with a veil, bordered with a sombre rolled hem. In the 16th century, hair hanging loosely down on the shoulders was the customary style of unmarried young women or prostitutes. This apparent contradiction with her status as a married woman has now been resolved.

Researchers also used the data to reveal details about the technique used and to predict that the painting will degrade very little if current conservation techniques are continued.[30][31] During 2006, Mona Lisa underwent a major scientific observation that proved through infrared cameras she was originally wearing a bonnet and clutching her chair, something that da Vinci decided to change as an afterthought.[32]

Display

On April 6, 2005—following a period of curatorial maintenance, recording, and analysis—the painting was moved to a new location within the museum's Salle des États. It is displayed in a purpose-built, climate-controlled enclosure behind bullet-proof glass.[33] About 6 million people view the painting at the Louvre each year.[6]

Fame

Crowd in front of Mona Lisa at the Louvre

Historian Donald Sassoon catalogued the growth of the painting's fame. During the mid-1800s, Théophile Gautier and the Romantic poets were able to write about Mona Lisa as a femme fatale because Lisa was an ordinary person. Mona Lisa "...was an open text into which one could read what one wanted; probably because she was not a religious image; and, probably, because the literary gazers were mainly men who subjected her to an endless stream of male fantasies." During the 20th century, the painting was stolen, an object for mass reproduction, merchandising, lampooning and speculation, and was reproduced in "300 paintings and 2,000 advertisements".[34] The subject was described as deaf, in mourning,[35] toothless, a "highly-paid tart", various people's lover, a reflection of the artist's neuroses, and a victim of syphilis, infection, paralysis, palsy, cholesterol or a toothache.[34] Scholarly as well as amateur speculation assigned Lisa's name to at least four different paintings[12][14][35] and the sitter's identity to at least ten different people.[15][16][17][36]

Visitors generally spend about 15 seconds viewing the Mona Lisa.[37] Until the 20th century, Mona Lisa was one among many and certainly not the "most famous painting"[38] in the world as it is termed today. Among works in the Louvre, in 1852 its market value was 90,000 francs compared to works by Raphael valued at up to 600,000 francs. In 1878, the Baedeker guide called it "the most celebrated work of Leonardo in the Louvre". Between 1851 and 1880, artists who visited the Louvre copied Mona Lisa roughly half as many times as certain works by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, Antonio da Correggio, Paolo Veronese, Titian, Jean-Baptiste Greuze and Pierre Paul Prud'hon.[34]

From December 1962 to March 1963, the French government lent it to the United States to be displayed in New York City and Washington D.C.. In 1974, the painting was exhibited in Tokyo and Moscow.

Before the 1962–3 tour, the painting was assessed, for insurance purposes, as valued at $100 million; the insurance was not bought, instead more money was spent on security.[39] As an expensive painting, it has only recently been surpassed, in terms of actual dollar price, by three other paintings: the Adele Bloch-Bauer I by Gustav Klimt, which was sold for $135 million, the Woman III by Willem de Kooning sold for $138 million in November 2006, and No. 5, 1948 by Jackson Pollock sold for a record $140 million on in November 2006. Although these figures are greater than the 1962 figure which the Mona Lisa was valued at, the comparison does not account for the change in prices due to inflation - $100 million in 1962 is approximately $700 million in 2009 when adjusted for inflation using the US Consumer Price Index.[40]

Speculation about the painting

Main article: Speculation about Mona Lisa

Although the sitter has traditionally been identified as Lisa del Giocondo, a lack of definitive evidence has long fueled alternative theories, including the possibility that da Vinci used his own likeness. Other aspects of the painting that have been subject to speculation are the original size of the painting, whether it is the original, why it was painted, and various explanations for how the effect of an enigmatic smile was achieved.

Legacy

L.H.O.O.Q. by Marcel Duchamp (1919)

The avant-garde art world has made note of the undeniable fact of the Mona Lisa's popularity. Because of the painting's overwhelming stature, Dadaists and Surrealists often produce modifications and caricatures. Already in 1883, a Mona Lisa smoking a pipe was shown at the "Incoherents" show in Paris. In 1919, Marcel Duchamp, one of the most influential Dadaists, created L.H.O.O.Q., a Mona Lisa parody made by adorning a cheap reproduction with a moustache and a goatee, as well as adding the rude inscription, when read out loud in French sounds like "Elle a chaud au cul" (literally translated - "she has a hot ass". This is a manner of implying the woman in the painting is in a state of sexual excitement and availability). This was intended as a Freudian joke,[41] referring to da Vinci's alleged homosexuality. According to Rhonda R. Shearer, the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp's own face.[42] Salvador Dalí, famous for his pioneering surrealist work, painted Self portrait as Mona Lisa in 1954.

In 1963 Andy Warhol created serigraph prints of the Mona Lisa, in an effort to reduce her gravity to that of a disposable modern icon[original research?]; to a similar cultural stature of the modern celebrities Marilyn Monroe or Elvis Presley.

Notes

  1. ^ a b "Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo". Louvre. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
  2. ^ "Image La Joconde". ibiblio. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
  3. ^ Cohen, Philip (2004-06-23). "Noisy secret of Mona Lisa's". New Scientist. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
  4. ^ Gombrich, E.H. "The Story of Art". Artchive. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
  5. ^ a b Clark, Kenneth (1973). "Mona Lisa". The Burlington Magazine (840) (vol 115 ed.): 144. ISSN 0007-6287. Retrieved 2007-10-05. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ^ a b c Chaundy, Bob (2006-09-29). "Faces of the Week". BBC. Retrieved 2007-10-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Cite error: The named reference "BBC-Faces" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  7. ^ a b c (Kemp 2006, p. 261–262)
  8. ^ "German experts crack the ID of 'Mona Lisa'". MSN. 2008-01-14. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
  9. ^ "Researchers Identify Model for Mona Lisa". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
  10. ^ (Farago 1999, p. 123)
  11. ^ a b "Mona Lisa – Heidelberger Fund klärt Identität (English: Mona Lisa – Heidelberger find clarifies identity)" (in German). University of Heidelberg. Retrieved 2008-01-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  12. ^ a b Stites, Raymond S. (1936). "Mona Lisa--Monna Bella". Parnassus. 8 (1) (vol 8 ed.). College Art Association: 7–10, 22–23. doi:10.2307/771197. Retrieved 2007-10-06. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ^ (Littlefield 1914, p. 525)
  14. ^ a b c (Wilson 2000, p. 364–366)
  15. ^ a b Debelle, Penelope (2004-06-25). "Behind that secret smile". The Age. Retrieved 2007-10-06.
  16. ^ a b Johnston, Bruce (2004-01-08). "Riddle of Mona Lisa is finally solved: she was the mother of five". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2007-10-06.
  17. ^ a b Nicholl, Charles (2002-03-28). "The myth of the Mona Lisa". guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-10-06.
  18. ^ (Vasari 1879, p. 39)
  19. ^ a b (Bartz 2006, p. 626)
  20. ^ (Farago 1999, p. 372)
  21. ^ (Turudich 2003, p. 198)
  22. ^ McMullen, Roy (1976). Mona Lisa: The Picture and the Myth. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 0333191692.
  23. ^ a b "Top 25 Crimes of the Century: Stealing the Mona Lisa, 1911". Time. 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-15.
  24. ^ "Faces of the week". BBC. 2006-09-29. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
  25. ^ "Mona FAQ". Mona Lisa Mania. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
  26. ^ "Mona Lisa sprayed". The Free-Lance Star. 1974-04-20. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
  27. ^ "Mona Lisa attacked by Russian woman". Xinhua News Agency. 2009-08-12. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
  28. ^ "Russian tourist hurls mug at Mona Lisa in Louvre". Associated Press. 2009-08-11. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g Mohen, Jean-Pierre (2006). Mona Lisa: inside the Painting. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. p. 128. ISBN 0810943158.
  30. ^ "3-D scan uncovers secrets behind Mona Lisa's smile". CBC. 2006-09-26. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
  31. ^ Boswell, Randy (2006-09-23). "Canadian researchers set to reveal Mona Lisa mysteries". Edmonton Journal. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
  32. ^ Austen, Ian (2006-09-27). "New Look at 'Mona Lisa' Yields Some New Secrets". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-06-08.
  33. ^ "Mona Lisa gains new Louvre home". BBC. 2005-04-06. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
  34. ^ a b c Sassoon, Donald (2001). "Mona Lisa: the Best-Known Girl in the Whole Wide World". History Workshop Journal. 2001 (51). Oxford University Press: 1. doi:10.1093/hwj/2001.51.1. ISSN 1477-4569. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |edtion= ignored (help)
  35. ^ a b Littlefield, Walter (1914). The Two "Mona Lisas". University of Michigan. p. 525. Retrieved 2007-10-09.
  36. ^ Chaundy, Bob (2006-09-29). "Faces of the Week". BBC. Retrieved 2007-10-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  37. ^ Gentleman, Amelia (2004-10-19). "Smile, please". guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-10-13.
  38. ^ Riding, Alan (2005-04-06). "In Louvre, New Room With View of 'Mona Lisa'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
  39. ^ Young (ed.), Mark (1999). The Guinness Book of World Records 1999. Bantam Books. p. 381. ISBN 0553580752. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  40. ^ "Six Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1790 to Present". Measuring Worth. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
  41. ^ Jones, Jonathan (2001-05-26). "L.H.O.O.Q., Marcel Duchamp (1919)". Culture. The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
  42. ^ Marting, Marco De (2003). "Mona Lisa: Who is Hidden Behind the Woman with the Mustache?". Art Science Research Laboratory. Retrieved 2008-04-27.

References

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