Mingrelians: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Екатерина Чавчавадзе Дадиани.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Ekaterine Dadiani, Princess of Mingrelia| Ekaterine Dadiani]] (1816–1882), the last ruling princess of the Mingrelians.]] |
[[File:Екатерина Чавчавадзе Дадиани.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Ekaterine Dadiani, Princess of Mingrelia| Ekaterine Dadiani]] (1816–1882), the last ruling princess of the Mingrelians.]] |
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{{Georgians}} |
{{Georgians}} |
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The '''Mingrelians'''<ref>Alternately, ''Megrelians'', ''Mingrels'', or ''Megrels''</ref> ([[Mingrelian]]: მარგალი, ''margali''; {{lang-ka|მეგრელები}}: ''megrelebi'') are |
The '''Mingrelians'''<ref>Alternately, ''Megrelians'', ''Mingrels'', or ''Megrels''</ref> ([[Mingrelian]]: მარგალი, ''margali''; {{lang-ka|მეგრელები}}: ''megrelebi'') are [[Caucasian]] [[ethnic group]] with their own [[Mingrelian language|language]]<ref name="joshuaproject">[http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=13205&rog3=GG Joshuaproject]</ref><ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1194-16 Ethnologue. Language Family Trees] & [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=xmf Mingrelian]</ref><ref name="Mingrelians">[[Stephen F. Jones]]. [http://www.everyculture.com/Russia-Eurasia-China/Mingrelians-Orientation.html Mingrelians]. ''World Culture Encyclopedia''. Retrieved on March 29, 2008.</ref>; and are subethnic group of [[Georgians]]<ref>Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict, by Svante E. Cornell, p 142</ref><ref> |
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Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook, by David Levinson, p 34</ref><ref> |
Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook, by David Levinson, p 34</ref><ref> |
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Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War, by Stuart J. Kaufman, p 86</ref><ref> |
Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War, by Stuart J. Kaufman, p 86</ref><ref> |
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Political Construction Sites: Nation-building in Russia and the Post-Soviet World, by Pål Kolstø, p 8</ref><ref>[[Stephen F. Jones]]. [http://www.everyculture.com/Russia-Eurasia-China/Mingrelians-Orientation.html Mingrelians]. ''World Culture Encyclopedia''. Retrieved on March 29, 2008.</ref><ref>[[Kevin Tuite]] [http://www.mapageweb.umontreal.ca/tuitekj/caucasus/Dal.htm The Meaning of Dæl. Symbolic and Spatial Associations of the South Caucasian Goddess of Game Animals.] [[Université de Montréal]].</ref><ref> |
Political Construction Sites: Nation-building in Russia and the Post-Soviet World, by Pål Kolstø, p 8</ref><ref>[[Stephen F. Jones]]. [http://www.everyculture.com/Russia-Eurasia-China/Mingrelians-Orientation.html Mingrelians]. ''World Culture Encyclopedia''. Retrieved on March 29, 2008.</ref><ref>[[Kevin Tuite]] [http://www.mapageweb.umontreal.ca/tuitekj/caucasus/Dal.htm The Meaning of Dæl. Symbolic and Spatial Associations of the South Caucasian Goddess of Game Animals.] [[Université de Montréal]].</ref><ref> |
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Politics of the Black Sea: Dynamics of Cooperation and Conflict, by Tunç Aybak, p 185</ref><ref>Andropov, New Challenge to the West, by Arnold Beichman, Mikhail S. Bernstam, p 116</ref> that mostly live in [[Samegrelo]] (Mingrelia) region of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. They also live in considerable numbers in [[Abkhazia]] and [[Tbilisi]]. |
Politics of the Black Sea: Dynamics of Cooperation and Conflict, by Tunç Aybak, p 185</ref><ref>Andropov, New Challenge to the West, by Arnold Beichman, Mikhail S. Bernstam, p 116</ref> that mostly live in [[Samegrelo]] (Mingrelia) region of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. They also live in considerable numbers in [[Abkhazia]] and [[Tbilisi]]. |
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Most Mingrelians speak both the [[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]] and [[Georgian language|Georgian]] language which belong to the [[Kartvelian languages|Kartvelian language family]] (also known as [[South Caucasian languages|South Caucasian language family]] <ref>[http://www.sorosoro.org/en/south-caucasian-language-family Sorosoro.org]</ref> <ref>[http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/ccs.html]</ref> <ref>[http://languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/group?id=1059]</ref>), but use only the [[Georgian alphabet]]. |
Most Mingrelians speak both the [[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]] and [[Georgian language|Georgian]] language which belong to the [[Kartvelian languages|Kartvelian language family]] (also known as [[South Caucasian languages|South Caucasian language family]] <ref>[http://www.sorosoro.org/en/south-caucasian-language-family Sorosoro.org]</ref> <ref>[http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/ccs.html]</ref> <ref>[http://languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/group?id=1059]</ref>), but use only the [[Georgian alphabet]]. |
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The first President of an independent Georgia, [[Zviad Gamsakhurdia]] (1939–1993), was a Mingrelian.<ref>McCauley, Martin. Who's who in Russia since 1900. Psychology Press, 1997: pg. 1</ref> Therefore, after the violent [[Coup d'etat]] of December 21, 1991 - January 6, 1992, Samegrelo became the centre of a [[Georgian Civil War|civil war]], which ended with the defeat of Gamsakhurdia's supporters. |
The first President of an independent Georgia, [[Zviad Gamsakhurdia]] (1939–1993), was a Mingrelian.<ref>McCauley, Martin. Who's who in Russia since 1900. Psychology Press, 1997: pg. 1</ref> Therefore, after the violent [[Coup d'etat]] of December 21, 1991 - January 6, 1992, Samegrelo became the centre of a [[Georgian Civil War|civil war]], which ended with the defeat of Gamsakhurdia's supporters. |
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Approximately 180,000-200,000 people of Georgian and Mingrelian provenance have been expelled from Abkhazia as a result of the [[Georgian-Abkhaz conflict]] in the early 1990s and the ensuing [[Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia|ethnic cleansing of Georgians]] in this separatist region. |
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== Notable Mingrelians == |
== Notable Mingrelians == |
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Revision as of 20:03, 7 May 2012
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The Mingrelians[1] (Mingrelian: მარგალი, margali; Georgian: მეგრელები: megrelebi) are Caucasian ethnic group with their own language[2][3][4]; and are subethnic group of Georgians[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] that mostly live in Samegrelo (Mingrelia) region of Georgia. They also live in considerable numbers in Abkhazia and Tbilisi.
Most Mingrelians speak both the Mingrelian and Georgian language which belong to the Kartvelian language family (also known as South Caucasian language family [13] [14] [15]), but use only the Georgian alphabet.
History
The Mingrelians are descendants of several Colchian tribes (Such as: Manraloi, Heniochi, Machelones, Macrones, Mossynoeci, Drilae, Zydretae) and constitute one of the building blocks of the unified Georgian nation that emerged after the kingdoms of the west (Colchis) and east (Iberia) were united under Christianity in the middle of the first millennium AD. Early in the Middle Ages, Mingrelian aristocracy and clergy, later followed by laymen, adopted the national Georgian tongue as a language of literacy and culture. After the fragmentation of the Kingdom of Georgia in the 15th century, Mingrelia was an autonomous principality until being annexed by the Russian Empire in the 19th century.
In several censuses under the Russian Empire and the early Soviet Union, Mingrelians were mistakenly considered a separate group, largely because at the time of the annexation Mingrelia was politically separate from the eastern Georgian regions, historical political and cultural centers of the Medieval Georgian Kingdoms. They were, however, reclassified under the broader category of Georgian in the 1930s. Currently, most Mingrelians identify themselves as a subgroup of the Georgian nation and have preserved many characteristic cultural features - including the Mingrelian language - that date back to the pre-Christian Colchian era when the modern-day ethnic group of Georgians had yet to consolidate into a nation, rather than a collection of regional tribes.
The first President of an independent Georgia, Zviad Gamsakhurdia (1939–1993), was a Mingrelian.[16] Therefore, after the violent Coup d'etat of December 21, 1991 - January 6, 1992, Samegrelo became the centre of a civil war, which ended with the defeat of Gamsakhurdia's supporters.
Approximately 180,000-200,000 people of Georgian and Mingrelian provenance have been expelled from Abkhazia as a result of the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict in the early 1990s and the ensuing ethnic cleansing of Georgians in this separatist region.
Notable Mingrelians
- Konstantine Gamsakhurdia, one of the most influential Georgian writers of the 20th century [17]
- Zviad Gamsakhurdia, first president of post-Soviet Georgia [18]
- Lavrentiy Beria, Stalin's chief of secret police [19]
- Merab Kostava, National Hero of Georgia [20]
- Şevkefza Sultan, Ottoman Sultans
See also
Notes
- ^ Alternately, Megrelians, Mingrels, or Megrels
- ^ Joshuaproject
- ^ Ethnologue. Language Family Trees & Mingrelian
- ^ Stephen F. Jones. Mingrelians. World Culture Encyclopedia. Retrieved on March 29, 2008.
- ^ Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict, by Svante E. Cornell, p 142
- ^ Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook, by David Levinson, p 34
- ^ Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War, by Stuart J. Kaufman, p 86
- ^ Political Construction Sites: Nation-building in Russia and the Post-Soviet World, by Pål Kolstø, p 8
- ^ Stephen F. Jones. Mingrelians. World Culture Encyclopedia. Retrieved on March 29, 2008.
- ^ Kevin Tuite The Meaning of Dæl. Symbolic and Spatial Associations of the South Caucasian Goddess of Game Animals. Université de Montréal.
- ^ Politics of the Black Sea: Dynamics of Cooperation and Conflict, by Tunç Aybak, p 185
- ^ Andropov, New Challenge to the West, by Arnold Beichman, Mikhail S. Bernstam, p 116
- ^ Sorosoro.org
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ McCauley, Martin. Who's who in Russia since 1900. Psychology Press, 1997: pg. 1
- ^ Rayfield, Donald. Stalin and His Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him. Random House Digital, Inc., 2005: pg. 354
- ^ McCauley, Martin. Who's who in Russia since 1900. Psychology Press, 1997: pg. 1
- ^ McCauley, Martin. Who's who in Russia since 1900. Psychology Press, 1997: pg. 1
- ^ Hoiris,Ole. Yurukel, Sefa. Contrasts and solutions in the Caucasus. Aarhus Univ. Press, 1998: pg.187
References
- Stephen F. Jones. Mingrelians. World Culture Encyclopedia.