Military Sealift Command

Military Sealift Command
Established:	9 July 1949
Activated:
Renamed:	1970
Commander:	RADM Mark H. Buzby, USN October 2009
Component of:	United States Navy
Reports to:	Military Sealift Command reports to the Commander, U.S. Transportation Command for defense transportation matters, to the Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command for Navy-unique matters and to the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research, Development and Acquisition for procurement policy and oversight matters.

The Military Sealift Command (MSC) is a United States Navy (USN) organization that controls most of the replenishment and military transport ships of the Navy. It first came into existence on 9 July 1949 when the Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS) became solely responsible for the Department of Defense's ocean transport needs. The MSTS was renamed the Military Sealift Command in 1970. Significant Employees includes Steve Daleney and Kevin Mabin.

Military Sealift Command ships are civilian manned, and are referred to be as being in service, rather than in commission. Some, owned by the United States Government, have the prefix USNS, standing for United States Naval Ship, whilst others, on charter or equivalent, are simply the normal merchant MV or SS. Their hull numbers have the prefix T- in addition to the normal hull number that an equivalent commissioned ship in the USN would have.

Four programs comprise Military Sealift Command: Sealift, Naval Fleet Auxiliary Force (NFAF), Special Mission, and Prepositioning. The Sealift program provides the bulk of the MSC's supply-carrying operation and operates tankers for fuel transport and dry-cargo ships that transport equipment, vehicles, helicopters, ammunition, and supplies. The NFAF’s role is to directly replenish ships that are underway at sea, enabling them to deploy for long periods of time without having to come to port. The Special Mission program operates vessels for unique military and federal government tasks, such as submarine support and missile flight data collection and tracking. The Prepositioning program sustains the U.S. military's forward presence strategy by deploying supply ships in key areas of the ocean before it is actually needed.

Mission

The United States Military Sealift Command has the responsibility for providing sealift and ocean transportation for all US military services as well as for other government agencies. It is a component of the United States Navy, reporting to Fleet Forces Command (USFFC). Military Sealift Command is also one of three component commands reporting to U.S. Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM).

History

Military Sea Transportation prior to 1949

As early as 1847, both the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy chartered American merchant ships separately. Following the Mexican-American War, Brigadier General Thomas S. Jesup, Quartermaster of the Army, recommended that the Navy be given responsibility for all water transportation requirements for the military. However, each service managed their own sea transportation throughout the nineteenth century and both World Wars.

In World War II, four different government agencies conducted military sealift functions, the Naval Transportation Service, the Army Transport Service, the U.S. Maritime Commission's War Shipping Administration, and the Fleet Support Services. To oversee these organizations, the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) established the Joint Military Transportation Command.

Military Sea Transportation Service

On 15 December 1948, the Secretary of Defense James Forrestal issued a statement, "all military sea transport including Army transports would be placed under Navy command." Issues with funding held up the transfer of the functions to the Navy. The new Secretary of Defense, Louis Johnson, issued a memorandum on 12 July 1949 that detailed service responsibilities and the funding of the new Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS).

MSTS became the single managing agency for the Department of Defense's ocean transportation needs. The command assumed responsibility for providing sealift and ocean transportation for all military services as well as for other government agencies.

Only nine months after its creation, MSTS responded to the challenge of the Korean War. On 6 July 1950, only eleven days after the initial invasion of South Korea by North Korean troops, MSTS deployed the 24th Infantry Division for duty in Japan to Pusan, South Korea. In addition to transporting troops and combat equipment to and from Korea, command ships supplied US bases and Distant Early Warning line construction sites and supported US nation building efforts from Europe and Africa, to the Far East.

The 1960s brought the conflict in Southeast Asia. From 1965 to 1969 MSTS moved almost 54 million tons of combat equipment and supplies and almost 8 million long tons of fuel to Vietnam. The Vietnam War era also marked the last use of MSC troop ships for personnel movement. Currently, most U.S. troops are prepositioned by air.

Military Sealift Command

MSTS was renamed Military Sealift Command (MSC) in 1970. Through the 1970s and 1980s MSC provided the Department of Defense with ocean transportation as part of U.S. deterrent efforts during the Cold War years. During the first Persian Gulf War, consisting of Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm, MSC distinguished itself as the largest source of defense transportation of any nation involved. Command resources were tasked to deliver more than 12 million tons (11 million metric tonnes) of wheeled and tracked vehicles, helicopters, ammunition, dry cargo, fuel and other supplies and equipment during the war. At the high point of the war, more than 230 government-owned and chartered ships delivering the largest part of the international arsenal that defeated Saddam Hussein in Iraq. MSC was also involved in the second Persian Gulf War, Operation Iraqi Freedom, delivering 61,000,000 square feet (5.7 km²) of cargo and 1,100,000,000 US gallons (4,200,000 m³) of fuel by the end of the first year.

Command structure

Military Sealift Command is organized around four programs:

• Naval Fleet Auxiliary Force or NFAF
• Special Missions
• Prepositioning
• Sealift
• Military Sealift Fleet Support Command

Naval Fleet Auxiliary Force

A Naval Fleet Auxiliary Force ship, USNS Kanawha, bearing the blue-and-gold stripes on her stack

See also: Hospital ship § U.S. Navy Hospital Ships

The Naval Fleet Auxiliary Force is the part of the MSC most associated with directly supporting the Navy. In 1972, a study concluded that it would be cheaper for civilians to man USN support vessels such as tankers and stores ships. The NFAF is the American equivalent of the British Royal Fleet Auxiliary. These MSC ships are painted battleship-grey (except for the hospital ships USNS Mercy (T-AH-19) and USNS Comfort (T-AH-20) which are painted white) and can be easily identified by the blue and gold horizontal bands around the top of their central smokestack.

NFAF Ship Types

• Ammunition Ships (T-AE)
• Combat Stores Ships (T-AFS)
• Dry Cargo/Ammunition Ships (T-AKE)
• Fast Combat Support Ships (T-AOE)
• Fleet Ocean Tugs (T-ATF)
• Fleet Replenishment Oilers (T-AO)
• Hospital Ships (T-AH)
• Rescue/Salvage Ships (T-ARS)

Special Missions Program

Military Sealift Command's Special Mission Program controls 24 ships that provide operating platforms and services for unique U.S. Military and federal government missions. Oceanographic and hydrographic surveys, underwater surveillance, missile flight data collection and tracking, acoustic research and submarine support are just a few of the specialized services this program supports. Special mission ships work for several different U.S. Navy customers, including the Naval Sea Systems Command and the Oceanographer of the Navy.

Special Mission Ship Types

• Cable Laying/Repair Ship (T-ARC)
• Command Ship (LCC)
• Missile Range Instrumentation Ships (T-AGM)
• Navigation Test Support Ship (T-AGS)
• Ocean Surveillance Ships (T-AGOS)
• Oceanographic Survey Ships (T-AGS)
• Submarine and Special Warfare Support Ships
• Submarine Tender (AS)

Prepositioning Program

Military Sealift Command's Prepositioning Program is an element in the US's triad of power projection into the 21st century - sea shield, sea strike and sea basing. As a key element of sea basing, afloat prepositioning provides the military equipment and supplies for a contingency forward deployed in key ocean areas before it is needed. The MSC Prepositioning Program supports the US Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps and the Defense Logistics Agency. Prepositioning ships remain at sea, ready to deploy on short-notice the vital equipment, fuel and supplies to initially support military forces in the event of a contingency. The Prepositioning Program consists of 34 at-sea ships plus 2 aviation support ships kept in reduced operating status.

Prepositioning Program Ship Types

• Air Force Container Ships (T-AK)
• Army Container Ships (T-AK)
• Aviation Logistics Support Ships (T-AVB)
• Break-Bulk Ships (T-AK)
• High-Speed Vessels (HSV)
• Large, Medium-Speed, Roll-On/Roll-Off Ships (T-AKR)
• Marine Corps Container and Roll-On/Roll-Off Ships (T-AK/T-AKR)

Sealift Program

The mission of the Sealift Program is to provide ocean transportation to the Department of Defense by meeting its sealift requirements in peace, contingency, and war with quality, efficient cost effective assets and centralized management. This is achieved through the use of commercial charter vessels, large medium-speed roll-on/roll-off ships, fast sealift ships, and the Maritime Administration's Ready Reserve Force. Sealift is divided into three separate project offices: Tanker Project Office, Dry Cargo Project Office and the Surge Project Office.

Sealift Program Ship Types

• Dry Cargo Ships (T-AK)
• Large, Medium-Speed, Roll-On/Roll-Off Ships (T-AKR)
• Tankers (T-AOT)

Military Sealift Fleet Support Command

Military Sealift Fleet Support Command, or MSFSC, is a subordinate command of Military Sealift Command and is a single Type Commander execution command having worldwide responsibility to crew, train, equip and maintain MSC government-owned, government-operated ships.

Structure

MSFSC is also responsible for providing support to other MSC assets as directed. MSFSC has ship support units, or SSUs, in Naples, Bahrain, Singapore, Guam, Yokohama and San Diego. The SSUs (except for Guam and Yokohama) are collocated with their respective numbered fleet operational logistics task force commanders and Sealift Logistics Commands, but are not within that chain of command. SSUs provide local TYCOM support to ships in their area of operations and report directly to MSFSC.

MSFSC was formed from the following MSC elements:

• Portions of Sealift Logistics Command Atlantic and the former Naval Fleet Auxiliary Force East.
• Portions of Sealift Logistics Command Pacific.
• Naval Fleet Auxiliary Force West (except those positions remaining in SSU San Diego).
• The Afloat Personnel Management Center.

Operational functions previously performed by MSC area commands continue, but Type Commander functions were removed. The restructuring included integration with the Navy fleet logistics task force in each location.

• Sealift Logistics Command Atlantic in Norfolk, Va.
• Sealift Logistics Command Pacific in San Diego, Ca.
• Sealift Logistics Command Europe (dual hatted as Commander, Task Force 63) in Naples, Italy.
• Sealift Logistics Command Central (dual hatted as Commander, Task Force 53) in Manama, Bahrain.
• Sealift Logistics Command Far East (reporting to Commander, MSC, with additional reporting responsibilities to Commander, Task Force 73) now in Singapore.

History

MSFSC officially stood up on 13 November 2005.

Stand up of the Ship Support Units (SSU) followed establishment of MSFSC, their parent command. SSU San Diego stood up in conjunction with MSFSC. By late 2008, all subordinate SSUs were fully operational.

Location

MSFSC headquarters is located in a three building campus (SP64, SP47, and SP48) at Breezy Point, Naval Operational Base, Norfolk. Numerous functions are sited at various locations around NOB, Norfolk. Some functions continue in their current locations at Camp Pendleton in Virginia Beach, VA and Point Loma in San Diego, Ca.

Gallery

• 
  M60 tanks on the deck of the Fast Sealift Ship USNS Antares (T-AKR-294) in 1986
• 
  USNS Bob Hope (T-AKR-300)
• 
  USNS Observation Island (T-AGM-23), a missile test ship. Equipped with an Active Electronically Scanned Array.
• 
  SS Petersburg, (T-AOT-9101), a tanker for transport of petroleum products rather than underway replenishment
• 
  A Bulgarian vehicle disembarks from the USNS Red Cloud (T-AKR 313)
• 
  Polish Army trucks off-loaded from Ready Reserve Force ship MV Cape Trinity (T-AKR-9711)
• 
  Container ship MV TSgt John A. Chapman (AK-323)
• 
  Ammunition ship USS Shasta (AE-33), transferred to the Military Sealift Command in 1997
• 
  Hospital Ship USNS Comfort
• 
  Victorious-class oceanographic survey ship USNS Able (T-AGOS-20)
• 
  Container ship MV Maj Bernard F Fisher (T-AK 4396)

See also

• Distance in military affairs
• List of Military Sealift Command ships
• Power projection
• Royal Fleet Auxiliary
• Seabasing

References

• Military Sealift Command official website.
• One Hundred Years in the Making: The Birth of Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS) by Salvatore R. Mercogliano 29 November 2000.
• US Maritime Service Veterans
• De La Pedraja Tomán, René (1994). A Historical Dictionary of the U. S. Merchant Marine and Shipping Industry: Since the Introduction of Steam. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 400–401. ISBN 0-313-27225-5.