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Mexico City
{{About|the capital of Mexico, coterminous with the Federal District}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Ciudad de México
| name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type =
| image_flag = Flag of Mexican Federal District.svg
| flag_size = 160px
| flag_alt =
| image_shield = Coat of arms of Mexican Federal District.svg
| shield_size = 75px
| image_seal =
| seal_size =
| nickname =
| motto =''La Ciudad de los Palacios''{{-}}<small>''(City of Palaces)''</small>
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_caption =
| anthem =
| image_map = Distrito Federal en México.svg
| map_caption = México City within Mexico
| latd=19 |latm=26 |lats= |latNS=N
| longd=99 |longm=8 |longs= |longEW=W
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_type =
| coordinates_display = inline
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico|1934}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of Mexico|Entity]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Federal District]]
| subdivision_type2 = Subdivisions
| subdivision_name2 = {{Collapsible list
| title = [[Boroughs of the Mexican Federal District|Boroughs]]
| frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
| title_style = <!-- (optional) -->
| list_style = text-align:left;display:none;
| 1 = • [[Álvaro Obregón, D.F.|Álvaro Obregón]]
| 2 = • [[Azcapotzalco]]
| 3 = • [[Benito Juárez, D.F.|Benito Juárez]]
| 4 = • [[Coyoacán]]
| 5 = • [[Cuajimalpa]]
| 6 = • [[Cuauhtémoc, D.F.|Cuauhtémoc]]
| 7 = • [[Gustavo A. Madero, D.F.|Gustavo A. Madero]]
| 8 = • [[Iztacalco]]
| 9 = • [[Iztapalapa]]
| 10 = • [[Magdalena Contreras]]
| 11 = • [[Miguel Hidalgo, D.F.|Miguel Hidalgo]]
| 12 = • [[Milpa Alta]]
| 13 = • [[Tláhuac]]
| 14 = • [[Tlalpan]]
| 15 = • [[Venustiano Carranza, D.F.|Venustiano Carranza]]
| 16 = • [[Xochimilco]]
}}
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = <Li>
* [[March 13]], [[1325]]: Tenochtitlan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sre.gob.mx/ligas/info_general/fechas.htm| title=Información General sobre México}}</ref>
* [[August 13]], [[1521]]:<br>Ciudad de México<ref>{{cite web|url=http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/act_permanentes/historia/histdeltiempo/mexicana/colonia/c_coteno.htm| title= agosto de 1521: rendición de México-Tenochtitlan}}</ref>
* [[November 18]], [[1824]]: Distrito Federal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cultura.df.gob.mx/index.php/sala-de-prensa/boletines/2536-601-09-|title=Conmemora la Secretaría de Cultura el 185 Aniversario del Decreto de Creación del Distrito Federal}}</ref>
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Head of Government of the Federal District|Head of Government]]
| leader_name = [[Marcelo Ebrard]] [[File:PRD Party (Mexico).svg|PRD|23px]]
| leader_title1 = [[Senate of Mexico|Senators]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Senadores por el Distrito Federal LXI Legislatura |url=http://www.senado.gob.mx/legislatura.php?entidad=10 |publisher=Senado de la Republica |accessdate=October 21, 2010}}</ref>
| leader_name1 = [[Pablo Gómez Álvarez|Pablo Gómez]] [[File:PRD Party (Mexico).svg|PRD|23px]]<br />[[René Arce]] [[File:PRD Party (Mexico).svg|PRD|23px]]<br />[[Federico Döring]] [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|23px]]
|leader_title2 = [[Chamber of Deputies of Mexico|Deputies]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Listado de Diputados por Grupo Parlamentario del Distrito Federal |url=http://sitl.diputados.gob.mx/LXI_leg/listado_diputados_gpnp.php?tipot=Edo&edot=9 |publisher=Camara de Diputados |accessdate=October 20, 2010}}</ref>
|leader_name2 = {{Collapsible list
|title = [[Chamber of Deputies of Mexico|Federal Deputies]]
|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
|title_style = <!-- (optional) -->
|list_style = text-align:left;display:none;
|1 = • [[Armando Jesús Báez Pinal|Armando Báez Pinal]] [[File:PRI Party (Mexico).svg|PRI|23px]]
|2 = • [[Marco Antonio García Ayala|Marco Antonio García]] [[File:PRI Party (Mexico).svg|PRI|23px]]
|3 = • [[Cuauhtémoc Gutiérrez de la Torre|Cuauhtémoc Gutiérrez]] [[File:PRI Party (Mexico).svg|PRI|23px]]
|4 = • [[Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada Covarrubias|Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada]] [[File:PRI Party (Mexico).svg|PRI|23px]]
|5 = • [[Roberto Rebollo Vivero|Roberto Rebollo]] [[File:PRI Party (Mexico).svg|PRI|23px]]
|6 = • [[Leticia Robles Colín|Leticia Robles]] [[File:PRI Party (Mexico).svg|PRI|23px]]
|7 = • [[Claudia Ruiz Massieu Salinas|Claudia Ruiz Massieu]] [[File:PRI Party (Mexico).svg|PRI|23px]]
|8 = • [[Agustín Carlos Castilla Marroquín|Agustín Castilla]] [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|23px]]
|9 = • [[Gabriela Cuevas Barron|Gabriela Cuevas]] [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|23px]]
|10 = • [[César Daniel González Madruga|César González]] [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|23px]]
|11 = • [[Paz Gutiérrez Cortina|Paz Gutiérrez]] [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|23px]]
|12 = • [[Valdemar Gutiérrez Fragoso|Valdemar Gutiérrez]] [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|23px]]
|13 = • [[Kenia López Rabadán|Kenia López]] [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|23px]]
|14 = • [[César Nava Vázquez|César Nava]] [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|23px]]
|15 = • [[Rosi Orozco]] [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|23px]]
|16 = • [[Silvia Esther Pérez Ceballos|Silvia Pérez Ceballos]] [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|23px]]
|17 = • [[Ezequiel Rétiz Gutiérrez|Ezequiel Rétiz]] [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|23px]]
|18 = • [[Esthela Damián Peralta|Esthela Damián]] [[File:PRD Party (Mexico).svg|PRD|23px]]
|19 = • [[Luis Felipe Eguía Pérez|Luis Felipe Eguía]] [[File:PRD Party (Mexico).svg|PRD|23px]]
|20 = • [[Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez|Alejandro Encinas]] [[File:PRD Party (Mexico).svg|PRD|23px]]
|21 = • [[Agustín Guerrero Castillo|Agustín Guerrero]] [[File:PRD Party (Mexico).svg|PRD|23px]]
|22 = • [[Francisco Hernández Juárez|Francisco Hernández]] [[File:PRD Party (Mexico).svg|PRD|23px]]
|23 = • [[Héctor Hugo Hernández Rodríguez|Héctor Hernández]] [[File:PRD Party (Mexico).svg|PRD|23px]]
|24 = • [[Teresa del Carmen Incháustegui Romero|Teresa Incháustegui]] [[File:PRD Party (Mexico).svg|PRD|23px]]
|25 = • [[Ramón Jiménez López|Ramón Jiménez]] [[File:PRD Party (Mexico).svg|PRD|23px]]
|26 = • [[Vidal Llerenas Morales|Vidal Llerenas]] [[File:PRD Party (Mexico).svg|PRD|23px]]
|27 = • [[Avelino Méndez Rangel|Avelino Méndez]] [[File:PRD Party (Mexico).svg|PRD|23px]]
|28 = • [[Eduardo Mendoza Arellano|Eduardo Mendoza]] [[File:PRD Party (Mexico).svg|PRD|23px]]
|29 = • [[Nazario Norberto Sánchez|Nazario Norberto]] [[File:PRD Party (Mexico).svg|PRD|23px]]
|30 = • [[Leticia Quezada Contreras|Leticia Quezada]] [[File:PRD Party (Mexico).svg|PRD|23px]]
|31 = • [[Rigoberto Salgado Vázquez|Rigoberto Salgado]] [[File:PRD Party (Mexico).svg|PRD|23px]]
|32 = • [[Arturo Santana Alfaro|Arturo Santana]] [[File:PRD Party (Mexico).svg|PRD|23px]]
|33 = • [[Emilio Serrano Jiménez|Emilio Serrano]] [[File:PRD Party (Mexico).svg|PRD|23px]]
|34 = • [[Mauricio Alonso Toledo Gutiérrez|Mauricio Toledo]] [[File:PRD Party (Mexico).svg|PRD|23px]]
|35 = • [[Enoé Margarita Uranga Muñoz|Enoé Uranga]] [[File:PRD Party (Mexico).svg|PRD|23px]]
|36 = • [[Balfre Vargas Cortez|Balfre Vargas]] [[File:PRD Party (Mexico).svg|PRD|23px]]
|37 = • [[María Araceli Vázquez Camacho|Araceli Vázquez]] [[File:PRD Party (Mexico).svg|PRD|23px]]
|38 = • [[Jesús Zambrano Grijalva|Jesús Zambrano]] [[File:PRD Party (Mexico).svg|PRD|23px]]
|39 = • [[Rosario Brindis Álvarez|Rosario Brindis]]
|40 = • [[Pablo Escudero Morales|Pablo Escudero]]
|41 = • [[Ninfa Clara Salinas Sada|Clara Salinas Sada]]
|42 = • [[Jaime Cárdenas Gracia|Jaime Cárdenas]] [[File:PT party.png|PT|23px]]
|43 = • [[Laura Itzel Castillo|Itzel Castillo]] [[File:PT party.png|PT|23px]]
|44 = • [[Mario di Costanzo]] [[File:PT party.png|PT|23px]]
|45 = • [[Gerardo Fernández Noroña|Gerardo Fernández]] [[File:PT party.png|PT|23px]]
|46 = • [[Ifigenia Martínez]] [[File:PT party.png|PT|23px]]
|47 = • [[Porfirio Muñoz Ledo]] [[File:PT party.png|PT|23px]]
|48 = • [[Víctor Hugo Círigo Vázquez|Víctor Hugo Círigo]] [[File:Convergencia logo.PNG|CON|23px]]
|49 = • [[Laura Piña Olmedo]] [[File:Convergencia logo.PNG|CON|23px]]
|50 = • [[Jorge Kahwagi]] [[File:PNA party.png|PNA|23px]]
|51 = • [[Gerardo Del Mazo Morales|Gerardo Del Mazo]] [[File:PNA party.png|PNA|23px]]
|52 = • [[María de la Paz Quiñones Cornejo|María Quiñones]]
}}
| unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Resumen |url=http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/df/default.aspx?tema=me&e=09 |publisher=Cuentame INEGI |accessdate=October 20, 2010}}</ref>{{Ref label|engfactobox|b|}}
| area_total_km2 = 1485
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note = [[List of Mexican states by area|Ranked 32nd]]
| elevation_m =
| elevation_max_footnotes =<ref>{{cite web |title=Relieve |url=http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/df/territorio/relieve.aspx?tema=me&e=09 |publisher=Cuentame INEGI |accessdate=October 20, 2010}}</ref>
| elevation_max_m = 3930
| elevation_max_ft =
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_min_ft =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Proyecciones de la población de México 2005-2050 |url=http://www.conapo.gob.mx/00cifras/proyecta50/09.xls |publisher=Consejo Nacional de Población |accessdate=August 10, 2010}}</ref>
| population_total = 8846752
| population_as_of = 2010
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_rank = [[List of Mexican states by population density|1st]]
| population_demonym = Capitalino -ina, defeño -eña, mexiqueño, -eña
| population_note =
| population_rank = [[List of Mexican states by population|2nd]]
| timezone1 = [[Central Time Zone|CST]], ([[UTC-6]])
| utc_offset1 =
| timezone1_DST = [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]]
| utc_offset1_DST = -5
| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Mexico|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 00 - 16
| area_code_type = [[Area code]]
| area_code = {{Collapsible list
| title = [[Area codes in Mexico by code (0-99)|Area codes]]
| frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
| title_style = <!-- (optional) -->
| list_style = text-align:left;display:none;
|1 = • 55
}}
| iso_code = MX-DFE
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| blank_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.915 <span style="color:#090">Very High</span> <small>[[List of Mexican states by HDI|Ranked 1st most developed State, and the 5th most developed city]]</small>
| blank_name_sec2 = [[GDP]]
| blank_info_sec2 = US$ 390 billion<ref name="ukmediacentre.pwc.com">{{cite web| url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 | title=Emerging market city economies set to rise rapidly in global GDP rankings says PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP | author=PricewaterhouseCoopers | publisher=UK Media Centre | date=11 February 2009 | accessdate=27 December 2009}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.df.gob.mx/index.jsp|Official Web Site}}
| footnotes =
{{note|engoffbox}}a. The state's GDP was 1,525,337,720 million of [[Mexican peso|pesos]] in 2008,<ref>{{cite web |title=Distrito Federal. |url=http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/bise/mexicocifras/default.aspx?ent=09 |year=2010 |accessdate=October 20, 2010}}</ref> amount corresponding to 119,167,009.37 millon of [[Dollar coin (United States)|dollars]], being a dollar worth 12.80 pesos (value of June 3, 2010).<ref>{{cite web | title=Reporte: Jueves 3 de Junio del 2010. Cierre del peso mexicano. |url=http://www.pesomexicano.com.mx/archivo/2010/junio/03/reporte-jueves-3-de-junio-del-2010--cierre-del-peso-mexicano.htm#leermas |publisher=www.pesomexicano.com.mx |accessdate=August 10, 2010}}</ref><br>
{{note|engfactobox}}b. Area of the [[Mexican Federal District|Federal District]] that includes non-urban areas at the south
}}

'''Mexico City''' ({{lang-es|Ciudad de México}}) is the '''Federal District''' (Distrito Federal), [[capital (political)|capital]] and largest city of [[Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Artículo 44|url=http://www.ordenjuridico.gob.mx/Constitucion/articulos/44.pdf|publisher=Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos|accessdate=May 14, 2010}}</ref> Is also the largest city in the Americas and the [[List of metropolitan areas by population|world's third largest metropolitan area]] by population, after [[Seoul]] and [[Tokyo]]. It is a federal entity within Mexico which is not part of any one of the [[States of Mexico|31 Mexican states]] but belongs to the [[federation]] as a whole. Mexico City is the most important political, cultural, educational and financial center in the country.


As an "alpha" [[global city]]<ref>{{cite web| author=Foreign Policy | title=The 2008 Global Cities Index | year=2008 | url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4509&page=1 | accessdate=27 December 2009}}</ref> Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in [[North America]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-exchanges.org/member-exchanges |title=WFE - Member Exchanges |publisher=World-exchanges.org |date=2003-04-01 |accessdate=2010-03-25}}</ref> which is located in the [[Valley of Mexico]], a large valley in the high [[plateau]]s at the center of Mexico, at an altitude of {{convert|2240|m|ft|abbr=off}}. The city consists of sixteen [[Boroughs of the Mexican Federal District|boroughs]].

The 2009 estimated population for the city proper was around 8.84 million people,<ref name="ZMVM 2009"/> and has a land area of {{convert|1485|km2|sqmi}}.<ref>Brian W. Blouet, Olwyn M. Blouet. ''OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation: 15 Mexican States 2009''. OECD Publishing, 2009. p. 418 (p. 299). ISBN 978-92-64-06012-8.</ref> According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments, the [[Greater Mexico City|Mexico City metropolitan area]] population is 21.2 million people,<ref name="ZMVM 2009">{{cite web| url=http://www.edomex.gob.mx/poblacion/docs/2009/PDF/ZMVM.pdf | title=Mexico City Metropolitan Area | author=National Population Council | publisher=Government of the State of Mexico | accessdate=27 December 2009}}</ref> making it the [[List of metropolitan areas in the Americas by population|largest metropolitan area]] in the [[Americas]] and the [[List of urban agglomerations by population (United Nations)|fifth largest agglomeration]] in the world.<ref name="UN2007PopulationDatabase">{{cite web| url=http://esa.un.org/unup/index.asp?panel=2 | year=2007 | title=World Urbanization Prospects | author=United Nations | accessdate=27 December 2009}}</ref>

Mexico City has a [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) of $390 billion [[United States dollar|USD]] in 2008, making Mexico City the [[List of cities by GDP|eighth richest city in the world]]. <ref name="ukmediacentre.pwc.com">{{cite web| url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 | title=Emerging market city economies set to rise rapidly in global GDP rankings says PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP | author=PricewaterhouseCoopers | publisher=UK Media Centre | date=11 February 2009 | accessdate=27 December 2009}}</ref> The city was responsible for generating 21% of Mexico's Gross Domestic Product and the metropolitan area accounted for 34% of total national GDP.<ref name="GDP">{{cite web|url=http://www.mexicocityexperience.com/business_center/key_economic_facts_and_figures/|title=Mexico City GDP as compared with national GDP|accessdate=2010-08-19}}</ref> As of 2008, the city proper, as opposed to the metropolitan area, had a nominal income per capita of $25,258 USD, on par with the GDP per capita of Portugal or of the [[Czech Republic]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://banamex.com/esp/pdf_bin/esem/df-irae-0209.pdf | título=Indicadores Económicos del Distrito Federal 2008 | title=Indicadores Regionales de Actividad Económica 2008 | publisher=[[Grupo Financiero Banamex|Banamex]] | format=PDF | accessdate=27 December 2009}}</ref>

The city was originally built on an island of [[Lake Texcoco]] by the [[Aztec]]s in 1325 as [[Tenochtitlan]], which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 [[Fall of Tenochtitlan|siege of Tenochtitlan]] , and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the [[Spanish architecture#Spanish Colonial architecture|Spanish urban standards]]. In 1524, the [[Municipalities of Mexico|municipality]] of Mexico City was established, known as ''México Tenochtitlán'',<ref name=gobdf/> and as of 1585 it was officially known as ''La Ciudad de México'' (Mexico City).<ref name=gobdf>{{sp icon}} {{cite web| author=Government of the Federal District | title=History of Mexico City | url=http://www.df.gob.mx/wb/gdf/historia_de_la_ciudad_de_mexico | accessdate=27 December 2009}}</ref> Mexico City served as the political, administrative and financial centre of a major part of the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonial empire]].<ref name=UN>{{sp icon}} {{cite web| author=United Nations | title=Mexico City, Mexico | url=http://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/habitat/profiles/mexico.asp | accessdate=27 December 2009}}</ref> After [[Mexican War of Independence|independence from Spain]] was achieved, the [[Federal district|Federal District]] was created in 1824.

After years of demanding greater political [[autonomy]], residents were given the right to directly elect the [[Head of Government of the Federal District|Head of Government]] and the representatives of the [[unicameralism|unicameral]] [[Legislative Assembly of the Federal District|Legislative Assembly]] by [[Election|popular vote]] in 1997. Ever since, the [[left-wing]] [[Party of the Democratic Revolution]] (PRD) has controlled both of them.<ref>Daniel C. Schechter, Josephine Quintero. ''Lonely Planet Mexico City, City Guide [With Pullout Map]''. Third Edition. Lonely Planet, 2008. p. 288 (p. 20-21). ISBN 978-1-74059-182-9.</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Mexico City}}

=== Aztec period ===
{{Main|Tenochtitlan}}
[[File:Murales Rivera - Markt in Tlatelolco 3.jpg|thumb|left|Market in Tlatelolco, [[Diego Rivera]]]]
[[File:AntropologyMuseumAztecSoneOfTheSun.jpg|thumb|Aztec sunstone in the [[Museo Nacional de Antropología|National Anthropology museum]].]]
The city now known as Mexico City was founded by the amerindians [[Mexica]], also called the Aztecs, in 1325. The old Mexica city is now referred to as [[Tenochtitlan]]. The Mexica were one of the last of the [[Nahuatl]]-speaking peoples who migrated to this part of the [[Valley of Mexico]] after the fall of the [[Toltec]] Empire. Their presence was resisted by the peoples who were already in the valley, but the Mexica were able to establish a city on a small island on the western side of [[Lake Texcoco]]. The Mexica themselves had a story about how their city was founded, after being led to the island by their principal god, [[Huitzilopochtli]]. According to the story, the god indicated their new home with a sign, an eagle perched on a [[nopal]] cactus with a snake in its beak. Between 1325 and 1521, Tenochtitlan grew in size and strength, eventually dominating the other city-states around Lake Texcoco, and in the Valley of Mexico. When the Spaniards arrived, the [[Aztec|Aztec Empire]] reached much of [[Mesoamerica]], touching both the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean.

=== Spanish conquest of Tenochtitlán ===
After landing in [[Veracruz]], [[Hernán Cortés]] heard about the great city and the long-standing rivalries and grievances against it. Although Cortés came to Mexico with a very small army, he was able to persuade many of the other native peoples to help him destroy Tenochtitlan.<ref name="ciudadmexico">{{cite web|url=http://www.ciudadmexico.com.mx/historia.htm|title=Historia de la Ciudad de México|language=Spanish|accessdate=2008-10-14}}</ref>
Cortés first saw Tenochtitlán on 8 November 1519.<ref name="Marroqui">{{Cite book|title=La Ciudad de Mexico|last=Marroqui|first=Jose Maria|year=1969|publisher=Ayuntamiento del Distrito Federal|location=Mexico City|pages=21–25}}</ref> Upon viewing it for the first time, Cortés and his men were stunned by its beauty and size. The Spaniards marched along the causeway leading into the city from [[Iztapalapa]]. Although Montezuma came out from the center of Tenochtitlán to greet them and exchange gifts, the camaraderie did not last long.<ref name="pbs1">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_e00.html|title=November 1519 Cortes Arrives to Tenochtitlan|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref>
Cortés put Montezuma under [[house arrest]], hoping to rule through him.<ref name="pbs2">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_f00.html|title=November, 1519 Montezuma Arrested|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> Tensions increased until, on the night of June 30, 1520 – during a struggle commonly known as "[[La Noche Triste]]" – the Aztec revolted against the Spanish intrusion and managed to capture or drive out the Europeans and their [[Tlaxcaltec|Tlaxcalan]] allies.<ref name="pbs4">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_g00.html|title=June 1520 Massacre at Tenochtitlán|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> Cortés regrouped at Tlaxcala. The Aztecs thought the Spaniards were permanently gone. They elected a new king, [[Cuitláhuac]], but he died after a few months due to smallpox; the next king was [[Cuauhtémoc]].<ref name="pbs6">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_h00.html|title=December 1520Siege, Starvation & Smallpox|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> Cortés decided to lay siege to Tenochtitlán in May 1521. For three months, the city suffered from the lack of food and water as well as the spread of [[smallpox]] brought by the Europeans.<ref name="ciudadmexico"/> Cortés and his allies landed their forces in the south of the island and fought their way through the city, street by street, and house by house.<ref name="pbs7">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_i00.html|title=The Last Stand: An Aztec Iliad|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> Finally, Cuauhtémoc had to surrender in August 1521.<ref name="ciudadmexico"/>

=== City's rebuilding as Mexico City ===
[[File:Oldmexicocity.jpg|thumb|Mexico City in 1628]]
The Spaniards practically razed Tenochtitlán. Cortés first settled in [[Coyoacán]], but decided to rebuild the Aztec site to erase all traces of the old order.<ref name="Marroqui"/> Cortés did not establish an independent, conquered territory under his own [[Sovereignty|personal rule]], but remained loyal to the Spanish crown. The first [[viceroy]] of the new domain arrived in Mexico City fourteen years later. By that time, the city had again become a [[city-state]], having power that extended far beyond the city's established borders.<ref name="EncMex2000">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Alvarez|first=Jose Rogelio|encyclopedia=Enciclopedia de Mexico|language=Spanish|title=Mexico, Ciudad de|year=2000|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|volume=9|pages=5242–5260}}</ref>
Although the Spanish preserved Tenochtitlán's basic layout, they built [[Catholic Church|Catholic churches]] over the old Aztec temples and claimed the imperial palaces for themselves.<ref name="EncMex2000"/> Tenochtitlán was renamed "Mexico", its alternative form name, as the Spanish found this easier to say.<ref name="Marroqui"/>

=== Growth of the colonial city ===
[[File:Torre Latinoamericana 1.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Torre Latinoamericana]], Latin America's first skyscraper]]
The city grew as the population did, coming up against the lake's waters. The 16th century saw a proliferation of churches, many of which can still be seen today in the [[Historic center of Mexico City|historic center]].<ref name="EncMex2000"/>
Economically, Mexico City prospered as a result of trade. Unlike Brazil or [[Peru]], Mexico had easy contact with both the Atlantic and Pacific worlds. Although the Spanish crown tried to completely regulate all commerce in the city, it had only partial success.<ref name="Hamnett">{{Cite book|title=Concise History of Mexico.|last=Hamnett|first=Brian R.|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Port Chester, New York, USA}}</ref>
One way the Spanish tried to completely rule was religion, but even here success was not complete. Native practices survived incorporated in the indigenous’ practice of
[[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]]. Perhaps the most famous example of this is the cult of the [[Our Lady of Guadalupe|Virgin of Guadalupe]], which originated with the vision at Tepeyac Hill to the north of the city's borders in 1531; some scholars suggest that this vision was particularly effective owing to the existence of a pre-Conquest Aztec cult of [[Tonantzin]], a mother goddess.<ref name="Hamnett"/>

[[File:Dsc02292.jpg|thumb|upright|The ''Ángel de la Independencia'' was built to celebrate Mexico's independence centennial]]
The concept of [[nobility]] flourished in New Spain in a way not seen in other parts of the Americas. Spaniards encountered a society in which the concept of nobility mirrored that of their own. Spaniards respected the indigenous order of nobility and added to it. In the ensuing centuries, a [[Mexican nobility|noble title in Mexico]] did not mean one exercised great [[political power]] as one's power was limited even if the accumulation of wealth was not.<ref name="Ladd">{{Cite book|title=Artes deMexico Palacios de la Nueva España The Mexican Nobility|last=Ladd|first=Doris M|year=1998|publisher=Artes de Mexico y del Mundo|location=Mexico City|isbn=978-968-6533-61-3|pages=84–86}}</ref> The concept of nobility in Mexico was not political but rather a very conservative Spanish social one, based on proving the worthiness of the family. Most of these families proved their worth by making fortunes in New Spain outside of the city itself, then spending the revenues in the capital, building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes. The craze to build the most opulent home possible reached its height in the last half of the 18th century. Many of these homes can still be seen today, leading to Mexico City's nickname of "The city of palaces" given by [[Alexander von Humboldt|Alexander Von Humboldt]].<ref name="Marroqui"/><ref name="EncMex2000"/><ref name="Ladd"/>

Independence for Mexico was declared by [[Agustín de Iturbide]] in 1821 after he and his army marched into the city. While Iturbide's regime tried to keep as much of the old order as possible, he soon had to abdicate and Mexico was declared a republic in 1824, with Mexico City as its capital.<ref name="Iturbide">{{cite web|url=http://www.casaimperial.org/augustin.htm|title=Don Agustín de Iturbide|accessdate=2008-10-20}}</ref> Unrest followed for the next several decades, as different factions fought for control of Mexico.<ref name="citydata">{{cite web|url=http://www.city-data.com/world-cities/Mexico-City-History.html|title=Mexico City History|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> The [[Mexican Federal District]] was established by the new government and by the signing of their new constitution, where the concept of a federal district was adapted from [[United States Constitution|the American constitution]].<ref name="Countries of the World">{{Cite book|first=Thomas E.|last=Weil|title=Mexico: Chapter 3B. Evolution of a Nation|work=Countries of the World|publisher=Bureau Development, Inc.|date=January 1, 1991|accessdate=2006-10-20}}</ref> Before this designation, Mexico City had served as the [[seat of government]] for both the [[State of Mexico]] and the nation as a whole. [[Texcoco, Mexico State|Texcoco]] and then [[Toluca]] became the capital of the state of Mexico.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Ashoka|last=Mody|title=Infrastructure Delivery|work=Countries of the World|publisher=World Bank Publications|date=October 31, 1996|page=187|isbn=978-0-8213-3520-8|accessdate=2006-10-20}}</ref>
During the [[Mexican–American War|Mexican-American War]], [[United States armed forces|American forces]] marched toward Mexico City itself after capturing [[Veracruz, Veracruz|Veracruz]].<ref name="Cerro">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/cerro_gordo.html|title=The Battle of Cerro Gordo|accessdate=2008-10-18}}</ref> The invasion culminated with the storming of [[Chapultepec Castle]] in the city itself.<ref name="storming">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/chapultepec_pillows_attack.html|title=The Storming of Chapultepec (General Pillow's Attack)|accessdate=2008-10-18}}</ref> The [[treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] was signed in what is now the far north of the city.<ref name="treaty">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/wars_end_guadalupe.html|title=Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo|author=Richard Griswold del Castillo|accessdate=2008-10-18}}</ref>
Events such as the [[Reform War]] left the city relatively untouched and it continued to grow, especially during the rule of President [[Porfirio Díaz]]. During this time, the city developed modern infrastructure, such as roads, schools, transportation, and communication systems. However, the regime concentrated resources and wealth into the city while the rest languished in poverty. This eventually led to the [[Mexican Revolution]].<ref name="citydata"/> The most significant episode of this period for the city was the [[Decena trágica|La decena trágica]] ("The Ten Tragic Days"), a coup against [[President of Mexico|President]] [[Francisco I. Madero]] and his vice president, [[José María Pino Suárez]]. [[Victoriano Huerta]], chief general of the [[Huerta's Federal Army|Federal Army]] saw a chance to take power, forcing Madero and Pino Suarez to sign resignations. The two were murdered later while on their way to prison.<ref name="redescolar">{{cite web|url=http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/act_permanentes/historia/histdeltiempo/mexicana/sigloxx/xx_dece.htm|title=La Decena Trágica, febrero de 1913|language=Spanish|accessdate=2008-10-19}}</ref>

=== 20th century to present ===
[[File:Torre mayor desde paseo reforma 2v.JPG|thumb|upright|The tallest building in [[Latin America]] at the time, the [[Torre Mayor]] was completed in Mexico City in 2003.]]
[[File:BldgSantaClaraCentroDF.JPG|thumb|left|Common 1880s-1920s style Mexican architecture can be found throughout the City]]
[[File:Santa feconj.jpg|thumb|left|The central and western areas of the city are marked with hundreds of high rise buildings]]
The history of the rest of the 20th century to the present focuses on the phenomenal growth of the city and its environmental and political consequences. In 1900, the population of Mexico City was about 500,000.<ref name="larosa">{{Cite book|title=Atlas and Survey of Latin American History.
|last=LaRosa|first=Michael J.(Editor)|year=2005|publisher=M. E. Sharpe, Inc.|location=Armonk, New York, USA|pages=118–125}}</ref> The city began to grow rapidly westward in the early part of the 20th century.<ref name="EncMex2000"/> and then began to grow upwards in the 1950s, with the [[Torre Latinoamericana]] as the first skyscraper.<ref name="ciudadmexico"/> The [[1968 Summer Olympics|1968 Olympic Games]] brought about the construction of large sporting facilities.<ref name="EncMex2000"/> In 1969, the [[Mexico City Metro|Metro system]] was inaugurated.<ref name="ciudadmexico"/>
Explosive growth in the population of the city started from the 1960s, with the population overflowing the boundaries of the Federal District into the neighboring state of Mexico, especially to the north, northwest and northeast. Between 1960 and 1980 the city's population more than doubled to 8,831,079.<ref name="EncMex2000"/> In 1980, half of all the industrial jobs in Mexico were located in Mexico City. Under relentless growth, the Mexico City government could barely keep up with services. Villagers from the countryside who continued to pour into the city to escape poverty only compounded the city's problems. With no housing available, they took over lands surrounding the city, creating huge [[shanty town|shantytowns]] that extended for many miles.<ref name="citydata"/> This caused serious air and [[water pollution]] problems, as well as a sinking city due to overextraction of groundwater.<ref name="water">{{Cite book|title=Mexico City's Water Supply: Improving the Outlook for Sustainability.|coauthors=National Research Council Staff.|year=1995|publisher=National Academies Press|location=Washington, D.C., USA|page=4}}</ref> Air and water pollution has been contained and improved in some several areas due to government programs, the renovation of vehicles and the modernization of the public transport.

The autocratic government that ruled Mexico City since the Revolution was tolerated, mostly because of the continued economic expansion since World War II. This was the case even though this government could not handle the population and pollution problems adequately. Nevertheless, discontent and protests began in the 1960s leading to the [[Tlatelolco massacre|massacre of an unknown number of protesting students]] in [[Tlatelolco (Mexico City)|Tlatelolco]].<ref name="citydata"/>

However, [[straw that broke the camel's back|the last straw]] may have been the [[1985 Mexico City earthquake]]. On Thursday, 19 September 1985, at 7:19&nbsp;am [[time zone|local time]], Mexico City was struck by an earthquake of magnitude 8.1<ref name="Campus">{{Cite news|first=Yunnven|last=Campus|title=A 20 años del sismo del 85|url=http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/terremoto/475688.html|publisher=Televisa|location=Mexico City|date=2005-09-19|accessdate=2008-10-04|language=Spanish}}</ref> on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter scale]]. While this earthquake was not as deadly or destructive as many similar events in Asia and other parts of Latin America<ref name="Moreno">{{Cite journal|last=Moreno Murillo|first=Juan Manuel|year=1995|title=The 1985 Mexico Earchquake|periodical=Geofisica Coumbia|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Colombia|issue=3|pages=5–19|issn=0121-2974|accessdate=2008-10-01}}</ref> it proved to be a disaster politically for the [[Single-party state|one-party]] government. The government was paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption, forcing ordinary citizens to not only create and direct their own rescue efforts but efforts to reconstruct much of the housing that was lost as well.<ref name="haber">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Haber|first=Paul Lawrence|encyclopedia=Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico|title=Earthquake of 1985|year=1995|publisher=Taylor & Frances Ltd.|pages=179–184}}</ref>
This discontent eventually led to [[Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas]], a member of the [[Party of the Democratic Revolution]], becoming the first [[mayor|elected mayor]] of Mexico City in 1997. Cárdenas promised a more [[democracy|democratic government]], and his party claimed some victories against crime, pollution, and other major problems. He resigned in 1999 to run for the presidency.

== Geography ==
[[File:PopoAv0005.jpg|thumb|Popocatépetl volcano seen from the city]]
Mexico City is located in the Valley of Mexico, sometimes called the Basin of Mexico. This valley is located in the [[Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt]] located in the high plateaus of south-central Mexico.<ref name="PorruaCuenca">{{Cite book|title=Diccionario Porrua de Historia, Biografia y Geografia de Mexico 6th ed. – Mexico, Cuenca de|last=|first=|year=1995|publisher=Editorial Porrua|location=Mexico City|language=Spanish|isbn=978-968-452-907-6|page=2238|volume=3}}</ref><ref name="casestudy">{{cite web|url=http://casestudies.lead.org/index.php?cscid=100|title=Mexico City: Opportunities and Challenges for Sustainable Management of Urban Water Resources|month=December|year=2004|accessdate=2008-11-25}}</ref> It has a minimum altitude of 2,200&nbsp;meters (7,217&nbsp;feet) [[above mean sea level|above sea level]] and surrounded by mountains and volcanoes that reach elevations of over 5,000&nbsp;meters.<ref name="natresearch">{{Cite book|title=Mexico City's Water Supply: Improving the Outlook for Sustainability.|author=National Research Council Staff|year=1995|publisher=National Academies Press|location=Washington, D.C., USA|isbn=978-0-309-05245-0|pages=}}</ref> This valley has no natural drainage outlet for the waters that flow from the mountainsides, making the city vulnerable to flooding. It was artificially opened through the use of canals and tunnels starting in the 17th century.<ref name="PorruaCuenca"/><ref name="natresearch"/>
The city primarily rests on what was [[Lake Texcoco]].<ref name="PorruaCuenca"/> Seismic activity is frequent here.<ref name="yip">{{Cite journal|last=Yip|first=Maricela|coauthors=Madl, Pierre|title=Air Pollution in Mexico City|page=16|publisher=University of Salzburg, Austria|date=2002-04-16|url=http://www.sbg.ac.at/ipk/avstudio/pierofun/mexico/air.htm|accessdate=2008-11-25}}</ref> This lake was drained starting from the 17th century and while none of its waters remain, the city rests on its heavily saturated clay. This soft base is collapsing due to the over-extraction of groundwater and since the beginning of the 20th century, the city has sunk as much as nine meters in some areas. This sinking is causing problems with runoff and wastewater management, leading to flooding problems, especially during the [[Wet season|rainy season]].<ref name="natresearch"/><ref name="yip"/> The entire lakebed is now paved over and most of the city's remaining forested areas lie in the southern boroughs of [[Milpa Alta]], [[Tlalpan]] and [[Xochimilco]].<ref name="yip"/>

<div class="center" >
<!-- galería de mapas -->
{|class="toc" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" style="width:600px; float:center; margin:0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 1em; padding:0.5e text-align:left;clear:all; margin-left:3px; font-size:90%;"
| colspan="4" style="background:#black; color:white; font-size:100%; text-align:center; background-color:black;"|Geophysical maps of the Federal District
|-
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:center; background:white;"|[[File:MX-DF-Relieve.png|120px]]
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:center; background:white;"|[[File:MX-DF-hidro.png|120px]]
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:center; background:white;"|[[File:MX-DF-clima.png|120px]]
|- style="text-align:center; background:#e9e9e9; background:#e9e9e9;"
||Topography
||Hydrology
||Climate patterns
|}
</div>

=== Climate ===
Mexico City has a [[oceanic climate|subtropical highland climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cwb''), due to its tropical location and high elevation. The lower region of the valley receives less rainfall than the upper regions of the south; the lower boroughs of [[Iztapalapa]], [[Iztacalco]], [[Venustiano Carranza, D.F.|Venustiano Carranza]] and the west portion of [[Gustavo A. Madero, D.F.|Gustavo A. Madero]] are usually drier and warmer than the upper southern boroughs of [[Tlalpan]] and [[Milpa Alta]], a mountainous region of [[pine]] and [[oak|oak trees]] known as the range of [[Ajusco]].

The average annual temperature varies from {{convert|12|to|16|C|F}}, depending on the altitude of the borough. Lowest temperatures, usually registered during January and February, may reach {{convert|-2|to|-5|C|F}}, usually accompanied by snow showers on the southern regions of Ajusco, and the maximum temperatures of late spring and summer may reach up to {{convert|32|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. Overall precipitation is heavily concentrated in the summer months, including dense hail. The central valley of Mexico rarely gets precipitation in the form of snow during winter; the two last recorded instances of such an event were on March 5, 1940 and January 12, 1967.

The region of the [[Valley of Mexico]] receives [[Anticyclone|anti-cyclonic]] systems, whose weak winds do not allow for the dispersion, outside the basin, of the [[air pollution|air pollutants]] which are produced by the 50,000 industries and 4 million vehicles operating in or around the metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/sma/download/archivos/proaire_2002-2010.pdf
|title=Program to improve air quality in the Metropolitan zone of the valley of Mexico - 2002. Secretaría del Medio Ambiente del Distrito Federal, SMA (2002) Programa para Mejorar la Calidad del Aire de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México, Gobierno del Distrito Federal}}</ref>

The area receives about {{convert|820|mm|in|1}} of annual rainfall, which is concentrated from June through September/October with little or no precipitation the remainder of the year.<ref name="natresearch"/> The area has two main seasons. The rainy season runs from June to October when winds bring in tropical moisture from the sea. The [[dry season]] runs from November to May, when the air is relatively drier. This dry season subdivides into a cold period from November to February when polar [[air mass]]es pushing down from the north keep the air fairly dry and a warm period from March to May when tropical winds again dominate but they do not yet carry enough moisture for rain.<ref name="lafragua">{{Cite journal
|last=Lafregua|first=J
|authorlink=
|coauthors=Gutierrez, A, Aguilar E, Aparicio J, Mejia R, Santillan O, Suarez MA, Preciado M
|title=Balance hídrico del Valle de Mexico
|version=
|pages=
|publisher=Anuario IMTA
|year=2003
|doi=
|url=http://www.imta.gob.mx/instituto/historial-proyectos/th/2003/HDR1-Balance.pdf
|format=PDF
|id=
|accessdate=2008-12-01}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = Mexico City
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan high C = 21.2
|Feb high C = 22.9
|Mar high C = 25.7
|Apr high C = 26.6
|May high C = 26.5
|Jun high C = 24.6
|Jul high C = 23.0
|Aug high C = 23.3
|Sep high C = 22.3
|Oct high C = 22.2
|Nov high C = 21.8
|Dec high C = 20.8
|year high C = 23.4
|Jan low C = 5.8
|Feb low C = 7.1
|Mar low C = 9.2
|Apr low C = 10.8
|May low C = 11.7
|Jun low C = 12.2
|Jul low C = 11.5
|Aug low C = 11.6
|Sep low C = 11.5
|Oct low C = 9.8
|Nov low C = 7.9
|Dec low C = 6.6
|year low C = 9.6
|Jan rain mm = 11.0
|Feb rain mm = 4.3
|Mar rain mm = 10.1
|Apr rain mm = 25.9
|May rain mm = 56.0
|Jun rain mm = 134.8
|Jul rain mm = 175.1
|Aug rain mm = 169.2
|Sep rain mm = 144.8
|Oct rain mm = 66.9
|Nov rain mm = 12.1
|Dec rain mm = 6.0
|year rain mm = 816.2
|Jan humidity = 51
|Feb humidity = 47
|Mar humidity = 41
|Apr humidity = 43
|May humidity = 51
|Jun humidity = 63
|Jul humidity = 69
|Aug humidity = 69
|Sep humidity = 70
|Oct humidity = 64
|Nov humidity = 57
|Dec humidity = 54
|year humidity = 56
|Jan rain days = 2.3
|Feb rain days = 2.1
|Mar rain days = 3.1
|Apr rain days = 7.9
|May rain days = 12.7
|Jun rain days = 17.7
|Jul rain days = 23.4
|Aug rain days = 22.8
|Sep rain days = 18.9
|Oct rain days = 9.5
|Nov rain days = 4.4
|Dec rain days = 2.6
|Jan sun = 240
|Feb sun = 234
|Mar sun = 268
|Apr sun = 232
|May sun = 225
|Jun sun = 183
|Jul sun = 176
|Aug sun = 176
|Sep sun = 157
|Oct sun = 194
|Nov sun = 232
|Dec sun = 236
|year sun = 2555
|source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organisation]] ([[United Nations|UN]]) (30 yr record) <ref name="WMO" >{{cite web
| url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/179/c00279.htm
| title = World Weather Information Service - Ciudad de Mexico
| accessdate = 2010-05-05
| publisher = Comision Nacional Del Agua }}</ref>
|source 2 = [http://smn.cna.gob.mx/ Servicio Meteorológico Nacional] (sun, RH for 1981-2000)
|date = August 2010}}

== Environment ==
{{See also|Water management in Greater Mexico City}}
[[File:Popocatépetl.JPG|thumb|left|upright|The [[Popocatépetl]], an active volcano]]
[[File:MexCityPolution.JPG|thumb|Situated in a valley, and relying heavily on [[automobile]]s, the city suffers from poor air quality]]
[[File:Parque Tezozomoc.jpg|thumb|The City government has encouraged the preservation of green areas of the City such as Tezozmoc park.]]
Originally, much of the valley lay beneath the waters of [[Lake Texcoco]], a system of interconnected saline and freshwater lakes. The [[Aztec]]s built dikes to separate the [[Freshwater|fresh water]] used to raise crops in ''[[chinampa]]s'' and to prevent recurrent floods. These dikes were destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan, and during colonial times the Spanish regularly drained the lake to prevent floods. Only a small section of the original lake remains, located outside the Federal District, in the municipality of [[San Salvador Atenco|Atenco]], [[State of Mexico]]. In recent years, architects [[Teodoro González De León]] and [[Alberto Kalach]], along with a group of Mexican urbanists, engineers and biologists, have developed the project plan for ''Recovering the City of Lakes''. The project, if approved by the government, will contribute to the supply of water from natural sources to the [[Valley of Mexico]], the creation of new natural spaces, a great improvement in air quality, and greater population establishment planning.

The federal and [[local government]]s have implemented numerous plans to alleviate the problem of air pollution, including the constant monitoring and reporting of environmental conditions, such as ozone and [[nitrogen oxide]]s.<ref name=clean>{{cite news|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28391130/wid/18298287/page/2/|title=Mexico City cleans up its reputation for smog|date=2008-12-26}}</ref> If the levels of these two pollutants reach critical levels, contingency actions are implemented which may include closing factories, changing school hours, and extending the ''[[Hoy No Circula|A day without a car]]'' program to two days of the week.<ref name=clean/> To control air pollution, the government has instituted industrial technology improvements, a strict biannual vehicle emission inspection and the reformulation of [[gasoline]] and [[diesel fuel]]s.<ref name=clean/> Data from the city's 36 air-quality monitoring stations show lead levels down 95 percent since 1990, while [[sulfur dioxide]] has fallen 86 percent, [[carbon monoxide]] 74 percent, and peak ozone levels 57 percent since 1991.<ref name=clean/> In 1990, Patricia Saad Sotomayor reported in the Mexico City daily ''Excélsior'' that "100,000 children die every year as a result of pollution in the Mexico City metropolitan area, 250,000 people suffer from eye diseases..and life expectancy has been reduced by up to ten years, according to the National Environmentalist Groups." in a report to President Salinas. At the time, according to the United Nations pollution scale "which set 100 as the maximum level before grave health problems begin", Mexico City's level was 97.5, compared to 4.5 for New York City, and 2.5 for Milan, Turin, and Los Angeles.<ref>[http://groups.google.com/group/misc.activism.progressive/browse_thread/thread/a8b501df87ae6a3/3e869ad011a4dc32?hl=en&ie=UTF-8&oe=utf-8&q=pollution+kills+100,000+children+mexico+city#3e869ad011a4dc32] Pollution Kills 100,000 Children In Mexico City Each Year, by Patricia Saad Sotomayor, ''Excélsior'' {{dead link|date=October 2010}}</ref>

In 1986, the non-urban forest areas of the southern boroughs were declared National Ecological Reserves by president [[Miguel de la Madrid|Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado]]. Other areas of the Federal District became protected over the following years.

== Politics ==
=== Federal District ===
[[File:BosquesInterlomasMexico City.jpg|thumb|left|Large urban middle class neighborhoods are common throughout the western area.]]
[[File:Reforma b1.jpg|thumb|Reforma Avenue is one of the city's most important streets]]
[[File:Mexicocity.jpg|thumb|View from Chapultepec]]
The Acta Constitutiva de la Federación of 31 January 1824 and the Federal Constitution of 4 October 1824<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/text/1824index.html|title=Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States (1824)}}</ref> fixed the political and administrative organization of the [[Mexico|United Mexican States]] after the [[Mexican War of Independence]]. In addition, Section XXVIII of Article 50 gave the new Congress the right to choose where the federal government would be located. This location would then be appropriated as federal land, with the federal government acting as the local authority. The two main candidates to become the capital were Mexico City and [[Querétaro, Querétaro|Querétaro]].<ref name="EncMex2003">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Alvarez|first=Jose Rogelio|encyclopedia=Enciclopedia de Mexico|title=Distrito Federal|year=2003|publisher=Sabeco International Investment Corp.|volume=IV|language=Spanish|isbn=978-1-56409-063-8|pages=2293–2314}}</ref> However, due in large part to the persuasion of representative [[Servando Teresa de Mier]], Mexico City was chosen because it was the center of the country's population and history, even though Querétaro was closer to the center geographically. The choice was official on 18 November 1824, and Congress delineated a surface area of two leagues square (8,800 ac) centered on the [[Zócalo|Zocalo]]. This area was then separated from the [[State of Mexico]], forcing that state's government to move from the [[Palace of the Inquisition (Museum of Mexican Medicine)|Palace of the Inquisition (now Museum of Mexican Medicine)]] in the city to [[Texcoco, Mexico State|Texcoco]]. This area did not include the population centers of the towns of [[Coyoacán]], [[Xochimilco]], [[San Mateo Mexicaltzingo|Mexicaltzingo]] and [[Tlalpan]], all of which remained as part of the State of Mexico.<ref name="EncMex2003"/>

In 1854, president [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]], enlarged the area of the Federal District almost eightfold from the original {{convert|220|sqkm|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}} to {{convert|1700|sqkm|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, annexing the rural and mountainous areas to secure the strategic mountain passes to the south and southwest to protect the city in event of a foreign invasion. (The [[Mexican–American War|Mexican-American War]] had just been fought). The last changes to the limits of the Federal District were made between 1898 and 1902, reducing the area to the current {{convert|1479|sqkm|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} by adjusting the southern border with the state of [[Morelos]]. By that time, the total number of municipalities within the Federal District was twenty-two.

While the Federal District was ruled by the federal government through an appointed governor, the municipalities within it were autonomous, and this duality of powers created tension between the municipalities and the federal government for more than a century. In 1903 already, Porfirio Díaz largely reduced the powers of the municipalities within the Federal District. Eventually, in December 1928, the federal government decided to abolish all the municipalities of the Federal District. In place of the municipalities, the Federal District was divided into one "Central Department" and 13 ''delegaciones'' (boroughs) administered directly by the government of the Federal District. The Central Department was integrated by the former municipalities of Mexico City, Tacuba, Tacubaya and Mixcoac.

In 1941, the [[Pedro María de Anaya|General Anaya]] borough was merged to the Central Department, which was then renamed "Mexico City" (thus reviving the name, but not the autonomous municipality). From 1941 to 1970, the Federal District was comprised by 12 ''delegaciones'' and Mexico City. In 1970 Mexico City was split into four different ''delegaciones'': [[Cuauhtémoc]], [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla|Miguel Hidalgo]], [[Venustiano Carranza]] and [[Benito Juárez]], increasing the number of ''delegaciones'' to sixteen. Since then, in a ''de facto'' manner, the whole Federal District, whose ''delegaciones'' had by then almost formed a single urban area, began to be considered a synonym of Mexico City. However, the lack of a ''de jure'' stipulation left a legal vacuum that led to a number of sterile discussions about whether one concept had engulfed the other or if the latter had ceased to exist altogether. In 1993 this situation was solved by an amendment to the 44th article of the [[Constitution of Mexico|Constitution]] whereby Mexico City and the Federal District were set to be the same entity. This amendment was later introduced into the second article of the Statute of Government of the Federal District.<ref>[http://www.df.gob.mx/leyes/normatividad.html?materia=1&apartado=15&disp=140 Statute of Government of the Federal District]{{Dead link|date=March 2010}}</ref>

=== Political structure ===
[[File:Edificio Tlatelolco (S.R.E).JPG|thumb|Offices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]
[[File:MexCity-palacio.jpg|thumb|left|The National Palace of Mexico.]]
[[File:OldPalaceDFMexicoCity.JPG|thumb|left|The "Palacio de Ayuntamiento", on the southwest corner of the [[Zócalo|Zocalo]] has been the city's seat of power since the Spanish conquest]]
Mexico City, being the seat of the powers of the Union, did not belong to any particular state but to all. Therefore, it was the president, representing the federation, who used to designate the head of government of the Federal District, a position which is sometimes presented outside Mexico as the "Mayor" of Mexico City. {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} In the 1980s, given the dramatic increase in population of the previous decades, the inherent political inconsistencies of the system, as well as the dissatisfaction with the inadequate response of the federal government after the 1985 earthquake, residents began to request political and administrative autonomy to manage their local affairs. {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} Some [[political party|political groups]] even proposed that the Federal District be converted into the 32nd state of the federation.

In response to the demands, in 1987 the Federal District received a greater degree of autonomy, with the elaboration the first Statute of Government (''Estatuto de Gobierno''), and the creation of an Assembly of Representatives. {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} In the 1990s, this autonomy was further expanded and, starting from 1997, residents can directly elect the head of government of the Federal District and the representatives of a unicameral Legislative Assembly (which succeeded the previous Assembly) by popular vote. The first elected head of government was [[Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas]]. Cárdenas resigned in 1999 to run in the 2000 [[election|presidential elections]] and designated [[Rosario Robles]] to succeed him, who became the first woman (elected or otherwise) to govern Mexico City. In 2000 [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] was elected, and resigned in 2005 to run in the 2006 presidential elections, [[Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez]] being designated by the Legislative Assembly to finish the term. In 2006, [[Marcelo Ebrard]] Casaubon was elected for the 2006–2012 period.

The Federal District does not have a constitution, like the states of the Union, but rather a Statute of Government. As part of its recent changes in autonomy, the budget is administered locally; it is proposed by the head of government and approved by the Legislative Assembly. Nonetheless, it is the [[Congress of Mexico|Congress of the Union]] that sets the ceiling to internal and external [[Government debt|public debt]] issued by the Federal District.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finanzas.df.gob.mx/documentos/CodigoFinanciero_2007.pdf |title=Codigo Financiero Del Distrito Federal* |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref>

According to the 44th article of the Mexican Constitution, in case the powers of the Union move to another city, the Federal District will be transformed into a new state, which will be called "State of the Valley of Anahuac", with the new limits set by the Congress of the Union.

=== Elections and government ===
In 2006, elections were held for the post of head of government and the representatives of the Legislative Assembly. The elected and incumbent head of government is now [[Marcelo Ebrard]] Casaubon, candidate of the [[Party of the Democratic Revolution]] (PRD). Heads of government are elected for a 6-year period without the possibility of reelection. Traditionally, this position has been considered as the second most important executive office in the country.<ref>Hamnett, Brian (1999) ''A Concise History of Mexico'' [[Cambridge University Press]]; [[Cambridge]], UK, p. 293</ref>

The [[Legislative Assembly of the Federal District]] is formed, as it is the case in all legislatures in Mexico, by both single-seat and proportional seats, making it a system of [[parallel voting]]. The Federal District is divided into 40 electoral constituencies of similar population which elect one representative by [[Plurality voting system|first-past-the-post]] plurality (FPP), locally called "uninominal deputies". The Federal District as a whole constitutes a single constituency for the parallel election of 26 representatives by [[proportional representation|proportionality]] (PR) with open-party lists, locally called "plurinominal deputies." Even though [[proportionality (political maxim)|proportionality]] is only confined to the proportional seats, to prevent a part from being overrepresented, several restrictions apply in the assignation of the seats; namely, that no party can have more than 63% of all seats, both [[uninominal]] and [[plurinominal]]. In the 2006 elections leftist PRD got the absolute majority in the direct uninominal elections, securing 34 of the 40 FPP seats. As such, PRD was not assigned any plurinominal seat to comply with the law that prevents overrepresentation. The overall composition of the [[Legislative Assembly]] is:
[[File:Marcelo Ebrard.jpg|thumb|Mexico City's [[Head of Government of the Federal District|Head of Government]] [[Marcelo Ebrard]].]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! [[List of political parties in Mexico|Political party]]
! style="width:55pt;"|[[first-past-the-post|FPP]]
! style="width:55pt;"|[[Proportional representation|PR]]
! style="width:55pt;"|Total
|-
|align="left"|[[File:PRD party.png|18px]] [[Party of the Democratic Revolution]]
| style="text-align:center;"|31
| style="text-align:center;"|3
| style="text-align:center;"|34
|-
|align="left"|[[File:PAN party.png|18px]] [[National Action Party (Mexico)|National Action Party]]
| style="text-align:center;"|9
| style="text-align:center;"|6
| style="text-align:center;"|15
|-
|align="left"|[[File:PRI party.png|18px]] [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]]
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|8
| style="text-align:center;"|8
|-
|align="left"|[[File:PT party.png|18px]] [[Labor Party (Mexico)|Labour Party]]
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|5
| style="text-align:center;"|5
|-
|align="left"|[[File:PVEM party.png|18px]] [[Ecologist Green Party of Mexico]]
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|3
| style="text-align:center;"|3
|-
|align="left"|[[File:PNA party.png|18px]] [[New Alliance Party (Mexico)|New Alliance Party]]
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|- style="text-align:center;"
||'''Total'''
||'''40'''
||'''26'''
||'''66'''
|}

The politics pursued by the administrations of heads of government in Mexico City since the second half of the 20th century have usually been more liberal than those of the rest of the country, whether with the support of the federal government —as was the case with the approval of several comprehensive environmental laws in the 1980s— or through laws recently approved by the Legislative Assembly. In 2007, the Federal District became the second [[political divisions of Mexico|federal entity]] in the country, after the state of [[Coahuila]], to approve [[Same-sex marriage|same-sex unions]], and the first to allow [[conjugal visit]]s for [[homosexuality|homosexual]] prisoners<ref name="usatoday">{{Cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-04-03-mexico-changes_N.htm|title=Mexico's conservative image changing|publisher=[[USA Today]]|date=2007-04-03|accessdate=2007-04-03 | first=Chris | last=Hawley}}</ref> In April of the same year, the [[Legislative Assembly]] expanded provisions on abortions, becoming the first federal entity to expand [[abortion in Mexico]] beyond cases of rape and economic reasons, to permit it regardless of the reason should the mother request it before the twelfth week of pregnancy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/420927.html|title=Aprueba ALDF en lo general reforma sobre el aborto|publisher=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]]|date=2007-04-24|accessdate=2007-04-25}}</ref> In December 2009, the Federal District became the first city in Latin America, and one of very few in the world, to legalize [[same-sex marriage]].

=== Boroughs ===
{{See also|Boroughs of the Mexican Federal District|Colonias of Mexico City}}
[[File:Boroughs of Mexican Federal District numbered.svg|thumb|235px|The 16 boroughs of Mexico City]]
For administrative purposes, the Federal District is divided into 16 "delegaciones" or [[boroughs of the Mexican Federal District|boroughs]]. While not fully equivalent to a [[municipality]], the 16 boroughs have gained significant autonomy, and since 2000 their heads of government are elected directly by [[plurality voting system|plurality]] (they were previously appointed by the head of government of the Federal District). Given that Mexico City is organized entirely as a Federal District, most of the [[Municipal services|city services]] are provided or organized by the [[Government of the Federal District]] and not by the boroughs themselves, while in the [[constituent state]]s these services would be provided by the municipalities. The 16 boroughs of the Federal District are:

{|cellspacing="8"
|-
| style="width:50%;"|
1. [[Álvaro Obregón, D.F.|Álvaro Obregón]] <br />
2. [[Azcapotzalco]]<br />
3. [[Benito Juárez, D.F.|Benito Juárez]]<br />
4. [[Coyoacán]]<br />
5. [[Cuajimalpa]]<br />
6. [[Cuauhtémoc, D.F.|Cuauhtémoc]]<br />
7. [[Gustavo A. Madero, D.F.|Gustavo A. Madero]]<br />
8. [[Iztacalco]]<br />
| style="width:33%;"|
9. [[Iztapalapa]]<br />
10. [[Magdalena Contreras]]<br />
11. [[Miguel Hidalgo, D.F.|Miguel Hidalgo]]<br />
12. [[Milpa Alta]]<br />
13. [[Tláhuac]]<br />
14. [[Tlalpan]]<br />
15. [[Venustiano Carranza, D.F.|Venustiano Carranza]]<br />
16. [[Xochimilco]]
|}

[[File:Mexico D. F..jpg|thumb|left|View of the west]]
The boroughs are composed by hundreds of ''[[colonias of Mexico City|colonias]]'' or [[Neighbourhood|neighborhoods]], which have no jurisdictional autonomy or representation. It is plausible that the name, which literally means colony, arose in the late 19th, early 20th centuries, when one of the first urban developments outside the city's core was inhabited by a French colony in the city. Some colonias have identifiable attributes: [[Historic center of Mexico City|Historic Center]] is the oldest quarter in the city, some of the buildings dating back to the 16th century {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}; [[Condesa]] is known for its [[Art Deco]] architecture, and for being the newest artistic center of the city; [[Santa Fe (Mexico City)|Santa Fe]] is a growing business and financial district (built over old [[landfill]]s); [[Colonia Roma|Roma]] is a [[Beaux-Arts architecture|beaux arts]] neighborhood and probably one of the oldest in the city; [[Polanco (Mexico)|Polanco]] is an important commercial and economic center known for its large [[History of the Jews in Mexico|Jewish]] community, and [[Tepito]] and [[La Lagunilla]] are known for its large [[flea market]]. {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}

== Health ==
[[File:IMSSbuildingDF.JPG|thumb|Headquarters of the IMSS in Mexico City]]
[[File:Swine Flu Masked Train Passengers in Mexico City.jpg|thumb|left|Swine Flu epidemic in 2009.]]

Mexico City is home to some of the best private hospitals in the country; [[Hospital Ángeles]], [[Hospital ABC]] and [[Médica Sur]] to name a few. The national [[Publicly-funded health care|public healthcare]] institution for [[private sector|private-sector]] employees [[Mexican Social Security Institute|IMSS]], has its largest facilities in Mexico City, including the National Medical Center and the [[La Raza]] Medical Center, and has an annual budget of over 6 billion pesos. The IMSS and other [[public health]] institutions, including the ISSSTE (Public Sector Employees' Social Security Institute) and the National Health Ministry (SSA) maintain large specialty facilities in the city. These include the National Institutes of Cardiology, Nutrition, Psychiatry, Oncology, Pediatrics, Rehabilitation, among others.

The [[World Bank Group|World Bank]] has sponsored a project to curb air pollution through [[public transport]] improvements and the Mexican government has started shutting down polluting factories. They have phased out diesel buses and mandated new emission controls on new cars; since 1993 all new cars must be fitted with a [[catalytic converter]], which reduce the emissions released. Trucks must use only [[liquefied petroleum gas]] (LPG).
Also construction of an [[Mexico City Metro|underground rail system]] was begun in 1968 order to help curb air pollution problems and alleviate [[traffic congestion]]. Today it has over 201&nbsp;km of track and carries over 5 million people every day. Fees are kept low to encourage use of the system and during [[rush hour]]s the crush is so great, that authorities have reserved a special carriage specially for women.
Due to these initiatives and others, the air quality in Mexico City has begun to improve, with the air becoming cleaner since 1991, when the air quality was declared to be a public health risk for 355 days of the year.

== Economy ==
[[File:Mexico - Bourse.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Mexican Stock Exchange]] in [[Paseo de la Reforma]], Mexico City]]
[[File:Mexico Dic 06 209.jpg|thumb|Partial view of [[Santa Fe (Mexico City)|Santa Fe]] financial district]]

Mexico City is one of the most important economic hubs in [[Latin America]]. The city proper (Federal District) produces 21.8% of the country's [[gross domestic product]].<ref name="INEGI">{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=cuna14&c=1669|title=Producto interno bruto por entidad federativa. Participación sectorial por entidad federative|language=Spanish}}</ref> According to a study conducted by [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]], Mexico City had a GDP of $315 billion, ranking as the eighth richest city in the world after the greater areas of Tokyo, New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Paris, London and [[Osaka]]/[[Kobe]], and the richest in Latin America.<ref name="pwc">{{cite web|url=http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.asp?MediaDetailsID=863|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070926221605/http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.asp?MediaDetailsID=863|archivedate=2007-09-26|title=Table 1.2 – Top 30 urban agglomeration GDP rankings in 2005 and illustrative projections to 2020 (using UN definitions and population estimates)|first="UK Economic Outlook, March 2007", page 5|last=[[PricewaterhouseCoopers|PriceWaterhouseCoopers]]|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2005.html|title=City Mayors reviews the richest cities in the world in 2005|publisher=Citymayors.com|date=2007-03-11|accessdate=2009-05-05}}</ref><ref name="citymayors2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2005.html |title=150 Richest Cities in the World, 2005 |publisher=Citymayors.com |date=2007-03-11 |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref> Making Mexico City alone the 30th largest economy in the world.<ref name="emporis">{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=101008|title=Emporis|accessdate=9 January 2009}}</ref>
Mexico City is the greatest contributor to the country's industrial GDP (15.8%) and also the greatest contributor to the country's GDP in the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service sector]] (25.3%){{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}. Due to the limited non-urbanized space at the south—most of which is protected through environmental laws the contribution of the Federal District in agriculture is the smallest of all federal entities in the country.<ref name="INEGI" /> Mexico City has one of the world's fastest-growing economies and its GDP is set to double by 2020.<ref name="furness">{{Cite journal|last=Furness|first=Charlie|authorlink=|coauthors=|year=2008|month=April|title=Boomtown|journal=Geographical|volume=80|issue=4|pages=36–45|id=0016741X}}</ref>

As measured by the overall GDP of the entire metropolitan area, Mexico City is the richest city in the country and Latin America. In the 2009 UNDP-MHDI Human Development Report, Mexico City had an index of 0.937 identical to that of Republic of Korea. The level of household expenditure in Mexico City is close to that of an average household in Germany or Japan. Households in the capital have fewer members, with 3.7 average members compared to the national average of 4.0.

The GDP per capita of the metropolitan area is $25,258 identical to countries such as South Korea.<ref>[http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/desarrollo/001.pdf Índices de Desarrollo Humano 2000]{{Dead link|date=March 2010}}, Consejo Nacional de Población, Ciudad de México.</ref> The top twenty-five percent of GDP per capita holders in the city had a mean [[disposable and discretionary income|disposable income]] of US $98,517 in 2007. The extremely high spending power of Mexico City inhabitants, makes the city attractive for [[luxury good]]s companies. The growth of luxury stores established in Mexico City has been impressive since 2003, especially those dealing in [[luxury vehicle|luxury cars]], high technology, designer clothes and expensive jewellery.<ref name="euromonitor">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.portal.euromonitor.com/passport/ResultsList.aspx|journal=Euromonitor International Countries and Consumers|title=Mexico Income and Expenditure|accessdate=2008-10-28|date=2008-05-12|work=}} {{dead link|date=October 2010}}</ref> The combined personal wealth of privately held income of citizens of the entire federal district is estimated to be $536.95 billion USD, $146 billion larger than the city's GDP of $390 billion, which only takes into account the combined net worth of goods, services and corporately held assets.

The economic reforms of President [[Carlos Salinas de Gortari]] had a tremendous effect on the city, as a number of businesses, including banks, were privatized. He also signed the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA). This led to the decentralization<ref name="furness"/> and a shift in Mexico City's economic base, from manufacturing to services, as many factories moved to the [[State of Mexico]] and to the northern border. The government also encouraged this with [[tax exemption|tax incentives]] and new environmental regulations for manufacturing within the Federal District.<ref name="oecd">{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/2/35/9259521.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD, Environment Policy Committee|month=April|year=2002|title=Environmental Issues in Policy Based Competition for Investment: A Literature Review}}{{Dead link|date=March 2010}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

[[File:Torre st regis, torre mayor.JPG|thumb|left|The Torre Mayor seen from Reforma]]
[[File:Zona Metropolitana de México.svg|thumb|Greater Mexico City, extending to the states of Mexico and Hidalgo]]
[[File:Torre Pemex (5).jpg|thumb|left|Torre Pemex at night.]]
Historically, and since pre-Hispanic times, the [[Valley of Mexico|valley of Anáhuac]] has been one of the most densely populated areas in Mexico. When the Federal District was created in 1824, the urban area of Mexico City extended approximately to the area of today's [[Cuauhtémoc]] [[borough]]. {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} At the beginning of the 20th century, the ''elites'' began migrating to the south and west and soon the small towns of [[Mixcoac]] and [[San Ángel]] were incorporated by the growing conurbation. {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} According to the 1921 census, 54.78% of the city's population was considered Mestizo (Indigenous mixed with European), 22.79% considered European, and 18.74% considered Indigenous.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.houstonculture.org/hispanic/census.html|title=The Hispanic Experience - Indigenous Identity in Mexico}}</ref> In 1921, Mexico City had less than one million inhabitants.

Up to the 1980s, the Federal District was the most populous [[political divisions of Mexico|federal entity]] in Mexico, but since then its population has remained stable at around 8.7 million. The growth of the city has extended beyond the limits of the Federal District to 59 municipalities of the [[state of Mexico]] and 1 in the state of [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]].<ref name="CONAPOzm2005">[http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/dzm2005/index.htm Consejo Nacional de Población, México; Delimitación de las zonas metropolitanas de México 2005]{{Dead link|date=March 2010}}. Retrieved 2008-09-27.</ref> With a population of approximately 19.8 million inhabitants (2008),<ref name="CONAPOProy2">[http://web.archive.org/web/20071012092602/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/00cifras/5.htm Consejo Nacional de Población, México; Proyecciones de la Población de México 2005-2050] Total projected population of Distrito Federal and the 60 other municipalities of ''Zona metropolitana del Valle de México'', as defined in 2005. Retrieved 2008-09-27.</ref> it is one of the most populous conurbations in the world. Nonetheless, the annual rate of growth of the [[Greater Mexico City|Metropolitan Area of Mexico City]] is much lower than that of other large urban agglomerations in Mexico,<ref name=sintesis>[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/proyectos/conteos/conteo2005/sintesis.pps Síntesis de Resultados del Conteo 2005] INEGI</ref> a phenomenon most likely attributable to the [[environmental policy]] of decentralization. The [[net migration rate]] of the Federal District from 1995 to 2000 was negative.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob62&c=3883&e=09 |title=Tasa de emigración, inmigración y migración neta de las entidades federativas |publisher=Inegi.gob.mx |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref>

While they represent around 18.74% of the city's population, [[Indigenous peoples in Mexico|indigenous peoples]] from different [[Political divisions of Mexico|regions of Mexico]] have immigrated to the capital in search of better economic opportunities. [[Nahuatl|Náhuatl]], [[Otomi language|Otomí]], [[Mixtec]]o, [[Zapotec languages|Zapoteco]], and [[Mazahua]] are the indigenous languages with the greatest number of speakers in Mexico City.<ref>[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mlen23&c=4169&e=09 Población de 5 y más años hablante de lengua indígena por principales lenguas, 2005] INEGI</ref>

On the other hand, Mexico City is home to large communities of [[expatriate]]s and immigrants, most notably from South America (mainly from [[Argentina]], but also from [[Chile]], [[Uruguay]], [[Colombia]], [[Brazil]] and [[Venezuela]]), from Europe (mainly from [[Spain]] and [[Germany]], but also from [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Poland]] and [[Romania]]),<ref name="extranjeros">{{cite web|url=http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/151/15103202.pdf |title=Asociaciones de Inmigrantes Extranjeros en la Ciudad de México. Una Mirada a Fines del Siglo XX |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://historiamexicana.colmex.mx/pdf/13/art_13_1938_16335.pdf |title=Los extranjeros en México, la inmigración y el gobierno ¿Tolerancia o intolerancia religiosa? |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref> the Middle East (mainly from [[Lebanon]] and [[Syria]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://confines.mty.itesm.mx/articulos2/GarciaRE.pdf |title=Los árabes de México. Asimilación y herencia cultural |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref> and recently from Asia (mainly from [[China]] and [[South Korea]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/mexico/443030.html |title=Conmemoran 100 años de inmigración coreana |publisher=Esmas.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref> While no official figures have been reported, [[Census|population estimates]] of each of these communities are quite significant. Mexico City is home to the largest population of [[Demographics of the United States|U.S. Americans]] living outside the United States. Some estimates are as high as 600,000 U.S. Americans living in Mexico City, while in 1999 the U.S. Bureau of Consular Affairs estimates over 440,000 Americans lived in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area.<ref>{{cite web|author=Carl Franz and Lorena Havens |url=http://www.peoplesguide.com/1pages/retire/work/bil-maste/%232americans.html |title=How Many Americans Live in Mexico? |publisher=Peoplesguide.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.overseasdigest.com/amcit_nu2.htm |title=Private American Citizens Residing Abroad |publisher=Overseasdigest.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref>

The majority (90.5%) of the residents in Mexico City are [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]], higher than the national percentage, even though it has been decreasing over the last decades.<ref>[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mrel07&c=4140&e=09 Volumen y porcentaje de la población de 5 y más años católica por entidad federativa, 2000] INEGI</ref> However, many other religions and philosophies are also practiced in the city: many different types of [[Protestantism|Protestant]] groups, different types of [[Judaism|Jewish]] communities, [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] and [[Islam]] and other philosophical groups, as well as [[atheism]].

== Landmarks ==
{{Infobox World Heritage Site
|Name=Historic Centre of Mexico City and [[Xochimilco]]
|infoboxwidth=260px
|Image=[[File:Mexico-city-cathedral.jpg|200px|border|National Museum of Art]]
|State_Party={{MEX}}
|Type=Cultural
|Criteria=ii, iii, iv, v
|ID=412
|Region=[[List of World Heritage Sites in the Americas|Latin America and the Caribbean]]
|Year=1987
}}
[[File:Apartments in Mexico City.jpg|left|thumb|Low income apartment blocks in the Azcapotzalco neighborhood of Mexico City]]
[[File:Lomas de Chapultepec.png|left|thumb|Lomas de Chapultepec residential area]]
The [[Historic center of Mexico City|Historic Centre (''Centro Histórico'')]] and the "floating gardens" of [[Xochimilco]] in the southern borough have been declared [[World Heritage Site]]s by the [[UNESCO]]. Famous landmarks in the Historic Center include the [[Zócalo|Plaza de la Constitución]] (Zócalo), the main central square with its time clashing Spanish-era [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral|Metropolitan Cathedral]] and [[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]], and Delran, and ancient Aztec temple ruins [[Templo Mayor]] ("Major Temple") are all within a few steps of one another. (The Templo Mayor was discovered in 1978 while workers were digging to place underground electric cables.)

The most recognizable icon of Mexico City is the golden [[El Ángel|Angel of Independence]], found on the wide, elegant avenue [[Paseo de la Reforma]], modeled by the order of the Emperor [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Maximilian of Mexico]] after the [[Champs-Élysées]] in Paris. This avenue was designed over [[Americas]]' oldest passage in the 19th century to connect the [[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]] (seat of government) with the [[Chapultepec Castle|Castle of Chapultepec]], the imperial residence. Today, this avenue is an important financial district in which the [[Mexican Stock Exchange]] as several [[corporate headquarters]] are located. Another important avenue is the [[Avenida de los Insurgentes]], which extends {{convert|28.8|km|mi|abbr=on}} and is one of the longest single avenues in the world.

The [[Chapultepec]] park houses the ''[[Chapultepec Castle|Castle of Chapultepec]]'', now a museum on a hill that overlooks the park and its numerous museums, monuments and the national zoo and the [[Museo Nacional de Antropología|National Museum of Anthropology]] (which houses the [[Aztec calendar stone|Aztec Calendar Stone]]). Another magnificent piece of architecture is the [[Palacio de Bellas Artes|Fine Arts Palace]], a stunning white marble theatre/museum whose weight is such that it has gradually been sinking into the soft ground below. Its construction began during the presidency of [[Porfirio Díaz]] and ended, after being interrupted by the [[Mexican Revolution]] in the 1920s. The [[Plaza de las Tres Culturas|Plaza of the Three Cultures]] in the [[Tlatelolco (Mexico City)|Tlatelolco]] neighbourhood, and the shrine and [[Basilica]]s of [[Our Lady of Guadalupe]] are also important sites. There is a [[double-decker bus]], known as the "Turibus", that circles most of these sites, and has timed audio describing the sites in multiple languages as they are passed.

In addition, the city has around 160 museums, over 100 [[art museum|art galleries]], and some 30 [[List of concert halls|concert halls]], all of which maintain a constant cultural activity during the whole year. {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} It has the fourth highest number of theatres in the world after New York, London and Toronto, and it is the city with the highest number of museums in the world. {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} In many locales (Palacio Nacional and the [[National Institute of Cardiology|Instituto Nacional de Cardiología]], to name a few), there are murals painted by [[Diego Rivera]]. He and his wife [[Frida Kahlo]] lived in the southern suburb of [[Coyoacán]], where several of their homes, studios, and art collections are open to the public. The house where [[Leon Trotsky]] was initially granted asylum and finally murdered in 1940 is also in Coyoacán.

In addition, there are several restored ''haciendas'' that are now restaurants, such as the San Ángel Inn, the Hacienda de Tlalpan and the Hacienda de los Morales, all of which are stunning remnants of Mexican history and house some of the best food in the world.

<gallery caption="Landmarks" widths="100px" heights="100px" perrow="6">
File:Xochimilco.jpg|Xochimilco Floating Gardens
File:Teatro de la Ciudad de Mexico.jpg|The Teatro de la Ciudad de Mexico
File:Edificioparis.jpg|Paris building, neoclassic style
File:Palacio de bellas artes 1.jpg|Palace of Fine Arts
File:Mexico.DF.HemicicloJuarez.01.jpg|Monument to Benito Juarez
File:Pantalon.jpg|Torre Arcos
File:Torre Pemex.jpg|Torre Pemex
File:Across_Torres.jpg|Arcos Towers
File:Sears Building.jpg|Sears Building
</gallery>

== Transportation ==
{{Main|Transportation in Mexico City}}
[[File:Metrobús Set Dominguez.jpg|thumb|left|Metrobús at [[Avenida de los Insurgentes|Insurgentes Avenue]]]]
[[File:Avenida Carlos Lazo.jpg|thumb|Highways connect all areas of the city]]
[[File:Camaronn.jpg|thumb|180px|Mexico City Metro, [[Metro Camarones|Camarones]] station]]
[[File:MexicoCable.jpg|thumb|left|Inter-terminal shuttle train at Mexico City International Airport]]
[[File:MexCity10.JPG|thumb|upright|Aerial view of the elevated freeway running from the northern area of the city to the southern area]]
[[File:DistribuidorVial.jpg|thumb|left|Elevated Periferico freeway.]]

Mexico City is served by the ''[[Mexico City Metro|Sistema de Transporte Colectivo Metro]]'', a 207&nbsp;km [[rapid transit|metro]] system, which is the largest in Latin America. The first portions were opened in 1969 and it has expanded to 11 lines with [[List of Mexico City metro stations|175 stations]]. A [[Regional rail|suburban rail]] system, known as the Tren Suburbano, similar to the Parisian [[Réseau express régional|RER]] started operations in 2008 connecting the city downtown to the Northern suburbs. A twelfth (gold color) metro line is currently in construction, and will add an additional 25&nbsp;km to the network. The ''metro'' is one of the busiest in the world transporting approximately 4.5 million people every day, surpassed only by subway lines in Moscow (7.5 million), Tokyo (5.9 million), and New York City (5.1 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mta.info/nyct/facts/ffsubway.htm|title=MTA NYC Transit - Info|publisher=Mta.info|date=1904-10-27|accessdate=2009-05-05}}</ref> It is heavily subsidized, and has the lowest fares in the world, each trip costing 3.00[[Mexican peso|Mex$]] and taking each passenger to almost any place in this enormous city from 05:00&nbsp;am to midnight. Several stations display [[Pre-Columbian era|pre-Columbian]] artifacts and architecture that were discovered during the metro's construction. {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} However, the [[Mexico City Metro|Metro]] does not extend outside the limits of the Federal District and, therefore, an extensive network of bus routes has been implemented. These are mostly managed by private companies which are allowed to operate buses as long as they adhere to certain minimal service quality standards.

The city government also operates a network of large buses, in contrast with the privately operated [[Pesero|microbuses]] (''peseros''), with fares barely exceeding that of the metro. Electric transport other than the metro also exists, in the form of several [[trolleybus]] routes and the [[Xochimilco Light Rail]] line, both of which are operated by ''[[Servicio de Transportes Eléctricos]]''. The central area's last [[Tram|streetcar]] line ([[tram]]way, or ''[[:es:Tranvía|tranvía]]'') closed in 1979, but the reintroduction of streetcars to the historic city center is planned.<ref>''Tramways & Urban Transit'' magazine (UK), April 2010, p. 150. [[Light Rail Transit Association]].</ref> The city's first [[bus rapid transit]] line, the [[Mexico City Metrobús|Metrobús]], began operation in June 2005, along [[Avenida de los Insurgentes|Avenida Insurgentes]]. A second line was constructed along Eje 4 Sur, opening in December 2008,<ref>{{Cite news| last = Gómez Flores | first = Laura | title = Con retraso de siete meses inicia línea 2 del Metrobús | language = Spanish | date = 16 December 2008 | publisher = [[La Jornada]] | url = http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2008/12/16/index.php?section=capital&article=037n2cap | accessdate = 2010-06-07}}</ref> and a third line is projected to open in February 2011, serving Eje 1 Poniente between [[Tenayuca]] and [[Metro Etiopía]].<ref>{{Cite news| last = Gómez Flores | first = Laura | title = Pretenden entregar antes la línea 3 del Metrobús | language = Spanish | date = 31 May 2010 | publisher = [[La Jornada]] | url = http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/05/31/index.php?section=capital&article=038n2cap | accessdate = 2010-06-07}}</ref> As the microbuses were removed from its route, it was hoped that the Metrobús could reduce pollution and decrease transit time for passengers. Also, since late 2002, the white and green taxis have been joined by red and white ones as part of a program to replace older vehicles with new ones.

Mexico City is served by [[Mexico City International Airport]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|IATA Airport Code]]: MEX). This airport is [[Latin America]]'s busiest and largest in traffic, with daily flights to North America, mainland Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Europe and Asia. [[Aeroméxico]] ([[SkyTeam|Skyteam]]) and [[Mexicana de Aviación|Mexicana]] ([[Oneworld]]) are based at this airport, and provide codeshare agreements with non-Mexican airlines that span the entire globe. It is used by over 26 million passengers per year.<ref>[http://www.aeropuertosmexico.com/DF/aptoDFes.htm Aeropuertos Mexico]{{Dead link|date=March 2010}}</ref>
This traffic exceeds the current capacity of the airport, which has historically centralized the majority of [[Air Traffic|air traffic]] in the country. An alternate option is [[Lic. Adolfo López Mateos International Airport]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|IATA Airport Code]]: TLC) located in the nearby [[Toluca]], [[State of Mexico]] with about 4.5 million passengers transported last year. In 2008, about 31 million people went through the city's airports. The government engaged in an extensive restructuring program that includes the new second adjacent terminal, which began operations in 2007, and the enlargement of four other airports (at the nearby cities of [[Toluca]], [[Querétaro, Querétaro|Querétaro]], [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]] and [[Cuernavaca]]) that, along with Mexico City's airport, comprise the ''[[Grupo Aeroportuario del Valle de México]]'', distributing traffic to different regions in Mexico. The city of [[Pachuca, Hidalgo|Pachuca]] will also provide additional expansion to central Mexico's airport network. Mexico City's airport is the main hub for 11 of the 21 [[List of airlines of Mexico|national airline companies]].

The city has four major bus stations (North, South, Observatorio, TAPO), which comprise one of the world's largest transportation agglomerations, with bus service to many cities across the country and international connections. The city has one [[train station]], used for commercial and industrial purposes (interstate [[train|passenger trains]] are now virtually non-existent in Mexico). A suburban rail system, the ''[[Ferrocarril Suburbano de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México|Tren Suburbano]]'' serves the metropolitan area, beyond the city limits of the [[Mexico City Metro|metro]], to municipalities such as [[Tlalnepantla de Baz|Tlalnepantla]] and [[Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico State|Cuautitlán Izcalli]], with future extensions to [[Chalco]] and [[Los Reyes Acaquilpan|La Paz]].

In the late 70's many arterial roads were redesigned as ''ejes viales''; high-volume one-way roads that cross, in theory, Mexico City proper from side to side. The ''eje vial'' network is based on a quasi-[[Cartesian coordinate system|Cartesian]] grid, with the ''ejes'' themselves being called ''Eje 1 Poniente'', ''Eje Central'', and ''Eje 1 Oriente'', for example, for the north-south roads, and ''Eje 2 Sur'' and ''Eje 3 Norte'', for example, for east-west roads. Two freeway ring-roads serve to connect points within the city and the metropolitan area: Circuito Interior (the inner ring) and Periférico, which connect to one straight freeway: the Viaducto (Viaduct) (connecting west with east, from Observatorio to the Airport). Traffic in this system is so dense that an elevated highway that runs on top and parallel to a part of the Periférico, had to be constructed and finished in 2003. This elevated highway is colloquially called ''segundo piso'' ("second level") of the Periférico.

There is an environmental program, called [[Hoy No Circula]] ("Not To Run Today", or "One Day without a Car"), whereby only vehicles with certain ending numbers on their [[Vehicle registration plate|license plates]] are allowed to circulate on certain days, in an attempt to cut down on pollution and traffic congestion. {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}

== Sports ==
[[File:Estadio Azteca 07a.jpg|thumb|left|[[Estadio Azteca]], the [[List of stadiums by capacity|fifth largest]] stadium in the world]]
[[Association football|Football (Soccer)]] is Mexico's most popular and most [[Broadcasting of sports events|televised sport]]. The important venues in Mexico City for this sport include the [[Estadio Azteca|Aztec Stadium]], home to the [[Mexico national football team]] and [[Club América|América]], which has a capacity to seat 140,000 fans, the [[Estadio Olímpico Universitario|Olympic Stadium]] in [[Ciudad Universitaria]], home to the [[Club Universidad Nacional|U.N.A.M.]], with a [[seating capacity]] of over 63,000. The [[Estadio Azul]], which seats 35,000 fans, is located near the city's [[World Trade Center Mexico City|WTC]] in the Nochebuena [[Colonia (Mexico)|Neighborhood]], and is home to the [[Cruz Azul]]. The three teams are based in Mexico City and play in the ([[Primera División de México|First Division]]), they are also part of the "Big Four" of Mexico.
The country hosted the [[FIFA World Cup]] in [[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]] and [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]], therefore the Aztec Stadium is the only stadium in World Cup history to host a final match twice.

Mexico City remains the first and only Latin American city to host the Olympic Games, having organized the [[1968 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]] in 1968, winning bids against [[Buenos Aires]], [[Lyon]] and [[Detroit]]. (As of 2016, this will no longer be the case, as [[2016 Summer Olympics|that year's games]] will be held in [[Rio de Janeiro]].) The city has hosted the [[1955 Pan American Games]] and then the [[1975 Pan American Games]] after [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] and [[São Paulo]] withdrew.
The [[ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships]] have been hosted here twice, in [[1974 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships|1974]] and in [[1994 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships|1994]]. [[Lucha libre]] is the Mexican form of wrestling, and is one of the more popular sports throughout the country. The main venues in the city are [[Arena México]] and [[Arena Coliseo]].

Adjacent to [[Foro Sol]] is Mexico City's [[Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez]]. From 1962 to 1970 and again from 1986 to 1992, the track hosted the [[Formula One|Formula 1]] [[Mexican Grand Prix]]. From 1980-1981 and again from 2002 to 2007, it hosted the [[Champ Car|Champ Car World Series]] [[Gran Premio de México]]. Beginning in 2005, the [[NASCAR]] [[Nationwide Series]] ran the [[Corona México 200|Telcel-Motorola México 200]]. 2005 also marked the first running of the Mexico City 250 by the [[Grand American Road Racing Association|Grand-Am]] [[Rolex Sports Car Series]]. Both races were removed from their series' schedules for 2009. [[Baseball]] is another sport played professionally in the city. Mexico City is currently home to the triple A level club the [[Diablos Rojos de México|Mexico Red Devils]] of the [[Mexican League (baseball)|MBL]]. The Devils play their home games at the [[Foro Sol]] sports and concert venue. In Mexico City there are approximately 10 little leagues for young baseball players.

In 2005, Mexico City became the first city to host an [[National Football League|NFL]] regular season game outside of the United States, at the [[Estadio Azteca|Aztec Stadium]]. To date, the crowd of 103,467 people attending this game is the largest ever for a regular season game in NFL history. The city has also hosted several [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] pre-season exhibition games along with exhibition matches among MLB teams at the [[Foro Sol]]. The [[FIBA Americas Championship]] has also been hosted here.

Other sports facilities in Mexico City are the [[Palacio de los Deportes]] indoor arena, [[Alberca Olímpica Francisco Márquez|Francisco Márquez Olympic Swimming Pool]], the [[Hipódromo de las Américas|Hipódromo de Las Américas]], the [http://www.conade.gob.mx/cnar/pdfs/52_55_velodromo.pdf Velodromo Agustín Melgar], and venues for [[equestrianism]] and [[horse racing]], [[Mexico national ice hockey team|Ice Hockey]], [[Mexican Rugby Federation|Rugby]], [[American football]], [[Mexican League (baseball)|baseball]], and [[Mexico national basketball team|basketball]] for which what is widely regarded as the best [[FIBA Americas|International Basketball Tournament]] has been held in the city.

[[Bullfighting]] takes place every Sunday during bullfighting season at the 50,000-seat [[Plaza México]], the largest bullfight ring in the world.

Mexico City's [[golf course]]s have held both the Women's [[LPGA]] tour, as well as two [[World Cup (men's golf)|Men's Golf World Cups]]. These, and other golf courses throughout the city are available as private, as well as public venues.

== Education ==
[[File:ITESM Ciudad de México Set Dominguez.jpg|thumb|160px|upright|[[Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education|ITESM]] campus in Mexico City]]
[[File:ESCOM - CIC.jpg|thumb|left|[[National Polytechnic Institute]]]]
[[File:UNAM library.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[National Autonomous University of Mexico]]]]
[[File:Centro de Información atardecer.jpg|thumb|Anáhuac University]]
[[File:Biblioteca-uacm.jpg|thumb|UACM Mexico City campus]]
The second oldest university in the Americas, established in 1551, the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]] (UNAM), is located in Mexico City. It is the largest university on the continent, with 305,969 students from all backgrounds enrolled. Three [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureates]], several Mexican entrepreneurs and most of Mexico's modern-day presidents are among its former students. UNAM conducts 50% of Mexico's [[scientific method|scientific research]] and has presence all across the country with satellite campuses, observatories and research centers. The National Autonomous University of Mexico ranks 45th in the Top 200 World [[College and university rankings|University Ranking]] published by [[Times Higher Education|The Times Higher Education Supplement]] in 2009,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/144076.html |title=Times Higher Education Supplement, 2006 |publisher=Eluniversal.com.mx |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref> making it the highest ranked Spanish-speaking university in the world. The sprawling main campus of the university, known as [[Ciudad Universitaria]], was named a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO in 2007.

The second largest higher-education institution is the [[National Polytechnic Institute]] (IPN) (which includes, among many other relevant centers, the [[CINVESTAV|Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados]] (Cinvestav), where high-level research is performed about very different scientific and technological disciplines. Other major higher-education institutions in the city include the [[Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana|Metropolitan Autonomous University]] (UAM), the [[Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México|ITAM]], the [[Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education|ITESM]] (3 campuses), the [[Universidad Panamericana Sede México|Universidad Panamericana]] (UP), the [[Universidad La Salle]], the [[Universidad del Valle de México|Universidad del Valle de Mexico]] (UVM), the [[Anahuac Universities Network|Universidad Anáhuac]], the [[Alliant International University]], the [[Universidad Iberoamericana]], [[El Colegio de México]] (Colmex), [[Escuela Libre de Derecho]] and the [[Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas|Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económica]], (CIDE).
The most prestigious [[private university|private universities]] in the country including Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México and the Universidad Panamericana have their flagship campus located in Mexico City. In addition, the prestigious [[University of California]] maintains a campus known as "Casa de California" in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/casa/welcome.html |title=1 |publisher=Universityofcalifornia.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref> The [[Universidad Tecnológica de México]] is also in Mexico City.

Contrary to what occurs in the constituent states of the Mexican federation, the curriculum of Mexico City's [[public school (government funded)|public schools]] is managed by the federal level [[Secretariat of Public Education|Secretary of Public Education]]. The whole funding is allocated by the government of Mexico City (in some specific cases, such as [[El Colegio de México]], funding comes from both the city's government and other public and private national and international entities). {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}

A very special case is that of [[Colegio Nacional|El Colegio Nacional]], created during the governmental period of [[Miguel Alemán Valdés]] to have, in Mexico, an institution very similar to the [[Collège de France|College of France]]. The very selected and [[privileged group]] of Mexican scientists and artists belonging to this institution (the membership is lifelong; some of the current members are [[Mario Lavista]], [[Ruy Pérez Tamayo]], [[José Emilio Pacheco]], [[Marcos Moshinsky]] (d.2009), [[Guillermo Soberón Acevedo]], and many others) have the obligation of disclosing their works among the general population, through conferences and public events such as concerts and recitals.

Amongst its many public and [[private school]]s (K-13), the city offers [[Multiculturalism|multi-cultural]], [[Multilingualism|multi-lingual]] and [[international school]]s which are attended by Mexican and [[International student|foreign students]]. Best known are the [[Colegio Alemán Alexander von Humboldt|Colegio Alemán]] (German school with 3 main campuses), the [[Liceo Mexicano Japones|Liceo Mexicano Japonés]] (Japanese), the [[Korean Mexican|Escuela Coreana]] (Korean), the [[Lycée Franco-Mexicain|Lycée Français de Mexique]] (French), the [[ASF Mexico|American School]], the [[Edron Academy]] and the [[Greengates School]] (British).

== Media ==

Mexico City is the leading center in [[Latin America]] for the television, music and film industries. It is also the most important center in Mexico for the printed media and [[publishing|book publishing]] industries. Dozens of daily newspapers are published in this city, including ''[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]]'', ''[[Excélsior]]'', ''[[Reforma]]'' and ''[[La Jornada]].'' Other major papers include ''[[Milenio]]'', ''[[Crónica (newspaper)|Crónica]]'', ''[[El Economista]]'' and ''[[El Financiero]]''. Leading magazines include ''[[Expansión]]'', ''[[Proceso (magazine)|Proceso]]'', ''[[Poder]]'', as well as dozens of entertainment publications, such as ''[[Vanidades]]'', ''[[Quién]]'', ''[[Chilango]]'', ''[[TVyNovelas|TV y Novelas]]'', and local editions of ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'', ''[[GQ]]'', and ''[[Architectural Digest]]''.

The two largest media companies in the Spanish-speaking world, [[Televisa]] and [[TV Azteca]], are headquartered in Mexico City. Other [[television channel|local television]] networks include [[Once TV|Canal 11]], [[XEIMT-TV|Canal 22]], [[XHTRES-TV|Cadena Tres]], [[XHUNAM-TV|Teveunam]] and 11 free-access channels.

It is also a leading center of the [[advertising industry]]. Most international ad firms have offices in the city, including [[Grey]], [[JWT]], [[Leo Burnett]], [[Euro RSCG]], [[BBDO]], Ogilvy, [[Saatchi & Saatchi]], and [[McCann Erickson]]. Many local firms also compete in the sector, including [[Alazraki]], [[Olabuenaga/Chemistri]], Terán, Augusto Elías, and Clemente Cámara, among others.

There are 60 [[List of radio stations in Distrito Federal|radio stations]] operating in the city and a huge number of [[local community]] radio transmission networks.

== Shopping ==
[[File:ButcherShopCoyoacanDF.JPG|thumb|Fresh meat in Coyoacan.]]
Mexico City offers an immense and varied consumer retail market, with thousands of options for everything from the very basic foods to ultra high-end luxury goods.

=== Markets ===
[[File:CallejonCondesaDF.JPG|thumb|left|Informal book market in a narrow alley.]]
[[File:El-Parian.jpg|thumb|El-Parian Market]]
The city's main source of fresh produce is the [[Central de Abastos]]. This in itself is a self-contained mini-city in the southeastern neighborhood of [[Iztapalapa]] covering an area equivalent to several dozen city blocks. The wholesale market supplies most of the city's "mercados", supermarkets, and restaurants, as well as individuals who come to purchase the freshest variety for their household. Tons of fresh produce are trucked in from all over Mexico every day.

The principal fish market is known as La Viga and is located in the southern part of the city, about 5&nbsp;kilometers west of the Central de Abastos. Fresh fish from all around the country is available, mainly from the central Pacific coast and [[Veracruz]].
The world-renowned market of [[Tepito]] occupies 25 blocks of the city, and is known to sell everything and anything, except dignity.

A staple for consumers in the city is the omnipresent "mercado." Every major neighborhood in the city has its own borough-regulated market, often more than one. These are large well-established facilities offering most basic products, such as fresh produce and meat/poultry, dry goods, tortillerías, and many other services, such as locksmiths, herbal medicine, hardware goods, sewing implements, and a multitude of stands offering freshly made, home-style cooking and drinks in the tradition of [[aguas frescas]] and [[atole]].

In addition, "mercados sobre ruedas" or mobile markets, set up shop on city streets in many neighborhoods, depending on the day of the week. Sundays are the day in which the largest number of these markets are set-up. The stalls generally use awnings of a single color or shade (pink and red, for example), making them easily identifiable from several blocks away.

Large, modern chain supermarkets including [[Walmex|Wal-Mart]], [[Soriana]], [[Comercial Mexicana]] and [[Chedraui]] are scattered throughout the city. Others are located within mini-malls, in which the supermarket anchors a number of other shops, such as banks, dry-cleaners, shoe repairs, and fast-food eateries.
Small "mom-and-pop" corner stores (known as "abarroterías" or more colloquially as "changarros") abound in all neighborhoods, including many finer residential neighborhoods. These are small shops offering basics such as soft drinks, packaged snacks, canned goods, and dairy products. Thousands of [[C-stores]] or corner stores, such as [[OXXO]], [[7-Eleven]], and Extra are located throughout the city.

=== Downtown ===
[[File:FacadeCenCommMaderoDF.JPG|thumb|left|Shops in downtown Mexico City]]
[[File:LiverpoolStoreDF.JPG|thumb|El Puerto de Liverpool shopping center.]]
The downtown area of the city is widely known as an area for specialized retailers, often at lower costs. Certain streets, for example, are known for having many lighting stores, or hardware shops, or yarn shops. The [[La Merced Market, Mexico City|Mercado La Merced]] is one of city's oldest and is considered a smaller, older version of the Central de Abastos, where thousands of items are sold. The Mercado de Jamaica specializes in fresh flowers.

Calle Dolores, one block off Avenida Juárez, has one block known as Mexico City's [[Chinatown]]. The one block contains numerous stores selling imported Chinese knick-knacks, and restaurants selling lacquered [[Peking Duck|Peking duck]]. Farther afield, the city's [[Zona Rosa]] neighborhood is home to several blocks that represent Mexico City's [[Koreatown]]. A number of Korean restaurants, shops and even video rental shops are located here.

=== Shopping centers ===
[[File:Outside store.jpg|thumb|right|A [[El Palacio de Hierro]] department store]]
[[File:Antara.jpg|thumb|left|Centro Commercial Antara Polanco Shopping Mall]]
There are hundreds of modern retail shops throughout the city.

There are a number of large shopping centers and malls, including Santa Fé mall in the [[Santa Fe (Mexico City)|Santa Fé]] district with several department stores and over 300 retail stores, restaurants and cinemas. Others include Plaza Universidad, Plaza Satélite, Galerías Coapa, Parque Delta, Parque Lindavista, Pabellón Polanco, Pabellón Bosques, Mundo E, Perinorte and Plaza Lindavista, with anchor stores such as [[El Palacio de Hierro]], [[Liverpool (store)|Liverpool]], [[Grupo Sanborns|Sanborn's]], [[Sears]] and [[Fábricas de Francia]]. The Punta Norte Outlet Mall is located north of the city and includes many upscale outlet stores for brands such as [[Max Mara]], [[Salvatore Ferragamo]], [[Hugo Boss]] and [[Ermenegildo Zegna|Zegna]]. Well known Mexican boutique brands, such as [[Scappino]], [[Pineda Covalín]], [[La Hamaca y el Rebozo]] and Soho, are available in most upper end shopping areas.

Upscale malls such as [[Centro Santa Fe|Santa Fé]], [[Perisur]], Galerias Insuregentes, Centro Coyoacan and [[Antara Polanco]] are amongst the most modern and swank in [[Latin America]]. Top-end department stores include El Palacio de Hierro and [[Saks Fifth Avenue]] (whose store at Santa Fé mall is one of only three outside the U.S.). Plaza Satélite mall is Latin America's highest profit shopping venue.
For a more bohemian ambiance, the neighborhoods of [[Condesa]], [[Coyoacan]] and [[San Ángel]] offer excellent outdoor shopping and dining experiences.

=== Luxury Goods ===
[[File:WCT Mexico.jpg‎|thumb|left|WTC Mexico and Bellini restaurant in [[Colonia del Valle]].]]
[[File:MHV Maybach 57 01.jpg|thumb|Mexico City has an extremely large market for high end luxury cars.]]
[[File:Avenida Masaryk.jpg|thumb|Avenida Presidente Masaryk.]]
In addition to the extensive Santa Fé mall with [[Saks]] and numerous luxury boutiques, [[Antara Polanco]] is a high-end mall in [[Polanco (Mexico)|Polanco]] with restaurants, cinemas, and boutiques, including [[Burberry]], [[Longchamp (company)|Longchamp]], [[Roberto Cavalli|Just Cavalli]], [[Etro]], [[Emporio Armani]], [[Brooks Brothers]], [[Thomas Pink]], [[Hackett (clothing)|Hackett]], and [[Coach, Inc.|Coach]].

Altavista 147 is a small shopping center in the southern neighborhood of [[San Ángel]], with [[Louis Vuitton]], [[Salvatore Ferragamo]], [[Carolina Herrera (fashion designer)|Carolina Herrera]], [[Max Mara]], [[Hugo Boss]], and luxury Mexican silversmith Tane. The mall is located on Avenida Altavista which houses many other high-end retailers, focusing on furniture shops and
interior decorators, restaurants, and silversmiths such as [[Christofle]].

The [[Colonia del Valle]] is one of the largest residential colonies exclusive of Mexico City. Famous for its large Green Areas, Parks, Monuments, Department Stores, [[Boutiques]], K-Fe (Cafeterias), Holiday Chocolate, Exclusive Restaurants scattered throughout the colony. With three shoping mall, [[Galerias Insurgentes]], [[Centro Coyoacán]] and [[Plaza Universidad]].
The first two shopping centers contain large department store [[El Palacio de Hierro]] and [[El Puerto de Liverpool]], these two contain the most exclusive boutiques like [[Chanel]], [[Armani]], [[Hugo Boss]], [[Salvatore Ferragamo]], [[Lancôme]], [[MaxMara]], [[Hermès]], [[Oscar De La Renta]], [[Longchamp (company)|Longchamp]], [[DKNY]],[[Ralph Lauren]], [[Liz Claiborne]], [[BCBGMAXAZRIA]], jewelry such as [[Cartier SA|Cartier]], [[Swarovski]], [[Longines]], [[Marc Jacobs]], [[Michael Kors]], [[Rolex]], for some dimensions.
Homes Cars such as [[Mercedes Benz]], [[Lamborghini]], [[Lincoln]], [[Mercury (automobile)|Mercury]], and many more.
Restaurants like [[Bellini]], the only revolving restaurant in the country, and [[Suntory]] denominamed the most Exclusive and Luxury Restaurant of all [[México]].

Arcos Bosques is a relatively new shopping complex in the namesake office complex in the upscale Bosques de las Lomas neighborhood, near Santa Fe. The complex hosts scores of restaurants, including a branch of Nobu, and smart shops including: Marc Jacobs, Thomas Pink, and Salvatore Ferragamo.

Most of the city's luxury boutiques are located on [[Avenida Presidente Masaryk]] in [[Polanco (Mexico)|Polanco]]. Here, stand-alone shops include [[Louis Vuitton]], [[Jacques Cartier|Cartier]], [[Chanel]], [[Tiffany & Co.]], [[Hermès]], [[Frette]], [[Ermenegildo Zegna]], [[Etro]], [[Brioni (fashion)|Brioni]], [[Marc Jacobs]], [[Corneliani]], [[Chopard]], [[Bulgari]], [[Gucci]], and [[Roberto Cavalli]]. Other stores include furniture retailers [[Roche-Bobois]], [[Bang & Olufsen]], Natuzzi, and Kartell. On smaller side streets, one can find stores such as Assouline, a luxury French book publisher, [[Adolfo Domínguez|Adolfo Dominguez]], and [[Mitchell Gold Co.|Mitchell Gold + Bob Williams]].

== Culture ==
=== Art ===
[[File:Palacio de las Bellas Artes (Mexico City).jpg|left|thumb|Palace of fine arts]]
[[File:RiveraMuralNationalPalace.jpg|thumb|right|Diego Rivera's mural depicting Mexico's history at the National Palace in Mexico City]]
[[File:Correa La Pascua de Maria.jpg|thumb|left|''La Pascua de Maria'', 1698.]]
[[File:K'inich Janaab Pakal I v2.jpg|upright|thumb|Statue of the head of K'inich Janaab Pakal I ( 603-683&nbsp;AD ), king of Palenque]]
[[File:MuralCeilingMUNAL.JPG|thumb|left|Mural on the ceiling of the main stairway in the [[Museo Nacional de Arte]]]]
Mexico City is one of the most important cultural centers in the world, boasting more museums than any other city.<ref name="emporis.com">{{cite web|author=Emporis|url=http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=city&lng=3&id=101008|title=Mexico City - Emporis|publisher=Emporis|date=|accessdate=2010-03-05}}</ref> It also comes third in the number of theaters in the world,<ref name="emporis.com"/> just after London and New York. Having been the capital of a vast pre-Hispanic empire, and also the capital of richest viceroyalty within the [[Spanish Empire]] (ruling over a vast territory in the [[Americas]] and [[Spanish East Indies]]), and, finally, the capital of the Mexican federation, Mexico City has a rich history of artistic expressions. Since the Mesoamerican pre-Classical period the inhabitants of the settlements around Lake Texcoco produced many works of art and complex craftsmanship, some of which are today displayed at the world-renown [[Museo Nacional de Antropología|National Museum of Anthropology]] and the ''[[Templo Mayor]]'' Museum. While many pieces of pottery and stone-engraving have survived, the great majority of the Amerindian iconography was destroyed during the Conquest of Mexico.

During colonial times the first art produced was that of the codices generated to preserve or recuperate Amerindian iconography and history. From then, artistic expressions in Mexico were mostly religious in theme. The [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral|Metropolitan Cathedral]] still displays works by [[Juan de Rojas]], [[Juan Correa]] and an [[oil painting]] whose authorship has been attributed to [[Bartolomé Esteban Murillo|Murillo]]. Secular works of art of this period include the [[equestrian statue|equestrian sculpture]] of [[Charles IV of Spain]], locally known as ''El Caballito'' ("The little horse"). This piece, in bronze, was the work of [[Manuel Tolsá]] and it has been placed at the [[Plaza Tolsá]], in front of the Palacio de Minería (Mining Palace). Directly in front of this building is the beautiful [[Museo Nacional de Arte]] (Munal) (the National Museum of Art).

During the 19th century, an important producer of art was the Academia de San Carlos ([[San Carlos Art Academy]]), founded during colonial times, and which later became the Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas (the [[National School of Visual Arts]]), which is currently one of the [[art school]]s of UNAM. Many of the works produced by the students and faculty of that time are now displayed in the Museo Nacional de San Carlos ([[National Museum of San Carlos]]). One of the students, [[José María Velasco Gómez|José María Velasco]], is considered one of the greatest Mexican landscape painters of the 19th century. It was during [[Porfirio Díaz|Porfirio Diaz]]'s regime that the government sponsored arts, especially those that followed the French school. In spite of that, popular arts in the form of cartoons and illustrations flourished like those of [[José Guadalupe Posada]] and [[Manuel Manilla]]. The permanent collection of the San Carlos Museum also includes paintings by European masters such as Rembrandt, Velázquez, Murillo, and Rubens.

After the [[Mexican Revolution]], an [[avant-garde]] [[art movement|artistic movement]] originated in Mexico City: [[mural]]ism. Many of the works of muralists [[José Clemente Orozco]], [[David Alfaro Siqueiros]] and [[Diego Rivera]] are displayed in numerous buildings in the city, most notably at the [[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]] and the [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]]. [[Frida Kahlo]], wife of Rivera, with a strong nationalist expression, was also one of the most renowned of Mexican painters. Her house has become a museum that displays many of her works.

The former home of Rivera muse [[Dolores Olmedo]] house the namesake museum. The facility lies in the Xochimilco precinct in the southern part of the city and includes several buildings surrounded by sprawling manicured lawns. It houses a large collection of Rivera and Kahlo paintings and drawings, as well as living ''Xoloizcuintles'' ([[Mexican Hairless Dog]]). It also regularly hosts small but important temporary exhibits of classical and [[modern art]] (e.g. Venetian Masters and Contemporary New York artists).

During the 20th century, many artists immigrated to Mexico City from different regions of Mexico, like [[Leopoldo Méndez]], an engraver from Veracruz, who supported the creation of the socialist Taller de la Gráfica Popular ([[Popular Graphics Workshop]]), designed to help [[Blue-collar worker|blue-collar]] workers find a venue to express their art. Other painters came from abroad, like [[Catalonia|Catalan]] painter [[Remedios Varo]] and other Spanish and Jewish exiles. It was in the second half of the 20th century that the artistic movement began to drift apart from the Revolutionary theme. [[José Luis Cuevas]] opted for a modernist style in contrast to the muralist movement associated with social politics.

Mexico City has numerous museums dedicated to modern and [[contemporary art]]. The Museo Tamayo was opened in the mid-1980s to house the collection of international contemporary art donated by famed Mexican (born in the state of Oaxaca) painter [[Rufino Tamayo]]. The collection includes pieces by Picasso, Klee, Kandinsky, Warhol and many others, though most of the collection is stored while visiting exhibits are shown. The [[Museo de Arte Moderno]] ([[Museum of Modern Art]]) is a repository of Mexican artists from the 20th century, including Rivera, Orozco, Siqueiros, Kahlo, Gerzso, Carrington, Tamayo, among others, and also regularly hosts temporary exhibits of international modern art. In southern Mexico City, the Museo Carrillo Gil ([[Carrillo Gil Museum]]) showcases avant-garde artists, as does the University Museum/Contemporary Art (Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo - or MUAC), designed by famed Mexican architect [[Teodoro González de León]], inaugurated in late 2008. The Museo Soumaya ([[Soumaya Museum]]), named after the wife of Mexican tycoon [[Carlos Slim]], has the largest private collection of original [[Auguste Rodin|Rodin]] sculptures outside Paris. It also has a large collection of Dalí sculptures, and recently began showing pieces in its masters collection including [[El Greco]], Velázquez, Picasso and Canaletto. La Colección Jumex ([[The Jumex Collection]]) is a museum housed on the grounds of the Jumex juice company in the northern industrial suburb of [[San Cristóbal Ecatepec|Ecatepec]] (within the [[State of Mexico]]). It shows pieces from its permanent collection and hosts traveling exhibits by leading contemporary artists.

[[Jack Kerouac]], the noted American author, spent extended periods of time in the city, and wrote his masterpiece volume of poetry [[Mexico City Blues]] here. Another American author, [[William S. Burroughs]] also lived in the Colonia Roma neighborhood of the city for some time. It was here that he accidentally shot his wife.

=== Music, theater and entertainment ===
[[File:Castillo de chapultepcec.jpeg|300px|thumb|[[Chapultepec Castle]]]]
[[File:OFUNAM2008.jpg|thumb|left|upright|OFUNAM playing at Sala Nezahualcóyotl]]
[[File:Palacio de los Deportes.JPG|thumb|Palacio de los Deportes]]
[[File:PlaygroundLaBombilla.JPG|thumb|Family park in the San Ángel area]]
[[File:Vista de la Biblioteca Vasconcelos.jpg|left|thumb|[[José Vasconcelos Library]] in Mexico City]]
[[File:Piramide de la Luna 072006.jpg|thumb|The imposing Pyramids of [[Teotihuacan]]]]

Mexico City is a mecca of [[classical music]], with a number of orchestras offering season programs. These include the [[Mexico City Philharmonic]],<ref>[http://www.cultura.df.gob.mx/Filarmonica/ Mexico City Philharmonic]{{Dead link|date=March 2010}}</ref> which performs at the Sala Ollin Yoliztli; the [[National Symphony Orchestra (Mexico)|National Symphony Orchestra]], whose home base is the [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]] (Palace of the [[Fine art|Fine Arts]]), a masterpiece of [[Art Nouveau|art nouveau]] and art decó styles; the [[Orchestra|Philharmonic Orchestra]] of the National Autonomous University of Mexico ([[OFUNAM]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicaunam.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=13 |title=Philharmonic Orchestra of the National Autonomous University of Mexico |publisher=Musicaunam.net |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref> and the [[Minería Symphony Orchestra]],<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.sinfonicademineria.org/ |title=Minería Symphony Orchestra |language={{es icon}} |publisher=Sinfonicademineria.org |date= |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref> both of which perform at the acoustically renown [[Sala Nezahualcóyotl]], which was the first wrap-around concert hall in the Western Hemisphere when inaugurated in 1976. There are also many smaller ensembles that enrich the city's musical scene, including the [[Carlos Chávez Youth Symphony]], the [[New World Symphony Orchestra|New World Orchestra]] (Orquesta del Nuevo Mundo), the [[National Polytechnical Symphony]] and the [[Bellas Artes Chamber Orchestra]] (Orquesta de Cámara de Bellas Artes).

The city is also a leading center of [[popular culture]] and music. There are a multitude of venues hosting Spanish and foreign-language performers. These include the 10,000-seat [[National Auditorium]] that regularly schedules the top Spanish and English-language pop and rock artists, as well as many of the world's leading [[performing arts]] ensembles, the auditorium also broadcasts [[Grand Opera]] performances from New York's [[Metropolitan Opera]] on giant, high definition screens. The National Auditorium has been awarded Best Venue in the World.

Other popular sites for pop-artist performances include the [[Teatro Metropolitan]], the 15,000-seat [[Palacio de los Deportes]], and the larger [[Foro Sol|Foro Sol Stadium]], where top-name international artists perform on a regular basis. The [[Cirque du Soleil]] has held several seasons at the [[Carpa Santa Fe]], in the [[Santa Fe (Mexico City)|Santa Fe]] district in the western part of the city. There are numerous venues for smaller musical ensembles and solo performers. These include the [[Hard Rock Live]], Bataclán, Foro Scotiabank, Lunario, Circo Volador and Voilá Acoustique.

It is said that Mexico City has more theatres than any other city in the Spanish-speaking world. {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} At any given time, dozens of plays are staged which run the gamut from Spanish versions of [[Broadway theatre|Broadway shows]] to mainstream and alternative Spanish-language originals.

The Centro Nacional de las Artes ([[National Center for the Arts]]), in southern Mexico City, has several venues for music, theatre, dance. UNAM's main campus, also in the southern part of the city, is home to the Centro Cultural Universitario (the [[University Culture Center]]) (CCU). The CCU also houses the [[National Library of Mexico|National Library]], the interactive [[Universum, Museo de las Ciencias]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Dgdc-Unam |url=http://www.universum.unam.mx/ |title=Universum, Museo de las Ciencias |publisher=Universum.unam.mx |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref> the Sala Nezahualcóyotl concert hall, several theatres and cinemas, and the new University Museum of Contemporary Art (MUAC).<ref>[http://difusion.cultural.unam.mx/index.php?option=com_weblinks&catid=38&Itemid=86 University Museum of Contemporary Art]{{Dead link|date=March 2010}}</ref> A branch of the National University's CCU cultural center was inaugurated in 2007 in the facilities of the former [[Foreign minister|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], known as Tlatelolco, in north-central Mexico City.

The [[José Vasconcelos Library]], a national library, is located on the grounds of the former [[Buenavista, Mexico State|Buenavista]] railroad station in the northern part of the city.

The ''[[Papalote]]'' children's museum, which houses the world's largest dome screen, is located in the wooded park of [[Chapultepec]], near the ''[[Museo Tecnológico]]'', and ''[[La Feria Chapultepec Mágico|La Feria]]'' [[amusement park]]. The theme park ''[[Six Flags México]]'' (the largest amusement park in Latin America) is located in the [[Ajusco]] borough, in southern Mexico City. During the winter, the main square of the [[Zócalo]] is transformed into a gigantic [[ice rink|ice skating rink]], which is said to be the largest in the world behind that of Moscow's [[Red Square]].

The Cineteca Nacional (the [[Mexican Film Library]]), near the Coyoacán suburb, shows a wide variety of films, and stages many [[film festival]]s, including the annual [[Muestra Internacional de Cine|International Showcase]], and many smaller ones ranging from Scandinavian and Uruguayan cinema, to Jewish and GLBT-themed films. [[Cinépolis]] and [[Cinemex]], the two biggest film [[chain store|business chains]], also have several film festivals throughout the year, with both national and international movies. No other city in the world has the amount of [[IMAX]] theaters as are in Mexico City, {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} this gives access to cinematographic documentaries as well as blockbusters on the world's largest screens.

=== Cuisine ===
[[File:GringaDF.JPG|thumb|left|Gringa is a local cuisine of Mexico City which is meat, cheese and sauce sandwiched between two flour tortillas and heated.]]
[[File:Mexico - Casa de los azulejos - Restaurant patio.JPG|thumb|Casa de los azulejos restaurant.]]
Mexico City offers a vast array of culinary experiences. Restaurants specializing in the regional cuisines of Mexico's 31 states are available in the city. Also available are restaurants representing a very broad spectrum of international cuisines, including [[French cuisine|French]], [[Italian cuisine|Italian]], [[Croatian cuisine|Croatian]], [[German cuisine|German]], [[Greek cuisine|Greek]], [[Hungarian cuisine|Hungarian]], [[Russian cuisine|Russian]], [[Polish cuisine|Polish]], [[Portuguese cuisine|Portuguese]], [[Spanish cuisine|Spanish]] (including Spanish regional variations such as [[Castilian-Leonese cuisine|Castilian]], [[Catalan cuisine|Catalan]], [[Asturian cuisine|Asturian]], [[Galician cuisine|Galician]], and [[Basque cuisine|Basque]]), [[Turkish cuisine|Turkish]], [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]] (including regional variations such as [[Cantonese cuisine|Cantonese]], [[Hunan cuisine|Hunan]], and [[Szechuan cuisine|Sichuan]]), [[Indian cuisine|Indian]], [[Japanese cuisine|Japanese]], [[Korean cuisine|Korean]], [[Thai cuisine|Thai]], [[Tibetan cuisine|Tibetan]], [[Vietnamese cuisine|Vietnamese]], [[Lebanese cuisine|Lebanese]], [[Moroccan cuisine|Moroccan]], as well as [[Argentine cuisine|Argentine]], [[Brazilian cuisine|Brazilian]], [[Cuban cuisine|Cuban]], [[Peruvian cuisine|Peruvian]], and [[Uruguayan cuisine|Uruguayan]].
[[Haute cuisine|Haute]], [[fusion cuisine|fusion]], [[Kashrut|kosher]], [[vegetarianism|vegetarian]] and [[veganism|vegan]] cuisines are also commonly available.

The city also has several branches of renowned international restaurants and chefs. These include Paris' Au Pied de Cochon and Brasserie Lipp, Philippe (by Philippe Chow, who has restaurants in New York and Las Vegas); Nobu; and Pámpano, owned by Mexican-raised opera legend [[Plácido Domingo]]. There are branches of the exclusive Japanese restaurant Suntory, Rome's famed Alfredo, as well as New York steakhouses [[Morton's Restaurant Group|Morton's]] and [[The Palm (restaurant)|The Palm]], and Madrid's L'Albúfera. Three of the most famous Lima-based haute Peruvian restaurants, La Mar, Segundo Muelle and Astrid y Gastón have Mexico City branches. Mexico City is one of the few cities in the world with a [[Le Cordon Bleu]] culinary school and restaurant.

Mexico's award-winning [[Mexican wine|wines]] are offered at many restaurants, and the city offers unique experiences for tasting the regional spirits, with broad selections of [[tequila]] and [[mezcal]].

At the other end of the scale are working class [[pulque]] bars known as ''pulquerías'', a challenge for tourists to locate and experience.

=== Amusement parks ===
[[File:Torre wtc mexico.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The Mexican World Trade Center.]]
[[File:Six Flags México - Batman the Ride.jpg|thumb|[[Six Flags Mexico]]]]

There are a number of permanent amusement parks, the oldest and most traditional one is [[La Feria Chapultepec Mágico]]. It is located in the central area of the city and its vintage Montaña Rusa rollercoaster is visible from several points throughout the city. The theme park ''[[Six Flags México]]'' (the largest amusement park in Latin America) is located in the [[Ajusco]] borough, in southern Mexico City. And in the north end of the city used to lie [[Parque Divertido]].
There are numerous seasonal fairs, the main one is held during the winter on the main square of the [[Zócalo]], which is transformed into an arctic getaway with ice igloos, slides and a gigantic [[ice rink|ice skating rink]], said to be the largest set up of its kind in the world. This event is free to the public and hosts special events such as stage performances and concerts.
Additionally there are many temporary fairs with rides throughout the city neighborhoods.

=== Museums ===
Most of the museums can be visited from Tuesday to Sunday from 10&nbsp;am to 5&nbsp;pm, although some of them have extended schedules just like the Museum of Anthropology and History, which is open up to 7&nbsp;pm. In addition to this, entrance to most museums is for free on Sundays. However, if there is a fee, it will be nominal (around 10 or 30 pesos).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mexicocity.com.mx/visita.html |title=Ciudad de México.- atractivos turísticos |publisher=Mexicocity.com.mx |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref>

=== Nicknames ===
[[File:Paseo de la Reforma, Ciudad de México.JPG|thumb|Interesting architecture.]]
[[File:ESCALERAS DEL PALACIO POSTAL-2.jpg|left|thumb|Interior of the city post office.]]
Mexico City was traditionally known as ''La Ciudad de los Palacios'' ("the City of the Palaces"), a nickname attributed to Baron [[Alexander von Humboldt]] when visiting the city in the 19th century who sending a letter back to Europe said Mexico City could rival any major city in Europe.

During [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador|López Obrador]]'s administration a political slogan was introduced: ''la Ciudad de la Esperanza'' ("The City of Hope"). This slogan was quickly adopted as a nickname to the city under López Obrador's term, although it has lost popularity since the new slogan ''Capital en Movimiento'' ("Capital in Movement") was adopted by the recently elected administration headed by [[Marcelo Ebrard]] Casaubon; the latter is not treated as often as a nickname in media.

The city is colloquially known as ''Chilangolandia'' after the locals' nickname ''[[chilango]]s'', which is used either as a pejorative term by people living outside Mexico City or as a proud adjective by Mexico City's dwellers.<ref>1994 Oxford Spanish-English Dictionary</ref>

Residents of Mexico City are more formally called ''capitalinos'' (in reference to the city being the capital of the country) or, more recently ''defeños'' (a word which derives from the postal abbreviation of the Federal District in Spanish: D.F., which is read "De-Efe".)

== Law enforcement ==
{{Main|Federal District Police}}

The Secretariat of Public Security of the Federal District (Secretaría de Seguridad Pública del Distrito Federal – SSP) manages a combined force of over 90,000 officers in the Federal District (DF). The SSP is charged with maintaining [[public order crime|public order]] and safety in the center of Mexico City. The historic district of the city is also roamed by tourist police, which aims to serve and orient tourists. These enforcement agents dress in a more traditional outfit and ride on horses.

The investigative Judicial Police of the Federal District (Policía Judicial del Distrito Federal – PJDF) is organized under the Office of the [[Attorney General of Mexico|Attorney General]] of the DF (the Procuraduría General de Justicia del Distrito Federal). The PGJDF maintains 16 precincts (delegaciones) with an estimated 3,500 judicial police, 1,100 investigating agents for prosecuting attorneys (agentes del ministerio público), and 941 experts or specialists (peritos).

Between 2000 and 2004 an average of 478 crimes were reported each day in Mexico City; however, the actual crime rate is thought to be much higher "since most people are reluctant to report crime."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Reuters|title=Police say Giuliani helps cut Mexico City crime|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/mexico/20040512-1639-crime-mexico.html|publisher=San Diego Union-Tribune|date=2004-05-12|accessdate=2009-09-15}}</ref> On average in the Federal District in the first quarter of 1997 one [[police officer]] was killed and one injured weekly.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} A sense of insecurity prevails among many citizens because of the lack of confidence in the police and the fear of police misbehavior and crime.{{Or|date=July 2009}}{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}

== Future development ==
There are currently over thirty super-tall skyscraper projects set to be built in Mexico City in the near future. With Mexico's economy and GDP per capita both growing at high rates even more upper and middle class homes, apartments, shopping centers and utilities are predicted to be constructed rapidly within the 2010-2020 decade in which Mexico City's GDP is set to at least double according to numerous economic reports. The same challenges which now affect Mexico City such as overpopulation, pollution, overcrowding, over stressing of resources and utilities, and high cost of living are expected to remain pressing issues that will perhaps intensify with a larger high-income consumer class.

Currently the government of Mexico City is attempting several projects not only to revitalize the City's pre-population boom conditions but also to revitalize some elements remaining from the pre-Columbian days. Such projects include the full restoration of the pyramids of [[Teotihuacan]], the limited reclaiming of Lake Texcoco, and the extensive revitalization of the [[Xochimilco]] district.

The Mexico City government is also attempting to decrease migration into the city from rural areas, increase investment, curb pollution, lower the crime rate, improve basic utilities,and relocate heavy industry away from populations centers.

<gallery caption="Future projects gallery" >
File:Torre Bicentenario 2.PNG|The Torre Bicentenario II will stand at 350&nbsp;meters, although its construction has been put on hold
File:Torre reforma 2008.jpg|The [[Torre Reforma]] will stand 244&nbsp;meters high
</gallery>

== International relations ==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in North America}}

=== Twin towns — Sister cities ===
Mexico City is [[twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* {{Flag icon|Greece}} [[Athens]], Greece
* {{Flag icon|PER}} [[Arequipa]], [[Peru]]
* {{Flag icon|CHN}} [[Beijing]], China
* {{Flag icon|Lebanon}} [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]]
* {{Flag icon|GER}} [[Berlin]], Germany
* {{Flag icon|COL}} [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]]
* {{Flag icon|ARG}} [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]
* {{Flag icon|Egypt}} [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]]
* {{Flag icon|Venezuela}} [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]]
* {{Flag icon|USA}} [[Chicago]], United States
* {{Flag icon|IND}} [[Ranchi]], [[India]]
* {{Flag icon|MEX}} [[Ciudad Juárez]], [[Chihuahua]], Mexico.
* {{Flag icon|PER}} [[Cusco]], [[Peru]]<ref name="cuidadhermanas">{{cite web|url=http://www.municusco.gob.pe/ver.php?id=6|title=Ciudades Hermanas (Sister Cities of Cusco)|publisher=Municipalidad del Cusco |language=Spanish|accessdate=2009-09-23}}</ref>
* {{Flag icon|MEX}} [[Dolores Hidalgo]], [[Guanajuato]], Mexico.
* {{Flag icon|GUA}} [[Guatemala City]], [[Guatemala]]
{{col-3}}
* {{Flag icon|USA}} [[Houston]], United States
* {{Flag icon|TUR}} [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.htm|title=Sister Cities of Istanbul|accessdate=2009-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=94185|publisher=Radikal|language=Turkish|date=2009-07-01|quote=49 sister cities in 2003|title=İstanbul'a 49 kardeş|last=Erdem|first=Selim Efe}} {{dead link|date=October 2010}}</ref>
* {{Flag icon|RUS}} [[Kaliningrad]], Russia
* {{Flag icon|Bolivia}} [[La Paz]], [[Bolivia]]
* {{Flag icon|PER}} [[Lima]], [[Peru]]
* {{Flag icon|Portugal}} [[Lisbon]], Portugal
* {{Flag icon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], United States
* {{Flag icon|ESP}} [[Madrid]], Spain<ref name="hermanadas">{{cite web|title=Mapa Mundi de las ciudades hermanadas|publisher=Ayuntamiento de Madrid|url=http://www.munimadrid.es/portal/site/munimadrid/menuitem.dbd5147a4ba1b0aa7d245f019fc08a0c/?vgnextoid=4e84399a03003110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=4e98823d3a37a010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=especial1&idContenido=1da69a4192b5b010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD Madrid city council webpage}}</ref>
* {{Flag icon|Sweden}} [[Malmö]], Sweden
* {{Flag icon|PHI}} [[Manila]], [[Philippines]]
* {{Flag icon|JPN}} [[Nagoya]], Japan
* {{Flag icon|CYP}} [[Nicosia]], [[Cyprus]]
* {{Flag icon|PAN}} [[Panama City]], [[Panama]]
{{col-3}}
* {{Flag icon|France}} [[Paris]], France
* {{Flag icon|BRA}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil
* {{Flag icon|Italy}} [[Rome]], Italy
* {{Flag icon|CHL}} [[Santiago, Chile]]
* {{Flag icon|BRA}} [[São Paulo]], Brazil
* {{Flag icon|USA}} [[San Jose, California|San Jose]], United States
* {{Flag icon|South Korea}} [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|title=Sister Cities}}{{Dead link|date=March 2010}}</ref>
* {{Flag icon|GER}} [[Stuttgart]], Germany
* {{Flag icon|Australia}} [[Sydney]], Australia
* {{Flag icon|Israel}} [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]]
* {{Flag icon|CAN}} [[Toronto]], Canada
* {{Flag icon|USA}} [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D. C.]], United States
{{col-end}}

== Picture gallery ==
<gallery perrow=5>
File:AntropologyMuseumAztecSoneOfTheSun.jpg|Aztec sunstone in the National Anthropology museum.
File:MexicoCity1.JPG|Paseo de la Reforma and Polanco district
File:BosquesInterlomasMexico City.jpg|Large urban middle class neighborhoods are common throughout the western area.
File:Cd de mexico.jpg|View of one of the city's skylines at night
File:Mexicocity.jpg|View from Chapultepec
File:AeroMéxicoHQMexicoCityDF.jpg|[[Aeroméxico]] Building
File:Torre st regis, torre mayor.JPG|The Torre Mayor seen from Reforma
File:Torre Pemex (5).jpg|Torre Pemex at night.
File:Apartments in Mexico City.jpg|Low income apartment blocks in the Azcapotzalco neighborhood of Mexico City
File:Lomas de Chapultepec.png|Lomas de Chapultepec residential area
File:Camaronn.jpg|Mexico City Metro, [[Metro Camarones|Camarones]] station
File:Metrobús Set Dominguez.jpg|Metrobús at [[Avenida de los Insurgentes|Insurgentes Avenue]]
File:Centro de Información atardecer.jpg|Anáhuac University
File:UNAM library.jpg|[[National Autonomous University of Mexico]]
File:FacadeCenCommMaderoDF.JPG|Shops in downtown Mexico City
File:Torre mayor desde paseo reforma 2v.JPG|One of the tallest buildings in [[Latin America]], the [[Torre Mayor]] was completed in Mexico City in 2003.
File:Parque Tezozomoc.jpg|The City government has encouraged the preservasion of green areas of the City such as Tezozmoc park.
File:Santa feee.jpg|Santa Fe in the rainy season
File:Calle en Colonia Roma, Cd. de México.jpg|The [[Colonia Roma]]
File:Edificio Tlatelolco (S.R.E).JPG|Offices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
File:Mexico D. F..jpg|View of the west
File:Mexicanatower.jpg|[[Mexicana de Aviación Tower]], the worldwide headquarters of [[Compañía Mexicana de Aviación]]
File:Avenida Carlos Lazo.jpg|Highways connect all areas of the city
File:Kajak (1).jpg|[[ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships|ICF Flatwater World Championships]]
File:321999006 610e3f22a4.jpg|an A1 Team Mexico racer
File:Biblioteca-uacm.jpg|UACM Mexico City campus
File:CallejonCondesaDF.JPG|Informal old book market in a narrow alley.
File:Outside store.jpg|A [[El Palacio de Hierro]] department store
File:Correa La Pascua de Maria.jpg|''La Pascua de Maria'', 1698.
File:RiveraMuralNationalPalace.jpg|Diego Rivera's mural depicting Mexico's history at the National Palace in Mexico City
File:MuralCeilingMUNAL.JPG|Mural on the ceiling of the main stairway in the [[Museo Nacional de Arte]]
File:Palacio de los Deportes.JPG|Palacio de los Deportes
File:PlaygroundLaBombilla.JPG|Family park in the San Ángel area
File:Vista de la Biblioteca Vasconcelos.jpg|[[José Vasconcelos Library]] in Mexico City
File:Piramide de la Luna 072006.jpg|The imposing Pyramids of [[Teotihuacan]]
File:Mexico - Casa de los azulejos - Restaurant patio.JPG|Casa de los azulejos restaurant.
File:Torre wtc mexico.jpg|The Mexican World Trade Center.
File:Popocatépetl.JPG|Mount [[Popocatépetl]], an active volcano
File:MexicoCable.jpg|Inter-terminal shuttle train at Mexico City International Airport
File:Fundacion Mier y Pesado 01.jpg|Art Deco archtecture on the building of the Mier y Pesado foundation
File:Paseo de la Reforma, Ciudad de México.JPG|Interesting buildings
File:Zocalo Mexico City panorama at nightfall.jpg|Lively Zócalo at nightfall, seen from rooftop of Holiday Inn
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Mexico}}
* [[Boroughs of the Mexican Federal District]]
* [[Metropolitan areas of Mexico]]
* [[Outline of Mexico|Mexico related topics]]
* [[Large Cities Climate Leadership Group]]
* [[World's largest cities]]
* [[Largest cities in the Americas]]
* ''[[Presumed Guilty (2009 film)|Presumed Guilty]]'', a 2009 Mexican documentary film

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons|Mexico City}}
* [http://www.df.gob.mx/ Federal District Government {{es icon}} ]
* {{Wikitravel}}
* [http://mexicocityexperience.com/ Mexico City Experience ]
* [http://mexicocity.gob.mx/ Mexico City Tourism Ministry ]
* [http://www.viadf.com.mx/ Free Online Route Planner for all public transport services in Mexico City ]
* [http://homepage.mac.com/helipilot/PhotoAlbum31.html Mexico City seen from a helicopter ]
* [http://www.wmf.org/MEX_mexico_city2007.html Mexico City Historic Center Regeneration Project by the Centro Histórico Foundation, the World Monuments Fund, and American Express ]
* [http://www.ciudadmexico.com.mx/imagenes.htm Images of Mexico City ]
* [http://www.mexicocity.com.mx/indexen.html Mexico City virtual guide ]
* [http://laniel.free.fr/INDEXES/GraphicsIndex/MEXICO%202007/MEXICO/MEXICO.html Some pictures of Mexico City]
{{Template group
|title = Articles related to Mexico City
|list =
{{MexicoStateCapitals}}
{{States of Mexico}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Mexico}}
{{List of North American capitals}}
{{World's most populated metropolitan areas}}
{{World's most populated urban areas}}
{{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}}
{{Pan American Games host cities}}
}}
[[Category:Mexico City| ]]
[[Category:Mexico City metropolitan area]]
[[Category:Capital districts and territories]]
[[Category:Capitals in North America]]
[[Category:Host cities of the Summer Olympic Games]]
[[Category:Populated places in Mexico|Cities in Mexico]]
[[Category:States of Mexico|*Federal district]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Mexico]]

{{Link FA|de}}
{{Link GA|es}}

[[ace:Banda Meksiko]]
[[af:Meksikostad]]
[[am:ሜክሲኮ ከተማ]]
[[ar:مكسيكو (مدينة)]]
[[an:Ciudat de Mexico]]
[[ast:Méxicu D.F.]]
[[gn:Méjiko táva]]
[[ay:Mïxiku marka]]
[[az:Mexiko]]
[[bn:মেক্সিকো সিটি]]
[[zh-min-nan:México Chhī]]
[[be:Горад Мехіка]]
[[be-x-old:Мэхіка]]
[[bcl:Mexico (ciudad)]]
[[bo:མེག་སི་ཀོ་གྲོང་།]]
[[bs:Ciudad de México]]
[[br:Kêr-Vec'hiko]]
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[[el:Πόλη του Μεξικού]]
[[es:México, D. F.]]
[[eo:Meksikurbo]]
[[ext:Ciá de Méjicu]]
[[eu:Mexiko Hiria]]
[[fa:مکزیکو سیتی]]
[[hif:Mexico City]]
[[fo:Meksikobýur]]
[[fr:Mexico]]
[[gd:Meagsago (baile)]]
[[gl:Cidade de México]]
[[ko:멕시코 시]]
[[hi:मेक्सिको नगर]]
[[hr:Ciudad de México]]
[[io:México]]
[[id:Ciudad de México]]
[[ia:Citate de Mexico]]
[[os:Мехико]]
[[is:Mexíkóborg]]
[[it:Città del Messico]]
[[he:מקסיקו סיטי]]
[[jv:Mexico City]]
[[kn:ಮೆಕ್ಸಿಕೋ ನಗರ]]
[[ka:მეხიკო]]
[[kw:Cita Mexico]]
[[sw:Mexico (mji)]]
[[ht:Meksiko]]
[[la:Mexicopolis]]
[[lv:Mehiko]]
[[lt:Meksikas]]
[[lij:Çittæ do Mexico]]
[[ln:Mbóka ya Mexiko]]
[[jbo:mexygu'e tcadu]]
[[lmo:Cità del Messich]]
[[hu:Mexikóváros]]
[[mk:Мексико (град)]]
[[mg:Mexico]]
[[ml:മെക്സിക്കോ സിറ്റി]]
[[mr:मेक्सिको सिटी]]
[[arz:ميكسيكو سيتى]]
[[ms:Bandar Mexico]]
[[mn:Мехико]]
[[nah:Āltepētl Mēxihco]]
[[nl:Mexico-Stad]]
[[ja:メキシコシティ]]
[[no:Mexico by]]
[[nn:Mexico by]]
[[nov:Mexiko Urbe]]
[[oc:Ciutat de Mexic]]
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[[pnb:میکسیکو شہر]]
[[pap:Ciudad di Mexico]]
[[pms:Sità dël Méssich]]
[[pl:Meksyk (miasto)]]
[[pt:Cidade do México]]
[[ro:Ciudad de México]]
[[rm:Citad da Mexico]]
[[qu:Mishiku llaqta]]
[[ru:Мехико]]
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[[se:México]]
[[sm:Mexico Siti]]
[[sc:Tzitade de Mèssicu]]
[[sco:Mexico Ceety]]
[[scn:Cità dû Mèssicu]]
[[simple:Mexico City]]
[[sk:Mexiko (mesto)]]
[[sl:Ciudad de México]]
[[szl:Meksyk (mjasto)]]
[[sr:Мексико (град)]]
[[sh:Ciudad de Mexico]]
[[fi:México]]
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[[tl:Lungsod ng Mehiko]]
[[ta:மெக்சிகோ நகரம்]]
[[tt:Мехико]]
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[[ur:میکسیکو شہر]]
[[ug:مېكسىكا شەھىرى]]
[[vec:Sità del Mesico]]
[[vi:Thành phố México]]
[[vo:Ciudad de México]]
[[fiu-vro:Mexico]]
[[war:Mehiko, Distrito Federal]]
[[yi:מעקסיקא שטאט]]
[[yo:Ìlú Mẹ́ksíkò]]
[[zh-yue:墨西哥城]]
[[diq:Meksiko City]]
[[bat-smg:Meksėks]]
[[zh:墨西哥城]]

Revision as of 19:44, 8 December 2010

Mexico City

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