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The history of Methodism in Sichuan (or "West China")[a] began in 1882 when missionaries began to arrive from the United States. Methodists founded or helped found several colleges, schools, and hospitals to aid in modernization and conversion efforts. Later, American Methodists were joined by missionaries from Canada. Methodism grew to become one of the two largest denominations of Protestant Christianity in the province by 1922, along with Anglicanism.[1]

Nonetheless, missionary activity in China generated controversy among many native Chinese and faced armed opposition during both the Boxer Rebellion and the later Chinese Communist Revolution. Although the former did not affect Sichuan so much as some other parts of China, the province was one of the hotbeds of anti-missionary riots throughout its ecclesiastical history.[2]

Numerous mission properties and native church leaders in Sichuan were respectively destroyed and killed by communists in the mid-1930s.[3] After the communist take over of China in 1949, missionaries were expelled and activity ceased. Under government oppression in the 1950s, Methodists and other Protestants across China severed their ties with overseas churches and their congregations merged into the Three-Self Patriotic Church. Since 1980, services for Chinese Protestant churches have been provided by the China Christian Council.

History

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American Methodist Episcopal Mission

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American Methodist Episcopal Mission field in Sichuan

The first Methodist missionaries to reach Sichuan were those of the American Methodist Episcopal Mission (AMEM) led by Rev. Lucius Nathan Wheeler,[4] who arrived in Chongqing in 1882. In 1884, Francis Dunlap Gamewell was assigned to this city as superintendent of the West China Mission.[5] Their early efforts encountered strong resistance and riots that led to the abandonment of the mission. It was not until 1889 that these Methodists came back and started the mission again.[6]

American Methodist Institutional Church at Chengdu, circa 1920

The AMEM mission work concentrated within a diamond-shaped area with the cities of Chengdu (Chengtu), Suining, Zizhong (Tzechung) and Chongqing (Chungking) as bases.[7] Apart from being one of the four founding societies of the West China Union University in 1910,[8] the AMEM had several colleges, schools and hospitals in those above-mentioned cities, as well as an Institutional Church in Chengdu and a Lewis Memorial Institutional Church in Chongqing.[9]

Joseph Beech (third from left) with (l to r) E. D. Burton (American Baptist biblical scholar), T. C. Chamberlin (American geologist), Y. T. Wang (interpreter) and R. T. Chamberlin (T. C. Chamberlin's son) at Santai, Sichuan, during an exploratory trip through China in 1909 as part of the Oriental Educational Investigation Commission.

The Rev. Dr. Joseph Beech, a Wesleyan University graduate and member of Psi Upsilon and Phi Beta Kappa,[10] played an instrumental role in founding and running West China Union University. He served as its founding president and later its chancellor.[11]

Ailie Gale served as hospital administrator for five years at Chadwick Memorial Hospital in Zizhong beginning in 1941. She left in 1946 to reunite with her husband, as she recognized escalating political conflict.[12]

During the 1940s, the Church's work in the Chengdu area was directed by W. Y. Chen [zh], one of the four Methodist bishops in China.[6][13]

Canadian Methodist Mission

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First Canadian Methodist missionaries to Sichuan, sailed in 1891. From left to right, standing: Rev. G. E. Hartwell, Mrs. Hartwell, Rev. O. L. Kilborn, Mrs. Kilborn. Seated: Rev. V. C. Hart, Mrs. Hart, Dr. D. W. Stevenson.

In 1891, a West China Mission group of the Missionary Society of the Methodist Church in Canada (MCC) was formed in Toronto, consisting of four missionaries and their wives. Two of the men were ministers (Virgil C. Hart [zh], founder of the mission,[14] and George E. Hartwell), and two were doctors (Omar L. Kilborn and David W. Stevenson).[15] Before their departure, a farewell service was held in Elm Street Methodist Church, Toronto. They left Canada for China on 4 October.[16]

Canadian Methodist Mission in Central Sichuan (Szechwan)

The party arrived in the provincial capital Chengdu the following year. Work began immediately in the capital, and two years later, in Jiading (Kiatingfu),[17] with the establishment of mission stations in both cities.[18] The mission's first church and hospital [zh] were subsequently built in Chengdu. On April 16, 1893, the missionaries welcomed their first convert, a woman. She impressed the missionaries with her straightforward manner, a rare trait in a Chinese, and by her remarkable progress in learning to read.[19]

In 1895, a serious outbreak of anti-foreign agitation spread throughout the province. In Chengdu, all the MCC mission property was entirely destroyed; and all missionaries of all missions, Protestant and Roman Catholic alike, were thankful to escape with their lives.[20]

The West China Missionary News, printed by Canadian Methodist Mission Press

In 1897, the Canadian Methodist Mission Press was established in Jiading, but was moved to the capital city of Chengdu in 1903. This press produced publications mostly in English, Tibetan, Chinese and Hua Miao, but also printed language lessons in French and German. In addition to printing for the various missions in the western province, a certain amount of work was done for local schools and non-missionary foreigners.[21] Notable among its printings was The West China Missionary News, first published in 1899, being the first and longest-running English-language newspaper in Sichuan province.[22]

Six of the Victoria Eight were sent to Sichuan: N. E. Bowles (Chengdu [Chengtu]), H. D. Robertson (Chengdu), W. E. Sibley (Pengzhou [Penghsien]), E. W. Wallace (Chongqing [Chungking]), C. J. P. Jolliffe (Luzhou [Luchow]), and E. W. Morgan (Fuzhou [Fowchow]).[23]

In 1906, eight Victoria College students formed the Victoria Eight, nicknamed "The Missionary Gang" to China and Japan. They left Canada in November. Acta Victoriana celebrated their departure by publishing in the November 1906 issue the students' graduating photographs on the journal's frontispiece, and a poem titled "L'Envoi" by Edward Wilson Wallace, one of the Eight. Six of these men were sent to Sichuan, where they arrived in 1910 after two years of language learning.[23]

After 1900, eight more mission stations were established in Renshou (Jenshow, 1905), Rongxian (Junghsien, 1905), Pengzhou (Penghsien, 1907), Ziliujing (Tzeliutsing, 1907), Luzhou (Luchow, 1908), Chongqing (Chungking, 1910), Zhongzhou (Chungchow, 1911) and Fuzhou (Fowchow, 1913). The MCC missionaries travelled through the province building churches and residential compounds with missionary houses. They rented or bought local buildings to run services, prayer meetings and Bible study classes. They preached in markets and church halls, established day schools and boarding schools at the primary and high schools for both boys and girls, besides opening orphanages. The medical missionaries opened clinics, dispensaries, and hospitals.[24] They served in the province's Red Cross work during the years 1913–16.[25]

Faculty, students and guests of the West China Union University and Middle School. The guests include Bishop Bashford, Rev. Dr. Goucher, Fuh [zh], Military Governor, and Chʻen [zh], Civil Governor of Sichuan. 1915 or 1916.

The MCC was one of the four mission societies responsible for the creation of West China Union University in 1910, together with American Baptist Foreign Mission Society (American Baptist Churches USA), American Methodist Episcopal Mission (Methodist Episcopal Church), and Friends' Foreign Mission Association (British Quakers).[8] There they opened their own Hart College, and the university's Medical and Dentistry Departments owed their success to these Canadian missionaries.[24] That same year (1910), the MCC took over Chongqing district from London Missionary Society.[26]

In 1917, the Silver Jubilee of the founding of the West China Mission was celebrated among Canadian Methodists.[27] On May 27, 1918, the MCC had its first preparatory conference held at Rongxian. At this conference, the first local missionary was appointed and sent to the hill tribes northwest of Chengdu. The personnel of the conference included missionaries, evangelists, probationers, and lay delegates.[28]

West China Mission of the United Church of Canada
Canadian Methodist missionaries stationed in Sichuan by 1920

By the end of 1921, the Methodists enrolled almost one half of the Protestant Christians in Sichuan, making it (along with Anglicanism) one of the province's two largest Protestant sects.[1] Following the merger of the Methodist Church of Canada into the United Church of Canada in 1925, the latter assumed responsibility for the MCC. At that time, the MCC was the largest mission of the newly-founded Church. There were 10 central stations, 8 hospitals, 10 dispensaries, 10 higher primary schools, 2 middle schools and 126 lower primary schools, as well as 214 Canadians, both men and women, working as mission staff. Each station executed missionary work in three forms: evangelistic, educational, and medical. As a whole, the mission created a Christian community of about 10,000 people. In 1927, many Canadian missionaries were ordered to evacuate Sichuan due to communist uprisings and the subsequent Chinese Civil War. This evacuation led to a number of staff resignations which caused a decline in the West China Mission work.[29]

During the middle 1930s, Church property in Lifan, Maozhou (Maochow), Weizhou (Weikiu), and Zagunao [zh] (Tzagulao) was largely destroyed by Communist troops, pastors and converts were killed,[3] and most of the villages between Lifan and Zagunao were burnt by Communists.[30] When the soldiers evacuated the Lifan valley, they destroyed the people's homes and dumped surplus food into cesspools as they could not carry off.[31] After the Communists left, the Nationalist troops who arrived took whatever they wanted without paying for them.[32] By 1934, the MCC had joined the Church of Christ in China (CCC);[33] an annual general meeting of the CCC's Sichuan Synod was held on February 9, 1939.[34]

Since 1949

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See also: Protestantism in Sichuan § Current situation

After the Communist takeover of China in 1949, missionaries were expelled, most church activities were banned, and all mission schools and hospitals were taken over by the government.[33] Protestant Churches in China were also forced to sever their ties with respective overseas Churches, which has thus led to the merging of all the denominations into Communist-sanctioned Three-Self Patriotic Church.[35] The China Christian Council was founded at the third national Christian conference in 1980 to unite and provide services for Protestant churches, formulating Church Order and encouraging theological education.[36] In 2018, the detention of 100 Christians in Sichuan, including their pastor Wang Yi, raised concerns about religious crackdown in China.[37]

The history of Canadian West China Mission was largely forgotten by both Canada and China, and once suppressed by Chinese government not keen to acknowledge the work of foreign faith workers, until, according to Nathan VanderKlippe's report in 2017, "the past few years, [...] the story of the West China Mission is now being revived with a caveat. The missionaries are not referred to as such. They are, instead, called 'volunteers'."[38]

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  • The first Canadian Methodist Mission Press at Jiading, before 1903
    The first Canadian Methodist Mission Press at Jiading, before 1903
  • The new Canadian Methodist Mission Press at Chengdu, April 1905
    The new Canadian Methodist Mission Press at Chengdu, April 1905
  • Canadian Methodist Hospital at Chengdu, before 1917
    Canadian Methodist Hospital at Chengdu, before 1917
  • The Canadian School of the West China Union University, Chengdu, c. 1918
    The Canadian School of the West China Union University, Chengdu, c. 1918
  • Canadian Methodists' Hart Memorial College at the West China Union University
    Canadian Methodists' Hart Memorial College at the West China Union University
  • Canadian Methodist Church at Rongxian, before 1911
    Canadian Methodist Church at Rongxian, before 1911
  • Canadian Methodist Church at Ziliujing, before 1920
    Canadian Methodist Church at Ziliujing, before 1920
  • Canadian Methodist Church at Chongqing, before 1920
    Canadian Methodist Church at Chongqing, before 1920
  • Interior of the Canadian Methodist Chapel at Chengdu, decorated for Christmas, before 1903
    Interior of the Canadian Methodist Chapel at Chengdu, decorated for Christmas, before 1903
  • Chancel of the Canadian Methodist Mission Church at Luchow, 1932
    Chancel of the Canadian Methodist Mission Church at Luchow, 1932
  • Six of the Victoria Eight, l to r: N. E. Bowles, E. W. Morgan, C. J. P. Jolliffe, W. E. Sibley, H. D. Robertson, and E. W. Wallace, sailed in 1906
    Six of the Victoria Eight, l to r: N. E. Bowles, E. W. Morgan, C. J. P. Jolliffe, W. E. Sibley, H. D. Robertson, and E. W. Wallace, sailed in 1906
  • New mission group of the MCC, sailed in 1908
    New mission group of the MCC, sailed in 1908
  • Forward Movement, Missionary Conference, Chengdu, 1908
    Forward Movement, Missionary Conference, Chengdu, 1908
  • Canadian West China Mission Annual Conference, Chongqing, 1914
    Canadian West China Mission Annual Conference, Chongqing, 1914
  • Funeral of one of the West China Conference pastors held at an American Methodist Episcopal church in Chongqing, between 1900 and 1930
    Funeral of one of the West China Conference pastors held at an American Methodist Episcopal church in Chongqing, between 1900 and 1930
  • American Methodist Episcopal Church tower, Chongqing, between 1900 and 1930
    American Methodist Episcopal Church tower, Chongqing, between 1900 and 1930
  • American Methodist Gospel Church at Chongqing in 2019
    American Methodist Gospel Church at Chongqing in 2019

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Sichuan, formerly romanized as Szechwan, Szechuan, Sz-chuan, or Sz-chuen; also referred to as "West China".

References

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  1. ^ a b Stauffer 1922, p. 228.
  2. ^ Lü 1976, p. 282.
  3. ^ a b Plewman 1936, pp. 11–18.
  4. ^ Hart 1917, p. 181.
  5. ^ "Reverend Francis D. Gamewell". chronicles.dickinson.edu. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
  6. ^ a b Baker 1946, p. 19.
  7. ^ Baker 1946, p. 18.
  8. ^ a b "West China Union University". library.vicu.utoronto.ca. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  9. ^ Baker 1946, pp. 37, 46.
  10. ^ Russ, Johanna. "Beech, Joseph, Class of 1899". divinity-adhoc.library.yale.edu. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  11. ^ Yang, Liping (11 March 2020). "An American Missionary with Two Motherlands: Joseph Beech and West China Union University". review.gale.com. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  12. ^ Zaccarini, M. Cristina (2001). "Chadwick Memorial Hospital Tzechung". The Sino-American Friendship as Tradition and Challenge: Dr. Ailie Gale in China, 1908-1950. Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University Press. ISBN 9780934223706.
  13. ^ "Chen, Wenyuan (1897-1968): MEC Bishop In China". bu.edu. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  14. ^ Various authors 1920, p. 2.
  15. ^ Kilborn 1910, p. 231.
  16. ^ Wallace 1903, p. 42.
  17. ^ Stauffer 1922, p. 224.
  18. ^ Lü 1976, p. 270.
  19. ^ Wallace 1903, p. 59.
  20. ^ Various authors 1920, p. 42.
  21. ^ Couling, Samuel (1917). "Mission Presses". The Encyclopaedia Sinica. Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh. p. 377. ISBN 9789004213463. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  22. ^ Zhu, Yaling (2019). "The West China Missionary News and Its Tibet Narrative" (PDF). clausiuspress.com. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  23. ^ a b "1900s 'The Victoria Eight'". library.vicu.utoronto.ca. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  24. ^ a b "The Central Stations of the West China Mission". library.vicu.utoronto.ca. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  25. ^ Various authors 1920, p. 46.
  26. ^ Bond 1911, p. 147.
  27. ^ Hart 1917, p. vi.
  28. ^ Various authors 1920, p. 23.
  29. ^ "The West China Mission". asc.library.carleton.ca. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  30. ^ WCMN 1936, p. 11.
  31. ^ WCMN 1936, p. 7.
  32. ^ WCMN 1936, p. 8.
  33. ^ a b Yrigoyen, Charles Jr.; Warrick, Susan E. (7 November 2013). Historical Dictionary of Methodism. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 41. ISBN 9780810878945.
  34. ^ "Victoria University Honours its Chinese Missionaries". library.vicu.utoronto.ca. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  35. ^ Ferris, Helen (1956). The Christian Church in Communist China, to 1952. Montgomery, AL: Air Force Personnel and Training Research Center. p. 8. OCLC 5542137.
  36. ^ Bays, Daniel H. (2012). A New History of Christianity in China. Chichester, West Sussex; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 189. ISBN 9781405159548.
  37. ^ Berlinger, Joshua (17 December 2018). "Detention of 100 Christians raises concerns about religious crackdown in China". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  38. ^ VanderKlippe, Nathan (14 April 2017). "China's history with missionaries forms modern Canada relations". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved 22 October 2022.

Bibliography

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