Medes: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
No edit summary |
←Blanked the page |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Unreferenced|date=January 2010}} |
|||
{{Redirect|Mede|the town in Italy|Mede (Italy)}} |
|||
{{FixBunching|beg}} |
|||
{{Infobox Former Country |
|||
|native_name = Mādai |
|||
|conventional_long_name = Median Empire or Median Confederation |
|||
|common_name = Media |
|||
|continent = Asia |
|||
|region = Ancient Near East |
|||
|country = |
|||
|era = Golden Age |
|||
|status = |
|||
|status_text = |
|||
|empire = |
|||
|government_type = Monarchy |
|||
|year_start = 625 BC |
|||
|year_end = 549 BC |
|||
|year_exile_start = |
|||
|year_exile_end = |
|||
|event_start = [[Cyaxares]] united Median tribes<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopedia Article: Media ancient region, Iran">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/372125/Media Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopedia Article: Media ancient region, Iran</ref> |
|||
|date_start = |
|||
|event_end = [[Cyrus the Great]] |
|||
|date_end = |
|||
|event1 = |
|||
|date_event1 = |
|||
|event2 = |
|||
|date_event2 = |
|||
|event3 = |
|||
|date_event3 = |
|||
|event4 = |
|||
|date_event4 = |
|||
|event_pre = |
|||
|date_pre = |
|||
|event_post = |
|||
|date_post = |
|||
|p1 = Neo-Assyrian Empire |
|||
|flag_p1 = Map of Assyria.png |
|||
|image_p1 = |
|||
|p2 = |
|||
|flag_p2 = |
|||
|p3 = |
|||
|flag_p3 = |
|||
|p4 = |
|||
|flag_p4 = |
|||
|p5 = |
|||
|flag_p5 = |
|||
|s1 = Achaemenid Empire |
|||
|flag_s1 = Standard of Cyrus the Great (Achaemenid Empire).svg |
|||
|image_s1 = |
|||
|s2 = |
|||
|flag_s2 = |
|||
|s3 = |
|||
|flag_s3 = |
|||
|s4 = |
|||
|flag_s4 = |
|||
|s5 = |
|||
|flag_s5 = |
|||
|image_flag = |
|||
|flag = |
|||
|flag_type = |
|||
|image_coat = |
|||
|symbol = |
|||
|symbol_type = |
|||
|image_map = Median Empire.svg |
|||
|image_map_caption = A map of Median Empire/Confederation, in its largest extent ca. 600 BC (including local states such as [[Persis]] which were likely its vassal) based on [[Herodotus|Herodotean]] view |
|||
|capital = Ecbatana |
|||
|capital_exile = |
|||
|latd= |latm= |latNS= |longd= |longm= |longEW= |
|||
|national_motto = |
|||
|national_anthem = |
|||
|common_languages = |
|||
|religion = [[Zoroastrianism]] |
|||
|currency = |
|||
|title_leader = [[List of kings of Persia|King]] |
|||
|leader1 = [[Cyaxares]] (first) |
|||
|year_leader1 = 625-585 BC |
|||
|leader2 = [[Astyages]] (last) |
|||
|year_leader2 = 589-549 BC |
|||
|footnotes = |
|||
}} |
|||
{{FixBunching|mid}} |
|||
{{History of Greater Iran}} |
|||
{{FixBunching|end}} |
|||
The '''Medes''', ([[Ancient Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|grc|Μῆδοι}}, from an [[Old Persian]] ''{{lang|peo|𒈠𒁕𐎭𐎠𐎡 Mādai}}''; [[Middle Persian]] Māh, [[Akkadian language|Assyrian]] 𒈣𒁕𐎹 ''Mādāyu'', [[Persian language|New Persian]] {{lang|fa|مادها}} Mād) were an [[Ancient Iranian peoples|ancient Iranian people]]<ref>A) "Mede." ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 16 January 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9051719>. |
|||
B) Andrew Dalby, ''Dictionary of Languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages'', Columbia University Press, 2004, pg 278. |
|||
C) Gwendolyn Leick, ''Who's Who in the Ancient Near East'', Routledge, Published 2001. pg 192 |
|||
D) Ian Shaw, Robert Jameson, ''A Dictionary of Archaeology'', Blackwell Publishing, 1999. |
|||
E) Sabatino Moscati, ''Face of the Ancient Orient'', Courier Dover Publications, Published 2001. pg 67 |
|||
F) John Prevas, ''Xenophon's March: Into the Lair of the Persian Lion'', Da Capo Press, 2002. pg 20.</ref> who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day [[Iran]]. This area is known as '''Media''' (also ''Medea''; Greek {{lang|grc|Μηδία}}, Old Persian ''{{lang|peo|Māda}}''; the English adjective is ''Median'', antiquated also ''Medean''). They entered this region with the first wave of Iranian tribes, in the late second millennium BC (the [[Bronze Age collapse]]). By the 6th century BC, after having together with the [[Neo-Babylonian empire|Babylonia]]ns defeated the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]], the Medes were able to establish their authority, lasting for about sixty years, from the [[Battle of Nineveh (612 BC)|sack of Nineveh]] in 612 BC until 549 BC when [[Cyrus the Great]] established the [[Achaemenid Empire]] by defeating [[Astyages]], king of Media. |
|||
==Name== |
|||
According to Herodotus, "the Medes were called anciently by all people [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Aryans]]; but when Media, the [[Colchian]], came to them from [[Athens]], they changed their name. Such is the account which they themselves give." <ref>The Medes, History of Herodotus (7.7)</ref> [[Medea]] is the daughter of the [[Colchis|Colchian]] King [[Aeëtes]] in the [[Greek myth]], [[Jason and the Argonauts]]. There is not a clear Indo-European etymology for the name of Medes, ''Mâda''. <ref>Diakonoff, I. M. "Media" in ''The Cambridge History of Iran'', Vol. 2 , Edited by Ilya Gershevitch, 36-148, Cambridge, England, Cambridge University Press, 1985, ISBN 0521200911, 9780521200912, p. 57</ref> |
|||
[[Herodotus]], i. 101, lists the names of six Median tribes: "Thus [[Deioces]] collected the Medes into a nation, and ruled over them alone. Now these are the tribes of which they consist: the [[Busae]], the [[Paretaceni]], the [[Struchates]], the [[Arizanti]], the [[Budii]], and the [[Magi]]" (7.62), names of three of these have Iranian etymologies. <ref>Elena Efimovna Kuzʹmina, J. P. Mallory, ''The origin of the Indo-Iranians'', Volume 3, published by: BRILL, 2007, ISBN 900416054X, 9789004160545, p.371</ref> |
|||
Gudea ruler of Lagash in Mesopotamia (2143-2124 BCE) mentioned "Mada" as a land that grains grow in it.<ref>Gud Cyl A, XIV, 7-9 in SAK: 104. 105; Jacobson 1953, JCS 7: 40, n. 47.</ref> Šulgi ruler of third Ur dynasty (2095-2048 BCE) built "bád mada ki" that means wall of Media.<ref>RLA II: 141b-142a; SAK: 231 Jahr 35 u. 36; Lau 1996, Old Babylonian Temple Records: 3.</ref> "ki" is a descriptive symbol that comes after geographical places. A lot of translators translate "mada" generally into land. "mada" uses as a suffix before names of lands that are located in west of Iranian plateau like "Martu", "Subartu", "Anšan", "Kimaš", "Gutium" and etc. "Šu-Sin" ruler of third Ur dynasty (2038-2030 BCE), reported his military expedition to lands and cities of Zagros, and pillage of gold from "Mada". Translation of "Mada" as a desert isn't correct because all of lands uses after "Mada" are located in mountains and plateau. |
|||
==Origins== |
|||
{{See|Indo-Iranians|Ancient Iranian peoples}} |
|||
The prehistoric origin of the Medes lies in the common [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]] homeland in the [[Eurasian steppes]]. The early Iranian expansion takes them towards the [[Persian Plateau]] and the [[Zagros]] mountains during the later second millennium BC as part of the population movements associated with the [[Bronze Age collapse]].<ref>M. Chahin, ''Before the Greeks'', p. 109, James Clarke & Co., 1996, ISBN 0718829506</ref> |
|||
According to Karen Radner, judging by Assyrian sources it is not clear whether Medes were considered to form a distinct ethnic or linguistic identity.<ref>Radner, Karen, "An Assyrian View on the Medes", in G. B. Lanfranchi, M. Roaf and R. Rollinger eds., ''Continuity of Empire (?): Assyria, Media, Persia. History of the Ancient Near East Monographs'' 5, published by: S.a.r.g.o.n. Editrice e Libreria, (2003) 37-64. (see pp.63-64)</ref> |
|||
=== Greco-Roman historiography=== |
|||
[[Josephus]] relates the Medes (OT Heb. Madai) to the biblical character, [[Madai]], son of [[Japheth]]. "Now as to [[Javan]] and [[Madai]], the sons of Japhet; from Madai came the Madeans, who are called Medes, by the Greeks" [[Antiquities of the Jews]], I:6. |
|||
According to the [[Book of Jubilees]] (10:35-36), Madai had married a daughter of [[Shem]], and preferred to live among Shem's descendants, rather than dwell in Japheth's allotted inheritance beyond the Black Sea; so he begged his brothers-in-law, Elam, Asshur and Arphaxad, until he finally received from them the land that was named after him, Media. The Kurds still maintain traditions of descent from Madai. |
|||
We can see how the Persian element gradually became dominant; princes with Persian names occasionally occur as rulers of other tribes. But the [[Gelae]], [[Tapuri]], [[Cadusii]], [[Amardi]], [[Utii]] and other tribes in northern Media and on the shores of the Caspian may not have been Persian stock. [[Polybius]] (V. 44, 9), [[Strabo]] (xi. 507, 508, 514), and [[Natural History (Pliny)|Pliny]] (vi. 46), considered the ''Anariaci'' to be among these tribes; but this name, meaning the "non-Arians", is probably a comprehensive designation for a number of smaller indigenous tribes. |
|||
The story that [[Ctesias]] gave (a king named Pharnus, said to have been crucified by the Assyrian [[Ninus]] in c. 2175 BC, followed by a list of nine later kings beginning with [[Arbaces]], said to have destroyed [[Nineveh]] in 880s BC; preserved in [[Diodorus]] ii. 32 sqq. and copied by many later authors) has no historical value whatsoever; though some of his names may be derived from local traditions. |
|||
===Assyrian record=== |
|||
[[File:PLATE2BX.jpg|thumb|Modern artistic drawing of Costumes of ancient Mede nobility.]] |
|||
The Medes, people of the ''Mada'' (the Greek form {{Polytonic|Μῆδοι}} is [[Ionic Greek|Ionic]] for {{Polytonic|Μᾶδοι}}), appear in Assyrian record first in 836 BC. Earliest records show that [[Assyria]]n conqueror [[Shalmaneser III]] received tribute from the "Amadai" in connection with wars against the tribes of the [[Zagros]]. His successors undertook many expeditions against the Medes (''Madai''). |
|||
In 715 BC and 713 BC, [[Sargon II of Assyria]] subjected them up to "the far mountain Bikni" ([[Damavand]] or [[Alvand]]) and the borders of the desert. If the account of [[Herodotus]] is to be trusted, the Median dynasty descends from [[Deioces]] (''Daiukku'') a prince from [[Diauehi]] and a Median chieftain in the [[Zagros]], who, along with his kinsmen, was transported by Sargon to [[Hamath]] (Haniah) in [[Syria]] in 715 BC. This Daiukku seems to have originally been a governor of [[Mannai|Mannae]], subject to Sargon prior to his exile. |
|||
In spite of repeated rebellions by the early chieftains against Assyrian rule, the Medes paid tribute to Assyria under Sargon's successors, [[Sennacherib]], [[Esarhaddon]] and [[Ashur-bani-pal]] whenever these kings marched against them. Assyrian forts located in Median territory at the time of Esarhaddon's campaign (ca. 676) included [[Bit-Parnakki]], [[Bit-kari]] and [[Harhar]] (Kar-Sharrukin). |
|||
==Median homeland== |
|||
The Median homeland, as can be understood through Assyrian sources, was on the northwest bounded to the land of [[Mannaeans]], on the west to [[Parsua]], on the southwest to [[Ellipi]] and on the south to Simashki region of the [[Elamites]]. The eastern border of the Medes was bounded with Mount Bikni, which modern scholars traditionally identified with Mount Damavand, but in recent decades some scholars tend to identify it with Mount Alvand near Hamadan, where the capital of the Medes is supposed to be located. |
|||
==History== |
|||
===Media=== |
|||
The very existence of a Median empire is questioned by modern scholars. It is being increasingly argued that such a political entity even if existed, must have been merely a ''political aliance'' among highland neighbors of [[Assyria]]ns, <ref>[http://www.achemenet.com/ressources/souspresse/annonces/Rollinger-Iran.pdf On some problems concerning the Western expansion of the Median empire"]</ref> such as [[Urartu]] in southeastern Anatolia, [[Sagartians]] in modern northern Iraq, and the actual Medians in the area between what is today Hamadan-Kirmanshah in cental Zagros. Neither cuneiform sources nor archaeological evidence nor biblical accounts <ref>Liverani, Mario, "The Rise and Fall of Media", in : G. B. Lanfranchi, M. Roaf, R. Rollinger, eds., Continuity of Empire (?) Assyria, Media, Persia. Padova, published by: S.a.r.g.o.n. Editrice e Libreria, 2003, pp. 1-12, see p. 8-9</ref> support the historiography provided by Herodotus, who claimed there existed a Median empire. |
|||
Although [[Herodotus]] credits “[[Deioces]] son of [[Phraortes]]” (probably c. 715) with the creation of the Median kingdom and the founding of its capital city at [[Ecbatana]] (modern [[Hamadan]]), it was probably not before 625 BC that Cyaxares, grandson of Deioces, succeeded in uniting into a kingdom the many Iranian-speaking Median tribes.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopedia Article: Media ancient region, Iran"/> {{Clarify|post-text=(inconsistent with [[Ecbatana]]?)|date=November 2009}} |
|||
According to Herodotus, the conquests of [[Cyaxares]] the Medes were preceded by a [[Scythia]]n invasion and domination lasting twenty-eight years (under [[Madius]] the Scythian, 653-625 BC). <ref>Hereodtus, ''The Histories'' (Penguin Books: New York, 1972) pp. 271-272.</ref> The Medes tribes seem to have come into immediate conflict with a settled state to the West known as [[Mannae]], allied with [[Assyria]]. Assyrian inscriptions state that the early Medes rulers, who had attempted rebellions against the Assyrians in the time of Esarhaddon and Ashur-bani-pal, were allied with chieftains of the ''Ashguza'' (Scythians) and other tribes — who had come from the northern shore of the [[Black Sea]] and invaded [[Asia Minor]]. The state of Mannae was finally conquered and assimilated by the Medes in the year 616 BC. |
|||
In 612 BC, Cyaxares conquered [[Urartu]], and in alliance with [[Nabopolassar]] (who created the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]]), succeeded in [[Battle of Nineveh (612 BC)|destroying]] the Assyrian capital, [[Nineveh]], in 612 BC, and by 606 BC, the remaining vestiges of Assyrian control. From this point, the Medes king ruled over much of northern Mesopotamia, eastern Anatolia and [[Cappadocia]]. His power was a threat to his neighbors, and the exiled [[Jew]]s expected the destruction of [[Babylonia]] by the Medes (Isaiah 13, 14m 21; Jerem. 1, 51.). |
|||
When Cyaxares attacked [[Lydia]] in the [[Battle of Halys]], the kings of [[Cilicia]] and Babylon intervened and negotiated a peace in 585 BC, whereby the [[Halys River]] was established as the Medes' frontier with Lydia. [[Nebuchadrezzar II|Nebuchadrezzar]] of Babylon married a daughter of Cyaxares. Cyaxares' son, [[Astyages]] (584 BC - 550 BC), went to war with the Babylonian king Nabonidus.<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Media and Medes}}</ref> An equilibrium of the great powers was maintained until the rise of the Persians under [[Cyrus the Great]]. |
|||
===List of Median kings=== |
|||
*[[Deioces]] 728-675 BC<ref>Herodotus, ''The Histories'', p. 81.</ref> |
|||
*[[Phraortes]] 675-653 BC<ref>Herodotus, ''The Histories'', p. 83.</ref> |
|||
*[[Madius|Madius the Scythian]] 653-625 BC<ref>Herodotus, ''The Histories'', p. 84.</ref> |
|||
*[[Cyaxares]] (Old Iranian *Uvaxštra) 625-585 BC <ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopedia Article: Media ancient region, Iran"/><ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopedia Article: Cyaxares king of Media">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/147792/Cyaxares Cyaxares - Britannica Online Encyclopedia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
|||
*[[Astyages]] (Old Iranian *Ršti-vêga) 589-549 BC <ref>I.M. Diakonoff, “Media” in ''Cambridge History of Iran'' 2</ref> |
|||
===Achaemenid Persia=== |
|||
{{See|Persian Mesopotamia}} |
|||
[[File:Phraortes, Median leader.jpg|thumb|Phraortes, Median leader, who launched a resistance against Darius I.]] |
|||
In 553 BC, [[Cyrus the Great]], King of Persia, rebelled against his grandfather, the Mede King, [[Astyages]] son of Cyaxares; he finally won a decisive victory in [[550 BC]] resulting in Astyages' capture by his own dissatisfied nobles, who promptly turned him over to the triumphant Cyrus. {{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} |
|||
After Cyrus's victory against Astyages, the Medes were subjected to their close kin, the Persians.<ref>Herodotus, ''The Histories'', p. 93.</ref> In the new empire they retained a prominent position; in honor and war, they stood next to the Persians; their court ceremony was adopted by the new sovereigns, who in the summer months resided in [[Ecbatana]]; and many noble Medes were employed as officials, [[satrap]]s and generals. Interestingly, at the beginning the Greek historians referred to the Achaemenid Empire as a ''Median'' empire. |
|||
After the assassination of the usurper Smerdis, a Mede Fravartish (Phraortes), claiming to be a scion of Cyaxares, tried to restore the Mede kingdom, but was defeated by the Persian generals and executed in Ecbatana ([[Darius I the Great]] in the Behistun inscr.). Another rebellion, in 409 BC, against [[Darius II]] (Xenophon, Hellen. ~. 2, 19) was of short duration. But the [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]]<ref>[http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v4f6/v4f6a027.html Rudiger Schmitt, "Cadusii" in Encyclopedia Iranica]</ref> tribes to the north, especially the Cadusii, were always troublesome; many abortive expeditions of the later kings against them are mentioned{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}. |
|||
[[File:PLATE3DX.jpg|thumb|Modern artistic drawing of Mede nobleman and [[Persia|Persians]].]] |
|||
Under Persian rule, the country was divided into two satrapies: the south, with Ecbatana and Rhagae ([[Ray, Iran|Rey]] near modern [[Tehran]]), Media proper, or Greater Media, as it is often called, formed in Darius I the Great's organization the eleventh satrapy (Herodotus iii. 92), together with the Paricanians and Orthocorybantians; the north, the district of Matiane (see above), together with the mountainous districts of the Zagros and Assyria proper (east of the Tigris) was united with the Alarodians and Saspirians in eastern Armenia, and formed the eighteenth satrapy (Herod. iii. 94; cf. v. 49, 52, VII. 72). |
|||
When the Persian empire decayed and the Cadusii and other mountainous tribes made themselves independent, eastern Armenia became a special satrapy, while Assyria seems to have been united with Media; therefore [[Xenophon]] in the ''Anabasis'' always designates Assyria by the name of "Media". {{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} |
|||
===Hellenistic period=== |
|||
====Seleucid rule==== |
|||
{{Main|Atropatene}} |
|||
Following [[Alexander III of Macedon|Alexander's]] invasion of the satrapy of Media in the summer of 330 BC, he appointed as ''[[satrap]]'' a former general of [[Darius III]] the Great named [[Atropates]] (Atrupat) in 328 BC, according to [[Arrian]]. In the partition of his empire, southern Media was given to the Macedonian [[Peithon]]; but the north, far off and of little importance to the generals squabbling over Alexander's inheritance, was left to Atropates. |
|||
While southern Media, with [[Ecbatana]], passed to the rule of [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus|Antigonus]], and afterwards (about 310 BC) to [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus I]], Atropates maintained himself in his own satrapy and succeeded in founding an independent kingdom. Thus the partition of the country, that Persia had introduced, became lasting; the north was named [[Atropatene]] (in Pliny, ''Atrapatene''; in Ptolemy, ''Tropatene''), after the founder of the dynasty, a name still said to be preserved in the modern form '[[Azerbaijan]]'. |
|||
The capital of Atropatene was [[Ganzak|Gazaca]] in the central plain, and the castle [[Phraaspa]], discovered on the Araz river by archaeologists in April 2005. |
|||
Atropatene is that country of western Asia which was least of all other countries influenced by [[Hellenistic Greece|Hellenism]]; there exists not even a single coin of its rulers. Southern Media remained a province of the [[Seleucid Empire]] for a century and a half, and Hellenism was introduced everywhere. Media was surrounded everywhere by Greek towns, in pursuance of Alexander's plan to protect it from neighboring barbarians, according to [[Polybius]] (x. 27). Only Ecbatana retained its old character. But [[Rhagae]] became the Greek town ''Europus''; and with it [[Strabo]] (xi. 524) names [[Nahavand|Laodicea]], [[Apamea (Media)|Apamea Heraclea]] or Achais. Most of them were founded by Seleucus I and his son [[Antiochus I]]. |
|||
====Arsacid rule==== |
|||
In 221 BC, the satrap [[Molon]] tried to make himself independent (there exist bronze coins with his name and the royal title), together with his brother [[Alexander (satrap)|Alexander]], satrap of Persis, but they were defeated and killed by Antiochus the Great. In the same way, the Mede satrap [[Timarchus]] took the diadem and conquered Babylonia; on his coins he calls himself the great king Timarchus; but again the legitimate king, Demetrius I, succeeded in subduing the rebellion, and Timarchus was slain. But with Demetrius I, the dissolution of the Seleucid Empire began, brought about chiefly by the intrigues of the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], and shortly afterwards, in about 150, the Parthian king [[Mithradates I]] conquered Media (Justin xli. 6). |
|||
From this time Media remained subject to the [[Arsacid Empire|Arsacids]] or Parthians, who changed the name of Rhagae, or Europus, into ''Arsacia'' (Strabo xi. 524), and divided the country into five small provinces (Isidorus Charac.). From the Parthians, it passed in 226 to the [[Sassanids]], together with Atropatene. |
|||
==Religion== |
|||
From the names in the [[Assyria]]n inscriptions, it appears they had already adopted the [[Zoroastrianism|religion]] of [[Zoroaster]].<ref>Mary Boyce, ''Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism'' (Chicago: Univ. Of Chicago Press, 1990) [http://www.books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0226069303&id=ZPlmnX7AgMEC&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&ots=h9MaU8-X0h&dq=medes+zoroastrian&sig=dYYIouBWvJ4IaiPQOMFfUa0k1dM]</ref> |
|||
The revival of Zoroastrianism, enforced everywhere by the Sassanids, completed this development. Atropatene, already center of the fire cult during Parthian times (see [[Takht-i-Suleiman]]) now became the site of one of the [[Fire temple#The legendary Great Fires|legendary Great Fires]]. Under the patronage of [[Kartir]], the 'priest of priests' of the early Sassanid kings, Arsacia/Rhagae advanced to become one of the two (the other being Ishtakhr, ancestral seat of the Sassanid priest-kings) centers of the Zoroastrian priesthood. |
|||
==Language== |
|||
{{Main|Median language}} |
|||
[[Strabo]], in his "Geography", mentions the affinity of Mede with other [[Iranian languages]]: |
|||
{{quotation|The name of'' [[Ariana]] ''is further extended to a part of [[Persia]] and of Media, as also to the [[Bactrians]] and [[Sogdians]] on the north; for these speak approximately the same language, with but slight variations.|Geography, 15.8}} |
|||
Words probably of Mede origin appear in various other Iranian dialects, including [[Old Persian]]. For example, [[Herodotus]] mentions the word ''Spaka'' (dog), still found in Iranic languages such as [[Talyshi]]. Other words also thought to be of Mede origin (I.M Diakonoff, Medes) include |
|||
*''Farnah'': Divine glory; ({{lang-ae|khvar}}{{Unicode|ɘ}}''nah'') |
|||
*''Paridaiza'': [[Paradise]], (as in Pardis پردیس) |
|||
*''Vazraka'': Great, (as [[Modern Persian]] ''Bozorg'' بزرگ), |
|||
*''Vispa'': All, (as in [[Avestan]]), |
|||
*''Xshayathiya'' (royal, royalty). |
|||
The Medes are sometimes considered by Kurdish nationalists to be one of the ancestors of the [[Kurds]] based on linguistic and geographic claims<ref>John Limbert, "The Origins and Appearance of the Kurds in Pre-Islamic Iran", ''Iranian Studies'', Vol. 1, No. 2, Spring 1968. Excerpt: "Although some scholars have dismissed the Kurds' claim of Median descent, linguistic and geographical evidence supports these claims. All Kurdish dialects have maintained the basic characteristics of Kurdish despite the wide dispersion of the tribes. This fact suggests that there was an ancient and powerful language from which the dialects evolved, which cannot be proved to be Median".</ref>. This conjecture is, however, challenged by other scholars who consider central [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] dialects, mainly those of [[Kashan]] area and [[Tati language (Iran)|Tati]] as the only direct offshoots of Median language<ref>G. Asatrian, ''Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds'', Iran and the Caucasus, Vol.13, pp.1-58, 2009. (p.21)</ref>.<ref>Borjian, Habib. 2009. "Median Succumbs to Persian after Three Millennia of Coexistence: Language Shift in the Central Iranian Plateau". Journal of Persianate Studies. 2 (1): 62-87. </ref>. Moreover, although some medieval Armenian authors refer to Kurds as ''mark''(Medians) or ''azgn marac''(the tribe of the Medians), this is considered as part of a literary tradition of identifying modern ethnic groups with the unrelated ancient people<ref>G. Asatrian, ''Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds'', Iran and the Caucasus, Vol.13, pp.1-58, 2009. (pp.21-22) Excerpt:"In the late Armenian sources, especially in |
|||
the colophons of the manuscripts, the Kurds are sometimes referred to as mark‘ “Medians” or azgn marac‘ “the tribe of the Medians”. Namely |
|||
this phenomenon in the Armenian written tradition is declared by the |
|||
protagonists of the mentioned idea (e.g. Minorsky, ''Les origines des Kurds'', Actes du XXe Congrès international |
|||
des orientalistes, Louvain: 143-152, 1940). However, the labeling of the Kurds as Medians by the Armenian chroniclers is a mere literary device within the tradition of identifying the contemporary ethnic units with the ancient peoples, known throughout the Classical literature. Tatars, e.g., were identified with the Persians, ''azgn parsic''; Kara-qoyunlu Turkmens were called "the tribe of the Scythians", ''azgn skiwt‘ac‘woc‘''.</ref>. Moreover linguistic evidence shows the ancestor of the Kurds lived to the south of the Medes and departed from the South to the North.<ref>Kreyenbroek, Philip G., and Stefan Sperl. ۱۹۹۲. The Kurds: a contemporary overview. Routledge/SOAS contemporary politics and culture in the Middle East series. London: Routledge. p.7۰</ref> |
|||
==See also== |
|||
{{Ancient Near East portal}} |
|||
*[[Achaemenid Empire]] |
|||
*[[Kurds]] |
|||
*[[Madai]] |
|||
*[[Mair Rajputs]] |
|||
*[[Kurukshetra]] |
|||
*[[History of the Kurdish people]] |
|||
*[[Achaemenid Empire|Persian Empire]] |
|||
*[[Greater Persia]] |
|||
*[[List of kings of Persia]] |
|||
==References and Notes== |
|||
{{reflist}} |
|||
*"Mede." ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 16 January 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9051719>. |
|||
Bruno Genito, 1986, The Medes: a Reassessment of the Archaeological Evidence, East & West, 36, Nos. 1-3, pp. 11-83. Rome. |
|||
Bruno Genito, 1995, The Material Culture of the Medes: Limits and Perspectives in the Archaeological Research,Un Ricordo che non si spegne, Scritti di docenti e collaboratori dell'Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli in memoria di Alessandro Bausani, pp. 103-118. Napoli |
|||
Bruno Genito, 2005 The Archaeology of the Median period: an outline and a research perspective, The Iron Age in the Iranian World (17- 20 November 2003) Ghent, Ghent University and the Royal Museums for Art and History, Brussels, Iranica Antiqua, 40, 315-340. Ghent. |
|||
M. R. Izady, "Are Kurds Descended From the Medes?" http://www.kurdistanica.com/?q=node/78 |
|||
{{Median topics}} |
|||
{{Achaemenid Provinces}} |
|||
{{Sassanid Provinces}} |
|||
{{Empires}} |
|||
{{coord missing|Iran}} |
|||
[[Category:549 BC disestablishments]] |
|||
[[Category:States and territories established in 625 BC]] |
|||
[[Category:Medes| ]] |
|||
[[Category:Achaemenid satrapies]] |
|||
[[Category:Provinces of the Sassanid Empire]] |
|||
[[Category:Ancient Iranian peoples]] |
|||
[[ar:ميديون]] |
|||
[[az:Midiya]] |
|||
[[be:Мідыя]] |
|||
[[bg:Мидийци]] |
|||
[[ca:Medes]] |
|||
[[ceb:Mga Medo]] |
|||
[[cs:Médie]] |
|||
[[da:Mederne]] |
|||
[[de:Medien (Land)]] |
|||
[[et:Meedia riik]] |
|||
[[el:Μήδοι]] |
|||
[[es:Media (Oriente Medio)]] |
|||
[[eo:Medoj]] |
|||
[[eu:Media]] |
|||
[[fa:ماد]] |
|||
[[fr:Mèdes]] |
|||
[[fy:Meden]] |
|||
[[ka:მიდია]] |
|||
[[gl:Medos]] |
|||
[[ko:메디아]] |
|||
[[hi:मीदि साम्राज्य]] |
|||
[[hr:Medijsko Carstvo]] |
|||
[[id:Media (bangsa)]] |
|||
[[it:Medi]] |
|||
[[he:מדי]] |
|||
[[ku:Med û Medya]] |
|||
[[la:Media]] |
|||
[[lt:Medija]] |
|||
[[hu:Médek]] |
|||
[[ms:Medes]] |
|||
[[nl:Meden]] |
|||
[[ja:メディア王国]] |
|||
[[no:Medere]] |
|||
[[pl:Medowie]] |
|||
[[pt:Medos]] |
|||
[[ru:Мидия]] |
|||
[[simple:Medes]] |
|||
[[sk:Médska ríša]] |
|||
[[sl:Medijci]] |
|||
[[ckb:ماد]] |
|||
[[sr:Медија]] |
|||
[[sh:Medijci]] |
|||
[[fi:Meedia]] |
|||
[[sv:Medien]] |
|||
[[tl:Mga Medo]] |
|||
[[tr:Medler]] |
|||
[[uk:Мідія (держава)]] |
|||
[[vi:Người Media]] |
|||
[[wuu:米底王国]] |
|||
[[zh:米底王国]] |
|||