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South Pole Traverse

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South Pole Traverse
McMurdo–South Pole Highway
A red line indicating the path of the traverse
Route information
Length995 mi[1] (1,601 km)
Existed2007–present
Major junctions
South endAmundsen–Scott South Pole Station
North endMcMurdo Station
Transport in Antarctica

The South Pole Traverse, also called the South Pole Overland Traverse (SPoT),[2] or McMurdo–South Pole Highway [3] is an approximately 995-mile-long (1,601 km) flagged route over compacted snow and ice[4] in Antarctica that links McMurdo Station on the coast to the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, both operated by the National Science Foundation of the United States.[5] It was constructed by levelling snow and filling in crevasses; flags mark its route from McMurdo Station across the Ross Ice Shelf to the Leverett Glacier, where the route ascends to the polar plateau and on to the South Pole.[6] It was constructed between 2002 and end of 2005, when it opened for the first time; it has gained several names and has been called the most southernmost road in the world.[7]

Although the South Pole base is about a three-hour flight by LC-130 from McMurdo, the overland traverse can deliver massive amounts of cargo including 75,000 US gallons (280,000 L) of fuel and 20,000 pounds (9,100 kg) of cargo each year. These are carried by land trains (aka convoys) of tracked haulers and sleds. The road also supports polar plateau research camps as well as record breaking attempts.[8] The road passes through two glacial shear zones, which are prone to dangerous crevasses; this results in ongoing maintence with ground penetrating radar to check for new crevasses and fill them in.[8]

The opening of the traverse, meant the south pole base was freed from the weight and size restrictions of aircraft transport as well as freeing up aircraft for additional research. Tracked vehicles could haul things like telescopes or bulk fuel shipments on the overland route.[9]

Route description

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Satellite photo of McMurdo Station with the South Pole Traverse (central road)

After four years of development, the trail was fully traversed for the first time in 2005, with Caterpillar and Case Corporation tractors pulling specialized sleds to deliver fuel and cargo from McMurdo Station to Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station in about 40 days. The return trip to McMurdo Station, with less cargo, is substantially quicker. Construction started during the 2002-03 southern summer field season. It was finished in the 2005-2006 southern summer.[10]

The McMurdo Ice Shelf and the Antarctic Plateau are relatively stable. Most crevasses occur in the short steep shear zone between them, where the road climbs along Leverett Glacier from near the southernmost point of the Ross Ice Shelf to the Antarctic Plateau more than 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level. This section required much more construction work than planned, and requires maintenance each season, because the ice sheets are constantly flowing outwards from their center.

The route has delivered major cost savings each year compared to air cargo delivery, and has reduced the number of flights to the south pole base from about 400 yearly to 75.[11] The route changes length each year slightly due to shifting ice and has grown from 1028 to 1030 miles.[11] The journey to the South Pole, which is at 10 thousand feet altitude takes about 25 days normally, and the route back is easier about ten days.[11]

History

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Cargo caravan on the ice highway in early 2006
Topographic Map Sheet Leverett Glacier 1:250,000
Crevasses, sometimes hundreds of feet deep pepper some areas of the Antarctic

The National Science Foundation (NSF) funded a new "Traverse Program" in an effort to lower cost and potentially develop a more reliable method of supplying the South Pole Station. Bad weather at McMurdo some summers has reduced the total number of supply flights the NSF could make to bring in construction supplies and scientific equipment. In addition, the traverse saves an estimated 40 flights and lowers the carbon footprint over the use of aircraft.[12] After a one-year hiatus, a traverse team re-occupied the trail during the 2007–08 season after extensive work and completed the first operational traverse in 2008–09.[1]

The road also facilitated the movement of heavy equipment needed to implement its proposed South Pole Connectivity Program, a planned optical fiber link between the South Pole and the French–Italian Concordia Station located at Dome C at the edge of the Antarctic Plateau; Concordia has 24-hour access to geosynchronous satellites. Such satellites cannot be used at the poles since they are below the horizon; the South Pole now uses a few older, low-bandwidth satellites that dip sufficiently south of the equator to be usable for several hours daily. These satellites are near the end of their life. The road to McMurdo might provide a regularly maintained alternate route for such a link; however, opinions vary as to the shear zone section's suitability for a long-term cable. The NSF may also choose to deploy several special purpose satellites in polar orbits.[13]

A 7 February 2006 NSF press release stated that 110 tons (100 tonnes) of cargo had been delivered overland to the South Pole Station in a "proof of concept" of the highway.[14]

On its return from the South Pole the Moon Reagan Transarctic Expedition achieved a record breaking 13 day traverse by vehicle of SPoT.[8]

In February 2013, Maria Leijerstam pedaled a three-wheeled recumbent fatbike over a portion of the South Pole Traverse route,[15] for which she was recognized by Guinness World Records as the first person to arrive at the South Pole by tricycle.[16]

In May 2013, a large land train of tracked vehicles got bogged down in a massive snow storm en route to the south pole, and it took several days to dig out.[8]

The south pole highway was used by adventurer Colin O'Brady for part of his solo Antarctic trip in 2018.[17] National Geographic noted in this triggered discussions about antarctic records, because some previous records did not have the benefit of the snow road. They comment that that O'Brady's two month long trek was a "true sporting feat that deserves respect" but not directly comparable to Borge Ousland 64 day trek in 1997 which is widely regarded as the first solo traverse of the southern continent, though there was discussions about the use of sail-assitance. In both cases the issue not that the feat was accomplished but over the meaning of an "unassisted" traverse.[18]

Major intersections

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Region Location Mile km Destinations Notes
East AntarcticaAntarctic Plateau00.0Amundsen–Scott South Pole StationSouthern terminus
West AntarcticaRoss Ice Shelf9941,600General McMurdo RoadAccess to southern area of station
9951,601McMurdo StationNorthern terminus

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Rejcek, Peter (29 February 2008). "Ready to roll". The Antarctic Sun. McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
  2. ^ Beaumont, Peter (30 April 2021). "Polar Classification Scheme Sheds Light on Bold Expeditions that Never Were". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  3. ^ "The McMurdo–South Pole Highway: The World's Most Southerly Road". WorldAtlas. 25 April 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  4. ^ Maxwell, Bob (December 2011). "The controversy around the proposal and formation of the South Pole Traverse" (PDF). University of Canterbury.
  5. ^ "United States Antarctic Program". National Science Foundation.
  6. ^ "Ultimate Road Trip". The Antarctic Sun. McMurdo Station, Antarctica. 15 February 2013.
  7. ^ "The McMurdo–South Pole Highway: The World's Most Southerly Road". WorldAtlas. 25 April 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
  8. ^ a b c d Cowing, Keith (24 May 2013). "Perfect storm: Snow buries South Pole traverse before tractor train reaches 90 South". SpaceRef. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
  9. ^ "Icy Overland Trip May Add Ground Vehicles to South Pole Supply Missions". National Science Foundation. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
  10. ^ Rejcek, Peter (1 January 2006). "Success! South Pole Traverse arrives Dec. 23" (PDF). The Antarctic Sun. McMurdo Station, Antarctica. pp. 1, 12.
  11. ^ a b c Romeo, Jonathan. "Silvertonian John Wright led road-building team in Antarctica". Durango Herald. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  12. ^ Keating, Vicki & Melendy, Renee. "Projects: South Pole Station Fuel Resupply". Polar Research and Engineering. United States Army Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  13. ^ Deare, Steven (24 December 2002). "South Pole online in 2009". ITworld. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
  14. ^ West, Peter (7 February 2006). "Icy Overland Trip May Add Ground Vehicles to South Pole Supply Missions" (Press release). National Science Foundation. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  15. ^ Wright, Benjamin (27 December 2013). "British Adventurer Maria Leijerstam Achieves World First by Cycling to South Pole". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  16. ^ "First Person to Bicycle to the South Pole". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  17. ^ Winsor, Peter (27 December 2018). "O'Brady's Antarctic Crossing: Was It Really Unassisted? » Explorersweb". Explorersweb. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  18. ^ "The problem with Colin O'Brady". Adventure. 3 February 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2024.

Further reading

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