Mavea language

Mavea
Mavea
Native to	Vanuatu
Region	Mavea Island
Native speakers	34 (2008)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Oceanic Southern Oceanic North-Central Vanuatu North Vanuatu Espiritu Santo Mavea; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	mkv
Glottolog	mafe1237
ELP	Mavea
	Mav̋ea is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Mavea (also rendered Mav̋ea, Mafea or Mavia) is an Oceanic language spoken on Mavea Island in Vanuatu, off the eastern coast of Espiritu Santo. It belongs to the North–Central Vanuatu linkage of Southern Oceanic. The total population of the island is approximately 172, with only 34 fluent speakers of the Mavea language reported in 2008.^{[G-2008 1]}

There are 94 languages in the North Vanuatu linkage, including Mavea. The closest linguistic relative to Mavea, sharing a little over 70% of cognates, is Tutuba. Following Tutuba, Aore, South Malok, Araki, and Tangoa are the next closest relatives.^{[G-2011 1]}

Language endangerment

Mavea is a moribund language and there are many factors as to why this is.

One factor would be the arrival and Christianization by the Seventh-day Adventist and Church of Christ missionaries in 1839. Only 16% of the population can speak Mavea. These native speakers of Mavea belong to Generation 1, 2, and 3^{[further explanation needed]} which ranges from the ages of 20–80 years old. Those born after 1980 ("Generation 4") are less fluent. Commonly, this generation is not taught the language, because the language is inactive and not used in any new domain.^{[G-2011 1]}

Mavea is not used very commonly outside of the home; in particular, it is not used in school, which reduces the younger speakers' exposure to the language. Most speakers do not feel concerned with the possible loss of the Mavea language.^{[G-2011 1]}

Bislama, the national lingua franca of Vanuatu, is used more frequently. This creole is the first language for many people in Vanuatu who live in the city. It is used for business, religious sacraments, politics, and is seen as a way to move upward in society.^{[G-2011 1]}

Phonology

Mavea has 15 consonants and 8 vowels.^{[G-2011 1]}

Consonants^{[G-2008 2]}
	Labial	Linguolabial	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Velar
Nasal	m ⟨m⟩	n̼ ⟨m̋⟩		n ⟨n⟩		ŋ ⟨n⟩
Stop	p ⟨p⟩	t̼ ⟨p̋⟩	t ⟨t⟩		ɖ ⟨d⟩	k ⟨k⟩
Fricative	v ⟨v⟩	ð̼ ⟨v̋⟩		s ⟨s⟩
Trill				r ⟨r⟩
Approximant				l ⟨l⟩		w ⟨w⟩

Plosives in Mavea are not aspirated.^{[G-2008 3]}

Vowels^{[G-2008 2]}
	i	a	o	u
High	+			+
Back		+	+	+
Low		+
Rounded			+	+

Orthography

Linguolabial consonants are represented using the corresponding labial consonant with a double acute accent on top: p̋ [t̼]; v̋ [ð̼]; m̋ [n̼].^[1] (This is a slight variation compared with the convention, shared by other Vanuatu languages, of transcribing linguolabials using two dots, respectively as p̈; v̈; m̈.)

The retroflex [ɖ] is represented in the orthography as d.

Grammar

Pronouns

There are both free and bound pronouns. Free pronouns are common in many Pacific languages. These free pronouns do not change for gender, but shows numerical differences, including singular, plural, dual, or paucal.^{[G-2011 1]}

For example:

/mo/ = he/she/it (third person singular subject)
He eats taro. = /mo-an pete/

Proper nouns

Proper nouns includes personal names, vocatives, relational terms, and locatives. They do not proceed an article and can not be used with a determiner. To show gender distinction, males use the prefix /mol-/. For females, the prefix /vo-/ or /va-/ was added.^{[G-2011 1]}

Common nouns

Similar to the proper nouns, there are both bound and free common nouns. Both can be used in an argument, be quantified with a marker, be modified with a determiner, be the head of a relative clause, and be questioned with "who" or "what". Bound common nouns are separated into nouns of kinship, body parts, bodily functions, and whole part relations. Also shows possessives.^{[G-2011 1]}

Verbs

Verbal predicates are marked with a subject agreement prefix. There are intransitive verbs, transitive verbs, ambitransitive, ditransitive, and auxiliary.

Intransitive verbs are used when the subject has no direct object receiving the action.^{[G-2011 1]}

Adverbs

There are two kinds of adverbs: phrasal adverbs and sentential adverbs. Sententail adverbs take up the entire sentence and appear after or before the verb's core argument. For example: to show frequency, /te pong/ meaning "sometimes" is used as a sentential adverb.

Spatial adverbs are used to show the location of the speaker and the direction the speaker is speaking towards. For example: konaro means "here, at speaker's location." This is common in many Pacific languages.^{[G-2011 1]}

Reduplication

Mavea shows partial reduplication in its grammar. Reduplication is used to show emphasis. For example: sua means "to paddle" and suosua means "to paddle intensely". Sometimes when using reduplication, the vowels can change. Usually the "a" changes to "o" or "e".^{[G-2011 1]}

Adjectives

Adjectives can only be used as noun modifiers. There both adjectives as independent lexical items and also adjectives pulled from transitive verbs by using reduplication. For example: pulua is "paint" and "ima pulpulu" means "painted house".^{[G-2011 1]}

Prepositions

There are seven prepositions in Mavea.

to/from	valu
straight	domdomi
for	lape
to/for	suri
around	dal
with	tuan
in/at	na

Demonstratives

Pronouns

There are four attested demonstrative pronouns in Mavea: aro, nel(e), maro, and male.^{[G-2011 2]} Aro and nel(e) can also function as demonstrative determiners, and aro specifically only rarely appears as a pronoun,^{[G-2011 2]} as in:

Mo-ṽe

3SG-make

mo-pal

3SG-like

aro

here

[ma

COMP

mo-pailu]

3SG-bent

'He makes (it) like this one here that is bent'^{[G-2011 2]}

Maro ('this one') is used to refer to something nearby the speaker, and has the plural form maror,^{[G-2011 2]} which is formed by affixing the plural suffix -re:^{[G-2011 3]}

Or

maybe

me

FUT

ro

then

ka-var

1SG.IRR-talk

sur

about

maro

this.one

ma

COMP

matua=ku

right=1SG.POSS

mo-adia

3SG-first

'Maybe I will talk about this one that (is) on my right first'^{[G-2011 3]}

Ma

COMP

pula-ira

CLF-3PL

maror

these.ones

i

LIG

ṽat.

four

'(The ones) that (are) theirs (are) these four ones.'^{[G-2011 3]}

Male ('that one') on the other hand is used when speaking of something that is distant to the speaker,^{[G-2011 2]} both literally, as in

Male

that.one

m̃atan

COMP

me

FUT

ra-lsu

3PL-hit

mate=i=o

dead=TR=2SG

'That one (was) for the purpose that they would kill you'^{[G-2011 4]}

And metaphorically, in order to distance the speaker from the referent,^{[G-2011 3]} as in

Na

but

vatavata

woman

le

DET

mo-pelmel

3SG-like.this

paingur,

stubborn

male

that.one

me

FUT

i-l-ṽe

3SG.IRR-IMPF-make

Tomy

pelmel

like.this

'But this woman is stubborn like this, that one will be making Tomy the same'^{[G-2011 3]}

Malere is the plural form of male,^{[G-2011 2]} and like maror is formed by affixing the plural -re:^{[G-2011 3]}

Malere

these.ones

da-sops-varvara

1PL.INCL-NEG-talk

nira.

3PL

'These ones, we don't talk to them.'^{[G-2011 3]}

Maro and male are both formed by combining the complementizer ma- and a locative adverbial; aro for the former, and ale for the latter.^{[G-2011 3]}

Determiners

In addition to demonstrative pronouns, Mavea also has three demonstrative determiners: nele, (a)ro, and nor(o),^{[G-2011 5]} although of these only nor(o) is not attested as a pronoun in addition to its role as a demonstrative determiner.^{[G-2011 2]}

Demonstrative Determiners^{[G-2011 5]}
	Singular	Plural
this	nel(e)	neler(e)
this here	(a)ro	ror
this here now	nor(o)	noror

The three-way demonstrative system common to Oceanic Languages^[2] is not present in Mavean demonstrative determiners,^{[G-2011 5]} occurring instead in the locative adverbs of the language.^{[G-2011 6]} The demonstrative determiners of Mavea encode both spatial and temporal proximity to either the speaker,^{[G-2011 5]} as in

Ki-r-m̃a

1PL.EXCL-DL-come

aro

this.here

Mav̋ea.

Mav̋ea

'We came here, (to) Mav̋ea.'^{[G-2011 7]}

or to the discourse, as in

Rau=n

leaves=3SG.POSS

mo-sa

3SG-go.up

mo-avtai

3SG-appear

nor

here.now

aulu.

above

'Its leaves go up and appear here on top.'^{[G-2011 7]}

The plural forms neler(e), ror, and noror are formed by affixing what is likely a reduced form of the plural word re^{[G-2011 7]}.

Nele, along with its plural form neler(e), is formed in part by the specific definite article le.^{[G-2011 7]}

Nor(o), and its plural form noror, is actually made up in part by a cut down form of the third demonstrative determiner, (a)ro, while nele is not.^{[G-2011 7]} Interestingly, the two demonstrative determiners which contain aro, that is nor(o) and (a)ro itself, are also the two demonstrative determiners which serve double duty as demonstrative pronouns,^{[G-2011 2]} in addition to being used as locational adverbs, a function never assigned to nel(e)(re).^{[G-2011 7]}

Additionally, one of the other demonstrative pronouns, maro, also has aro as one of its constituents.^{[G-2011 3]}

Demonstrative determiners can refer to a location in both time and space, but the spatial location is often discourse-related, rather than speaker-related,^{[G-2011 7]} as in the following example, where aro is used to refer anaphorically to a party (anana) that has previously been mentioned in the text:

Re

PL

m̃asi

bird.fish

nirev

everyone

ra-ṽa

3PL-go

na

LOC

anan-a

eat-NMZ

aro.

here

'All the birds went to this party.'^{[G-2011 8]}

This use is sometimes called the "tracking use".^{[G-2011 7]} Ror, nor(o)(r), and nelere all also have anaphoric uses, as displayed in the following examples, where the noun phrase referents occurring prior to the demonstrative have each been mentioned previously:^{[G-2011 8]}

Ro

then

me

FUT

ro

then

tamlese

old

ror

here.PL

i

LIG

rua…

two

'Then, these two men here…'

Ra-l-an

3PL-IMPF-eat

ineler

thing.PL

nelere

these.PL

'They are eating these things here.'

Inor

thing.PL

nor

here.now

me

FUT

i-tuen

3SG.IRR-help

nno

2SG

'These things here will help you.'

The demonstrative determiners of Mavea follow the head noun when used adnominally, a pattern which is the norm in oceanic languages, though by no means universal.^[2] Examples of this include:

Tam̃a-n

father-CONS

navaisesea

child

aro

this.here

mo-m̃ata.

3SG-dead

'The father of this child here is dead.'^{[G-2011 7]}

Ra-l-an

3PL-IMPF-eat

ineler

thing.PL

nelere.

these.PL

'They are eating these things here.'^{[G-2011 8]}

Spatial deictics

Locative adverbs

Locative adverbs are a class of sentential adverb, modifying entire sentences, and as such occur either subsequent to the verb's core argument,^{[G-2011 9]} as shown in:

Ra-kuro

3PL-leave

koneine

there

'Ai

ai

sar'

sar

ro

then

ra-sa

3PL-go.up

konain

there

'Panpan.'

panpan

'They left there, 'Ai sar', then they went up there, 'Panpan'.'^{[G-2011 6]}

Or more rarely prior to the verb's core argument, as shown in:

Ṽisio-n

meat=3SG.POSS

maro

this.one

mo-an

3SG-eat

nna.

3SG

'His flesh, this one ate it.'^{[G-2011 10]}

There are two sets of locative adverbs in Mavea,^{[G-2011 9]} all members of which serve as spatial deictics. There is the A-set, so named because all of its members begin with [a], and the K-set, so named because each of its members begins with [ko]. They form a six-way system based on proximity to the hearer, and to the speaker, as well as relative direction (up, down, or across)^{[G-2011 9]}

Spatial adverbs^{[G-2011 6]}
aro	~	kon(a)ro	'here, at speaker's location'
aine	~	konain(e)/koenine	'there, at hearer's location'
ale	~	konale	'there, away from both interlocutors, but closer to hearer than speaker'
atu	~	konatu	'over there, away from both interlocutors'
atisi(vo)	~	konatisi(vo)	'over there down, far away from both interlocutors'
atisa	~	konatisa	'over there up, far away from both interlocutors'
atiṽa	~	konatiṽa	'over there across, far away from both interlocutors'

Atisi(vo), atisa, and atiṽa, as well as their K-set equivalents konatisi(vo), konatisa, and konatiṽa, are likely derived from the form atu (or konatu for the K-set), compounded with a movement verb like si(vo) ('go down'), sa ('go up'), or ṽa ('go'):^{[G-2011 6]}

Nno

2SG

ko-to

2SG-stay

aro

here

nao

1SG

ka-on

1SG.IRR-look

ka-ṽa

1SG.IRR-go

konatiṽa.

over.there

Ka-val

1SG.IRR-pass

kil

look

ṽa

go

na

LOC

vovono

REDbush

konatu.

over.there

'You stay here, I will go look over there. I will pass towards the bush over there.'

Ra-kuro

3PL-leave

koneine

there

'Ai

ai

sar'

sar

ro

then

ra-sa

3PL-go.up

konain

there

'Panpan.'

panpan

'They left there, 'Ai sar', then they went up there, 'Panpan'.'

'Soon after I felt something touching my leg here.'

Speakers can emphasise the distance in the forms atisi(vo), atisa, and atiṽa, as well as their K-set forms konatisi(vo), konatisa, and konatiṽa by producing them with a long [t], e.g.: [a.'t:i.si].^{[G-2011 6]}

There is no easily discernible semantic difference between the A-set and the K-set, however some members of the A-set may also serve as demonstratives,^{[G-2011 11]} as in:

Mo-ṽe

3SG-make

mo-pal

3SG-like

aro

here

[ma

COMP

mo-pailu].

3SG-bent

'He makes (it) like (this one) here which is bent.'

which is not attested in any member of the K-set.

The spatial and temporal adverbs aro, aine, and kon(a)ro, as well as the demonstrative determiner nor(o), can be juxtaposed with a noun in order to form an adverbial predicate,^{[G-2011 4]} as in

Ro,

then

avona-n

end-CONS

ululdunia

story

aro.

here.this

'Then the end of the story (is) here.' Or 'Then, this (is) the end of the story.'

Nna

3SG

ne

FOC

aine.

there

'It (is) there.'

'The third one (is) here, the fourth one (is) here.'

Morphology

Personal pronouns in Mavea do not inflect for case or gender, but do show number (singular, dual, paucal, plural). First person non-singular has an inclusive/exclusive distinction. Independent personal pronouns are not obligatory, but are used for emphasis, contrast or focus.^{[G-2008 4]}

		Singular	Dual	Paucal	Plural
1st person	inclusive	na(o)	darua/ô	datol	(n)ida
1st person	exclusive	na(o)	kam̋arua/o	kam̋atol	kam̋am
2nd person		nno	kamruo/a	kamtol	kam̋im
3rd person		nna	rarua/o	ratol	nira

me

FUT

ro

then

nno

2SG

me

FUT

ko

2SG

-l

-IMPF

-suruv

-sleep

atano,

ground

na

but

nao

1SG

me

FUT

ro

then

ka

1SG.IRR

suruv

-sleep

aul

above

pere

branch

-n

-CONS

vuae

tree

"You, you will sleep on the ground, but I, I will sleep in the tree"

Bound pronouns

Bound pronouns are obligatory at the beginning of a predicate phrase. Only 1SG and 3SG inflect for mood.^{[G-2008 5]}

Subject Agreement Markers^{[G-2008 6]}
		Singular		Dual	Paucal	Plural
		Realis	Irrealis	Dual	Paucal	Plural
1st person	inclusive	na-	ka-	dar-	datol-	da-
1st person	exclusive	na-	ka-	kir-	kitol-	ki-
2nd person		ko-	ko-	kir-	kitol-	ki-
3rd person		mo-	i-	rar-	ratol	ra-

Object Enclitics^{[G-2008 6]}
		Singular	Plural
1st person	inclusive	-ao	(i)da
1st person	exclusive	-ao
2nd person		-o
3rd person		-a	(i)ra

Varua

bird

nno

2SG

ko-kolai=ao

2SG-lie=1SG

"Cardinal, you lied to me"^{[G-2008 6]}

Counting system

The Mavea counting system is very similar to other Proto Oceanic languages, especially numbers 1 through 5, and 10.^{[G-2011 1]}

tea
rua
tol(u)
vat(i)
lima
marava
rave rua
rattol(u)
rappat(i)
anavul(u)

Possession

Mavea distinguishes direct and indirect possession. Direct possessive constructions nouns take a bound possessive clitic. On the other hand, indirect possession is expressed by the presence of a classifier to which a possessive clitic is suffixed.^{[G-2011 12]}

Direct possession

Direct possession is expressed by a possessive clitic attached to the noun when the possessor is not expressed as a Noun Phrase (NP). Alternatively, if no suffix exists for the person and number of the possessor, the nouns are followed by an independent pronoun.^{[G-2011 12]}

The semantic classes of nouns participating in direct possessive constructions, include, body parts, and bodily functions, kinship terms, articles of clothing, and household goods.^{[G-2011 12]}

Table of Possessive Clitics
		Singular	Dual	Paucal/trial	Plural
1st person	inclusive	-ku	darua/o	datol	-(i)da
1st person	exclusive	-ku	-mamrua/o	-mamtol	-mam
2nd person		-m	-mrua/o	-mtol	-mim
3rd person		-n(a)	-rarua/o	ratol	-(i)ra

A noun, which is directly possessed, takes a possessive clitic matching the possessor's features.^{[G-2011 13]}

For example:

Ka-deo

1SG.IRR-defecate

mo-adia

3SG-first

ro

then

me

FUT

ko-on

2SG-look

tae=ku.

excrement=lSG.POSS

'I will defecate first, then you will look at my excrement.'

and

This third person singular possessive clitic, pronounced as [na], is suffixed to the noun 'Laloa' for 'saliva'.

Lalao=na

saliva=3SG.POSS

mo-si

3SG-go.down

mo-va.

3SG-go

'Her saliva was hanging down.' ^{[G-2011 12]}

Non-pronominal possessors

If a full NP expresses the possessor, the possessee takes the construct suffix –n, or can be pronounces [na], although this construct suffix is a homophony of the possessive clitic –n and –na the distribution is different as displayed in the following examples;^{[G-2011 13]}

Note that the case of Full NP, the possessee precedes the possessor

Ra-tau

3PL-put

ese-n

name-CONS

Piria.

wild.yam

'They named it Piria' ^{[G-2011 14]}

and

Natu-n

child-CONS

vomae

dove

mo-sa

3SG-go.up

mo-sakel

3SG-sit

na

LOC

patu-n

head-CONS

kou.

fowl

'Dove's child went up and sat on Fowl's head.^{[G-2011 14]}

Possession is recursive, in the following example, the noun 'vulu' which is possessed by the noun 'vanatu' which in turn is possessed by John, therefore both nouns a suffixed with –[n].

vulu-n

hair-CONS

vanatu-n

daughter-CONS

John

'John's daughter's hair' ^{[G-2011 13]}

Indirect possession

Nouns in indirect possession constructions do not take a possessive clitic, they require a classifier to which a possessive clitic (or construct suffix) is attached.^{[G-2011 13]}

There are six classifiers in Mavea:

a- 'to be eaten'
ma- 'to be drunk'
no- 'general possession, valuables'
pula- 'anima raised, vegetable planted'
sa- 'housing and land'
madoue- 'a dead man's possession' ^{[G-2011 15]}

classifier "a-" infers that the item is possessed is meant to be eaten

Mo-vir

3sG-throw

loko

laplap

a=na.

CLF.eat=3SG.POSS

'She threw his laplap (to eat)' ^{[G-2011 16]}

If the possessor is a full NP, the classifier is market with the construct -n

Nira

3pl

ra-ve

3PL-make

inanan

food

vaisesea

small

a-n

CLF.eat-CONS

re

PL

famli.

family

'They make a small party for the families (to eat)' ^{[G-2011 16]}

Summarised

Possession Type	Possessee	Possessor
Direct	N -n N CLF -n	Personal Noun Personal Noun
Indirect	N -n N CLF -n	Personal Noun Personal Noun
Direct	N -n N CLF -n	Specific Specific
Indirect	N -n N CLF -n	Specific Specific
Direct	N (+human) -n N (-human) -i	Non-specific
Indirect	N CLF -n	Non-specific

^{[G-2011 17]}

Questions

Intonation is used to distinguish yes–no questions because there is no syntactic way to do so. There are also tag questions which uses the negative tag /te modere/ at the end. In English, /te modere/ means "or not".^{[G-2011 1]}

Some monoclausal content questions include:

ape = where
ingese = when
ise = who
ivisa = how much/many
matai = for what reason
matan = why
sa = what
sava = which/what kind?
se = which
sur sa = about/for what

Negation

Sentential negation is expressed with the bound prefix /sopo/ and appears right after the subject agreement prefix.^{[G-2011 1]} The order is subject → negation → verb.

mo

3SG

-sopo-

NEG

rongo

see

=

a

3SG

he didn't see him

Sometimes /sopo/ can be shorten to /po/.

na

1SG

-po-

NEG

sasa

work

I don't work.

When the subject agreement marker is absent, the bare negation marker jumps to the front.

Sopo

NEG

te

some

ta-mavea...

from-Mav̋ea

There is not one Mav̋ea man...

To show the aspectual meaning "not yet", /lo/ is added to the negation marker /sopo/. This refers to events that have not happened yet but are likely to in the future. Added to the end of this form of negation is /pa/ which means "still" or "yet".

nno ko

2SG

sopo

NEG

-l-

IMPF

on

look

diu

crab

pa?

yet?

you haven't seen a coconut crab yet?

When combined with /me/ the negation changes into "not anymore, no more".

mo-sopo

3SG-NEG

-

me

IT

-

l

IMPF

-

suruv

sleep

She does not sleep anymore.

Equative clauses are shown by adding the negative marker /sopo/ to the subject marker for third person singular /mo-/. Mosopo meaning " it is/was/not."

Ko-v

2SG-say

mo-sopo

3SG-NEG

nno.

2SG

You said it wasn't you.

Negative locational predicates are similar to equative clauses, by adding the locational marker /na/ to the equative clause /mosopo/.

Mo-sopo

3SG-NEG

na

LOC

ono.

sand.

It is not on the sand.

Notes

References from
Guérin, Valérie (2008). Discovering Mavea: Grammar, texts, and lexicon. Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics, University of Hawai'i.

^ ^a ^b Guérin 2008, p. 2
^ ^a ^b Guérin 2008: p. 30
^ Guérin 2008: p. 12
^ Guérin 2008: p. 76.
^ Guérin 2008: p. 77
^ ^a ^b ^c Guérin 2008: p. 78

Guérin, Valérie (2011). A Grammar of Mavea: An Oceanic Language of Vanuatu (PDF). Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications, No. 39. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i press. p. 424. ISBN 978-0-8248-3639-9. Retrieved 12 April 2021.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Cf. Guérin 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Guérin 2011, p.66.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Guérin 2011, p.67.
^ ^a ^b Guérin 2011, p.285.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Guérin 2011, p.152.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Guérin 2011, p.84.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Guérin 2011, p.153.
^ ^a ^b ^c Guérin 2011, p.154.
^ ^a ^b ^c Guérin 2011, p.83.
^ Guérin 2011, p.382.
^ Guérin 2011, p.85.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Guérin 2011, p.168.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Guérin 2011, p.170.
^ ^a ^b Guérin 2011, p.169.
^ Guérin 2011, p.171.
^ ^a ^b Guérin 2011, p.172.
^ Guérin 2011, p.176.

Other sources

^ Guérin (2011: 8).
^ ^a ^b Gunter, Senft (2004). Deixis and demonstratives in Oceanic languages. Australian National University, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. p. 179. ISBN 0-85883-551-7. OCLC 902361921.

External links

Presentation of Mavea by Valérie Guérin.
Mavea resources at the Endangered Languages Archive (ELAR)
Mavea-English-Bislama Dictionary

[VG08_p2-1] Guérin 2008, p. 2

[Guérin_2008:_p._30-3] Guérin 2008: p. 30

[4] Guérin 2008: p. 12

[17] Guérin 2008: p. 76.

[Guérin_2008:_p._77-18] Guérin 2008: p. 77

[Guérin_2008:_p._78-19] Guérin 2008: p. 78

[:0-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Cf. Guérin 2011.

[:1-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Guérin 2011, p.66.

[:2-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Guérin 2011, p.67.

[:3-8] Guérin 2011, p.285.

[:4-9] Guérin 2011, p.152.

[:6-11] Guérin 2011, p.84.

[:5-12] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Guérin 2011, p.153.

[:7-13] Guérin 2011, p.154.

[:8-14] Guérin 2011, p.83.

[15] Guérin 2011, p.382.

[:9-16] Guérin 2011, p.85.

[Guerin_2011_p168-20] Guérin 2011, p.168.

[Guerin_2011_p170-21] Guérin 2011, p.170.

[Guerin_2011_p169-22] Guérin 2011, p.169.

[23] Guérin 2011, p.171.

[Guerin_2011_p172-24] Guérin 2011, p.172.

[25] Guérin 2011, p.176.

[5] Guérin (2011: 8).

[:10-10] Gunter, Senft (2004). Deixis and demonstratives in Oceanic languages. Australian National University, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. p. 179. ISBN 0-85883-551-7. OCLC 902361921.

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