Jump to content

Culture of Kuwait

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Mass media in Kuwait)

Traditional Kuwaiti wedding dress in the 1970s.

Culture of Kuwait describes the cultural aspects of the Kuwaiti society and is part of the Eastern Arabian culture. Kuwaiti popular culture, in the form of dialect poetry, film, theatre, radio and television soap opera, flourishes and is even exported to neighboring states.[1][2] Within the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, the culture of Kuwait is the closest to the culture of Bahrain.[3]

Arts

[edit]

Performing arts

[edit]
See also: Television in Kuwait and Cinema of Kuwait
A theatrical play titled "Fateh Masr" at Al Mubarikya school in the 1940s

Kuwait has the oldest performing arts industry in the Arabian Peninsula.[4] Kuwait is the main centre of scenographic and performing arts education in the GCC region.[5][6] Many famous Arab actors and singers attribute their success to training in Kuwait.[7] The Higher Institute of Theatrical Arts (HIDA) provides higher education in theatrical arts.[6]

Television and soap operas

[edit]

Kuwait's television drama industry is the largest and most active Gulf Arab drama industry and annually produces a minimum of fifteen serials.[8][9][10] Kuwait is the main production center of the Gulf television drama and comedy scene.[9] Most Gulf television drama and comedy productions are filmed in Kuwait.[9][11][12] Kuwaiti soap operas are the most-watched soap operas in the Gulf region.[8][13][14] Soap operas are most popular during the time of Ramadan, when families gather to break their fast.[15] Although usually performed in the Kuwaiti dialect, they have been shown with success as far away as Tunisia.[16]

Theatre

[edit]

Kuwait is known for its home-grown tradition of theatre.[17][18][19] It is the only country in the Gulf with a theatrical tradition.[17] The theatrical movement in Kuwait constitutes a major part of the country's cultural life.[20] Theatrical activities in Kuwait date back to the 1920s when the first spoken dramas were released.[21] Theatre activities are still popular today.[20]

Kuwait is frequently dubbed the "Hollywood of the Gulf" due to the popularity of its television soap operas and theatre.[22][23][24][25] Theatre in Kuwait is subsidized by the government, previously by the Ministry of Social Affairs and now by the National Council for Culture, Arts, and Letters (NCCAL).[26] Every urban district has a public theatre.[27] The public theatre in Salmiya is named after the late actor Abdulhussain Abdulredha. The annual Kuwait Theater Festival is the largest theatrical arts festival in Kuwait.

Tabla player at the 8th International Music Festival in Kuwait

Music

[edit]
See also: Music of Kuwait

Kuwait is the birthplace of various popular musical genres, such as sawt and fijiri.[28][29] Traditional Kuwaiti music is a reflection of the country's seafaring heritage,[30] which was influenced by many diverse cultures.[31][32][28] Kuwait is widely considered the centre of traditional music in the GCC region.[28] Kuwaiti music has considerably influenced the music culture in other GCC countries.[33][29]

Kuwait pioneered contemporary Khaliji music.[34][35][36] Kuwaitis were the first commercial recording artists in the Gulf region.[34][35][36] The first known Kuwaiti recordings were made between 1912 and 1915.[37]

Kuwait is home to various music festivals, including the International Music Festival hosted by the National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters (NCCAL).[38][39] The Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Cultural Centre contains the largest opera house in the Middle East.[40] Kuwait has several academic institutions specializing in university-level music education.[41][42] The Higher Institute of Musical Arts was established by the government to provide bachelor's degrees in music.[43][41][42] In addition, the College of Basic Education offers bachelor's degrees in music education.[43][41][42] The Institute of Musical Studies offers music education qualifications equivalent to secondary school.[43][42][41]

Kuwait has a reputation for being the central music influence of the GCC countries.[44][33] Over the last decade of satellite television stations, many Kuwaiti musicians have become household names in other Arab countries. For example, Bashar Al Shatty became famous due to Star Academy. Contemporary Kuwaiti music is popular throughout the Arab world. Nawal El Kuwaiti, Nabeel Shoail and Abdallah Al Rowaished are the most popular contemporary performers.[45]

Visual arts

[edit]
Main article: Art of Kuwait

Kuwait has the oldest modern arts movement in the Arabian Peninsula.[46][47][48] Beginning in 1936, Kuwait was the first Gulf country to grant scholarships in the arts.[46] The Kuwaiti artist Mojeb al-Dousari was the earliest recognized visual artist in the Gulf region.[49] He is regarded as the founder of portrait art in the region.[50] The Sultan Gallery was the first professional Arab art gallery in the Gulf.[51][52]

Kuwait is home to more than 30 art galleries.[44][53] In recent years, Kuwait's contemporary art scene has boomed.[54][55][56] Khalifa Al-Qattan was the first artist to hold a solo exhibition in Kuwait. He founded a new art theory in the early 1960s known as "circulism".[57][58] Other notable Kuwaiti artists include Sami Mohammad, Thuraya Al-Baqsami and Suzan Bushnaq.

The government organizes various arts festivals, including the Al Qurain Cultural Festival and Formative Arts Festival.[59][60][61] The Kuwait International Biennial was inaugurated in 1967,[62] more than 20 Arab and foreign countries have participated in the biennial.[62] Prominent participants include Layla Al-Attar. In 2004, the Al Kharafi Biennial for Contemporary Arab Art was inaugurated.

Literature

[edit]
Main article: Kuwaiti literature

Kuwait has in recent years produced several prominent contemporary writers such as Ismail Fahd Ismail, author of numerous novels and short story collections. Taleb al-Refai, Laila al-Othman, Taibah Al-Ibrahim, Najma Idrees, and Fatimah Yousif al-Ali are also among the pioneering writers. There is evidence that Kuwaiti literature has long been interactive with English and French literature.[63]

In 1958, Al Arabi magazine was first published, the magazine went on to become the most popular magazine in the Arab world.[64] Ismail Fahd Ismail was one of the first Kuwaiti writers to achieve success in the Arab world, authoring over twenty novels and numerous short story collections.

Folklore

[edit]

Kuwaiti folklore contains a wealth of mythical figures that were often used in cautionary tales for children and young men. These tales intended to encourage children to perform chores they would otherwise be reluctant to do, or to keep them off the streets during the night. Some of these include:[65]

  • Hemarat Al-Gayla: A donkey-woman hybrid creature said to follow children who ventured outside alone during the day. The purpose of this tale was to scare children into staying indoors during the hot summer afternoons.[65]
  • Tantal: A tall, black man with disheveled hair, carrying a large staff, known to strike his victims. He was used by parents to frighten children from wandering out at night.[65]
  • Al-Seolu: A tall Nubian slave with elongated teeth, known for kidnapping and cannibalizing children. This figure became especially popular after the disappearance of a child in 1910, with local lore stating that Al-Seolu ate the child.[65]
  • Um Al-Sa'af Wa-Alleef: A grotesque woman who could fly using a palm frond. Although not overtly harmful, she was used to frighten children into compliance.[65]
  • Al-Duaidea: A supernatural figure who conjures a mystical glowing ember that disappears when approached.[65]
  • Bu Darya: A malevolent and colossal half-human half-amphibian who preyed on those out at sea. He was meant to symbolize the dangers awaiting sailors on the high seas.[65]

Museums

[edit]
Main article: List of museums in Kuwait
A piece of clothing used by Kuwaiti divers searching for pearls seen in Al-Hashemi-II Marine Museum in Kuwait City.

The new Kuwait National Cultural District (KNCD) consists of various cultural venues including Sheikh Abdullah Al Salem Cultural Centre, Sheikh Jaber Al Ahmad Cultural Centre, Al Shaheed Park, and Al Salam Palace.[66][67] With a capital cost of more than US$1 billion, it is one of the largest cultural districts in the world.[67] The Abdullah Salem Cultural Centre is the largest museum complex in the Middle East.[68][69] The Kuwait National Cultural District is a member of the Global Cultural Districts Network.[70]

Sadu House is among Kuwait's most important cultural institutions. Bait Al-Othman is the largest museum specializing in Kuwait's history. The Scientific Center is one of the largest science museums in the Middle East. The Museum of Modern Art showcases the history of modern art in Kuwait and the region.[71] The Kuwait Maritime Museum presents the country's maritime heritage in the pre-oil era. Several traditional Kuwaiti dhow ships are open to the public, such as Fateh Al-Khayr and Al-Hashemi-II which entered the Guinness Book of World Records as the largest wooden dhow ever built.[72][73] The Historical, Vintage, and Classical Cars Museum displays vintage cars from Kuwait's motoring heritage. The National Museum, established in 1983, has been described as "underused and overlooked".[74]

Several Kuwaiti museums are devoted to Islamic art, most notably the Tareq Rajab Museums and Dar al Athar al Islamiyyah cultural centres.[75][76][77][78] The Dar al Athar al Islamiyyah cultural centres include education wings, conservation labs, and research libraries.[78][79] There are several art libraries in Kuwait.[80][78][81][79] Khalifa Al-Qattan's Mirror House is the most popular art museum in Kuwait.[82] Many museums in Kuwait are private enterprises.[83][76] In contrast to the top-down approach in other Gulf states, museum development in Kuwait reflects a greater sense of civic identity and demonstrates the strength of civil society in Kuwait, which has produced many independent cultural enterprises.[84][76][83]

Cuisine

[edit]
Machboos
Main article: Cuisine of Kuwait

Kuwaiti cuisine is a fusion of Arabian, Iranian, and Mesopotamian cuisines. Kuwaiti cuisine is part of the Eastern Arabian cuisine. A prominent dish in Kuwaiti cuisine is machboos, a rice-based dish usually prepared with basmati rice seasoned with spices, and chicken or mutton.

Seafood is a significant part of the Kuwaiti diet, especially fish.[85] Mutabbaq samak is a national dish in Kuwait. Other local favourites are hamour (grouper), which is typically served grilled, fried, or with biryani rice because of its texture and taste; safi (rabbitfish); maid (mulletfish); and sobaity (sea bream).

Kuwait's traditional flatbread is called khubz. It is a large flatbread baked in a special oven and it is often topped with sesame seeds. Numerous local bakeries dot the country; the bakers are mainly Iranians (hence the name of the bread, "Iranian khubuz").

Sport

[edit]
Main article: Sport in Kuwait

Football is the most popular sport in Kuwait. The Kuwait Football Association (KFA) is the governing body of football in Kuwait. The KFA organises the men's, women's, and futsal national teams. The Kuwaiti Premier League is the top league of Kuwaiti football, featuring fifteen teams. They have been the champions of the 1980 AFC Asian Cup, runners-up of the 1976 AFC Asian Cup, and have taken third place of the 1984 AFC Asian Cup. Kuwait has also been to one FIFA World Cup, in 1982, but tied 1–1 with Czechoslovakia on the first round. Kuwait is home to many football clubs including Al-Arabi, Al-Fahaheel, Al-Jahra, Al-Kuwait, Al-Naser, Al-Salmiya, Al-Shabab, Al Qadsia, Al-Yarmouk, Kazma, Khaitan, Sulaibikhat, Sahel, and Tadamon. The biggest football rivalry in Kuwait is between Al-Arabi and Al Qadsia.

Basketball is one of the country's most popular sports.[86] The Kuwait national basketball team is governed by the Kuwait Basketball Association (KBA). Kuwait made its international debut in 1959. The national team has been to the FIBA Asian Championship in basketball eleven times. The Kuwaiti Division I Basketball League is the highest professional basketball league in Kuwait. Cricket in Kuwait is governed by the Kuwait Cricket Association. Other growing sports include rugby union.

The Kuwait men's national handball team is controlled by the Kuwait Handball Association. Kuwait has achieved handball success at both the national and club level. The sport is widely considered to be the national icon of Kuwait, although football is more popular among the overall population. Kuwait is also the founding member of the Asian Handball Federation, the Asian Championship and Club Champions League.

Hockey in Kuwait is governed by the Kuwait Ice Hockey Association. Kuwait first joined the International Ice Hockey Federation in 1985, but was expelled in 1992 due to a lack of ice hockey activity.[87] Kuwait was re-admitted into the IIHF in May 2009.[88] In 2015, Kuwait won the IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia.[89][90]

Social

[edit]

Kuwaiti society is markedly more open than other Gulf Arab societies.[91] Kuwaiti citizens are ethnically diverse, consisting of both Arabs and Persians ('Ajam).[92] Kuwait stands out in the region as the most liberal in empowering women in the public sphere.[93][94][95] Kuwaiti women outnumber men in the workforce.[96] Kuwaiti political scientist Ghanim Alnajjar sees these qualities as a manifestation of Kuwaiti society as a whole, whereby in the Gulf Arab region it is "the least strict about traditions".[97]

Dewaniya

[edit]
Main article: Majlis

The Dewaniya has existed in Kuwait since time immemorial. In the old city of Kuwait it was the reception area where a man received his business colleagues and male guests. Today the term refers both to a reception hall and the gathering held in it, and visiting or hosting a dewaniya is an indispensable feature of a Kuwaiti man's social life. Dewaniya became a fundamental part of Kuwaiti life. Hence, it has become a mark in their traditional daily life.

Gargee'an

[edit]
Main article: Gargee'an

Qarqe'an is an annual celebration, observed in Kuwait, that takes place between the 13th and 15th nights of Ramadan. Gergee'an is marked with children dressing in traditional attire and going door-to-door to receive sweets from neighbours, whilst also singing traditional songs. The tradition has existed for hundreds of years and deeply rooted in Kuwaiti culture.[98]

Although the celebration of Qarqe'an shares superficial similarities with the Halloween custom of trick-or-treating, practiced in some western countries, Qarqe'an has no connection with horror and no associated origin with Halloween.

Media

[edit]

Kuwait produces more newspapers and magazines per capita than its neighbors.[99][100] The state-owned Kuwait News Agency (KUNA) is the largest media house in the country. The Ministry of Information regulates the media industry in Kuwait. Kuwait's media is annually classified as "partly free" in the Freedom of Press survey by Freedom House.[101] Since 2005,[102] Kuwait has frequently earned the highest ranking of all Arab countries in the annual Press Freedom Index by Reporters Without Borders.[103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111] In 2009, 2011, 2013 and 2014, Kuwait surpassed Israel as the country with the greatest press freedom in the Middle East.[103][104][105][106][110] Kuwait is also frequently ranked as the Arab country with the greatest press freedom in Freedom House's annual Freedom of Press survey.[112][113][114][115][116][117][118]

Kuwait has 15 satellite television channels, of which four are controlled by the Ministry of Information. State-owned Kuwait Television (KTV) offered first colored broadcast in 1974 and operates five television channels. Government-funded Radio Kuwait also offers daily informative programming in several languages including Arabic, Persian, Urdu, and English on the AM and SW.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Clive Holes (2004). Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties. Georgetown University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-58901-022-2. Archived from the original on 2020-08-04. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
  2. ^ Ali Alawi. "Ali's roadtrip from Bahrain to Kuwait (PHOTOS)". Archived from the original on 2016-04-17. Retrieved 2016-07-05. The trip to Kuwait – a country that has built a deep connection with people in the Arabian Gulf thanks to its significant drama productions in theater, television, and even music – started with 25 kilometers of spectacular sea view
  3. ^ Zubir, S.S.; Brebbia, C.A., eds. (2014). The Sustainable City VIII (2 Volume Set): Urban Regeneration and Sustainability. Volume 179 of WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment. Ashurst, Southampton, UK: WIT Press. p. 599. ISBN 978-1-84564-746-9.
  4. ^ Ahmad Hamada (2015). The Integration History of Kuwaiti Television from 1957-1990: An Audience-Generated Oral Narrative on the Arrival and Integration of the Device in the City (Thesis). Virginia Commonwealth University.
  5. ^ Alhajri, Khalifah Rashed. A Scenographer's Perspective on Arabic Theatre and Arab-Muslim Identity (PDF) (PhD). Leeds, UK: University of Leeds. p. 207. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-03-04. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
  6. ^ a b "Shooting the Past". y-oman.com. 11 July 2013. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2016. Most Omanis who get to study drama abroad tend to go to Kuwait or Egypt. In the Gulf, Kuwait has long been a pioneer in theatre, film and television since the establishment of its Higher Institute of Dramatic Arts (HIDA) in 1973. By contrast, there is no drama college or film school in Oman, although there is a drama course at Sultan Qaboos University.
  7. ^ Al-Hudaid, Nada (February 2020). "Karamah ('marvel'): an exploration of the literal and ethnographic meaning of miracles among Shìa female artists in Kuwait" (PDF). World Art. 10 (1): 4.
  8. ^ a b Al Mukrashi, Fahad (22 August 2015). "Omanis turn their backs on local dramas". Gulf News. Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2016. Kuwait's drama industry tops other Gulf drama as it has very prominent actors and actresses, enough scripts and budgets, produces fifteen serials annually at least.
  9. ^ a b c Hammond, Andrew, ed. (2017). Pop Culture in North Africa and the Middle East: Entertainment and Society Around the World. California: ABC-CLIO. p. 143-144. ISBN 9781440833847. Archived from the original on 2020-07-29. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  10. ^ "Closer cultural relations between the two countries". Oman Daily Observer. 20 February 2017. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017. The Kuwaiti television is considered the most active in the Gulf region, as it has contributed to the development of television drama in Kuwait and the Gulf region. Therefore, all the classics of the Gulf television drama are today Kuwaiti dramas by Kuwaiti actors
  11. ^ "Big plans for small screens". BroadcastPro Me. Archived from the original on 2016-04-23. Around 90% of Khaleeji productions take place in Kuwait.
  12. ^ Papavassilopoulos, Constantinos (10 April 2014). "OSN targets new markets by enriching its Arabic content offering". IHS Inc. Archived from the original on 2016-04-22.
  13. ^ Fattahova, Nawara (26 March 2015). "First Kuwaiti horror movie to be set in 'haunted' palace". Kuwait Times. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Kuwait's TV soaps and theatrical plays are among the best in the region and second most popular after Egypt in the Middle East.
  14. ^ Bjørn T. Asheim. "An Innovation driven Economic Diversification Strategy for Kuwait" (PDF). Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-07-10. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  15. ^ "Kuwaiti Drama Museum: formulating thoughts of the Gulf". 23 May 2014. Archived from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
  16. ^ Mansfield, Peter (1990). Kuwait: vanguard of the Gulf. Hutchinson. p. 113. ISBN 9780091736040. Archived from the original on 2021-02-05. Retrieved 2017-05-26.
  17. ^ a b Hammond, Andrew (2007). Popular Culture in the Arab World: Arts, Politics, and the Media. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press. p. 277. ISBN 9789774160547.
  18. ^ Cavendish, Marshall (2006). World and Its Peoples, Volume 1. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish. p. 244. ISBN 9780761475712. Archived from the original on 2020-07-29. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  19. ^ Watson, Katie (18 December 2010). "Reviving Kuwait's theatre industry". BBC News. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  20. ^ a b Herbert, Ian; Leclercq, Nicole, eds. (2000). "An Account of the Theatre Seasons 1996–97, 1997–98 and 1998–99". The World of Theatre (2000 ed.). London: Taylor & Francis. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-415-23866-3.
  21. ^ Rubin, Don, ed. (1999). "Kuwait". The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre. Vol. 4: The Arab world. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-415-05932-9.
  22. ^ "مريم حسين ترحل إلى "هوليوود الخليج".. وتتبرأ من العقوق في "بنات سكر نبات"". MBC (in Arabic). 29 August 2015. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
  23. ^ "هيفاء حسين : الكويت هي هوليود الخليج" (in Arabic). 8 July 2015. Archived from the original on 13 July 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
  24. ^ "منى البلوشي: الكويت هي هوليود الخليج ويقصدونها للشهرة" (in Arabic). 25 August 2013. Archived from the original on 13 July 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
  25. ^ "ارحمة لـ الشرق: أبحث دائماً عن التميّز والكويت هوليود الخليج" (in Arabic). 21 December 2014. Archived from the original on 13 July 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
  26. ^ Herbert, Ian; Leclercq, Nicole, eds. (2003). "World of Theatre 2003 Edition: An Account of the World's Theatre Seasons". The World of Theatre (2003 ed.). London: Taylor & Francis. p. 214. ISBN 9781134402120.
  27. ^ Fiona MacLeod. "The London musician who found harmony in Kuwait". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2017-04-09. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
  28. ^ a b c Rolf Killius (17 October 2014). "Hidden Treasures: Reflections on Traditional Music in Kuwait". Qatar Digital Library. Archived from the original on 23 March 2015.
  29. ^ a b Rolf Killius (15 June 2017). "The Cradle of Arabic Sawt Music: The Early Musician Generations in Kuwait". Qatar Digital Library. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017.
  30. ^ "Kuwait's musical heritage: The heartbeat of a nation". Archived from the original on 4 September 2014.
  31. ^ Sophie Chamas. "Ya Bahr". Brownbook. Archived from the original on 2014-06-13.
  32. ^ "The Innerworkings of Kuwaiti Pearl Diving: Ghazi AlMulaifi". YouTube. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014.
  33. ^ a b "Opportunity report for Dutch businesses in Gulf region – Creative Industries" (PDF). Government of Netherlands. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2016.
  34. ^ a b Mustafa Said. "History of Recording in the Gulf area, Part 1". Archived from the original on 15 July 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  35. ^ a b Ulaby, Laith. Performing the Past: Sea Music in the Arab Gulf States (PDF) (PhD). University of California, Los Angeles. p. 99.
  36. ^ a b Mustafa Said. "History of Recording in the Gulf area, Part 2". Archived from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  37. ^ "A Gulfie record collector writes". Mada Masr.
  38. ^ "International Music Festival opens in Kuwait" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 September 2016.
  39. ^ "Int'l Music Festival opens in Kuwait". Kuwait News Agency. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016.
  40. ^ "Sheikh Jaber Al Ahmad Cultural Centre". jacc-kw.com.
  41. ^ a b c d Alderaiwaish, Ahmad. Teaching the Clarinet in Kuwait: Creating A Curriculum for the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training (PDF) (PhD). University of Southampton. pp. 51–55. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 August 2017.
  42. ^ a b c d Alyoser, Abdulaziz Z. Self-Reported Attitudes and Practices of Music Instructors in Kuwait regarding Adult Music Learners (PhD). Case Western Reserve University. p. 12. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017.
  43. ^ a b c Al-Faraj, Hamed. Kuwait music educators' perspectives regarding the general goals for music education in Kuwait (PhD). Case Western Reserve University. pp. 23–26. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017.
  44. ^ a b "Culture of Kuwait". Kuwait Embassy in Austria. Archived from the original on 2017-04-02. Retrieved 2017-04-01.
  45. ^ Badley, Bill. "Sounds of the Arabian Peninsula". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East, pp 351–354. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0
  46. ^ a b Bloom, Jonathan; Sheila, Blair, eds. (2009). Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set (2009 ed.). London: Oxford University Press. p. 405. ISBN 9780195309911. Archived from the original on 2016-04-30. Retrieved 2016-01-30.
  47. ^ Zuhur, Sherifa, ed. (2001). Colors of Enchantment: Theater, Dance, Music, and the Visual Arts of the Middle East (2001 ed.). New York: American University in Cairo Press. p. 383. ISBN 9781617974809. Archived from the original on 2016-04-30. Retrieved 2016-01-30.
  48. ^ Bjørn T. Asheim. "An Innovation driven Economic Diversification Strategy for Kuwait" (PDF). Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences. pp. 49–50. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-07-10. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  49. ^ Al Qassemi, Sultan Sooud (22 November 2013). "Correcting misconceptions of the Gulf's modern art movement". Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  50. ^ "Kuwait". Atelier Voyage. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2014-11-23.
  51. ^ Kristine Khouri. "Mapping Arab Art through the Sultan Gallery". ArteEast. Archived from the original on 2016-10-11. Retrieved 2016-08-21.
  52. ^ "The Sultan Gallery – Kristine Khouri". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-02-21. Retrieved 2015-05-10.
  53. ^ "Art Galleries and Art Museums in Kuwait". Art Kuwait. Archived from the original on 2019-04-13. Retrieved 2017-05-26.
  54. ^ "Egyptian Artist Fatma, talks about the gateway to human faces and equality for all". Reconnecting Arts. Archived from the original on 2017-08-22. Retrieved 2017-05-26.
  55. ^ "Kuwaiti Artist Rua AlShaheen tells us about recycling existing elements to tell a new narrative". Reconnecting Arts. Archived from the original on 2017-04-05. Retrieved 2017-05-26.
  56. ^ "Farah Behbehani & the Story of the letter Haa '". Al Ostoura Magazine. Archived from the original on 2017-08-22. Retrieved 2017-05-26.
  57. ^ Muayad H., Hussain (2012). Modern Art from Kuwait: Khalifa Qattan and Circulism (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Birmingham. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-11. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
  58. ^ "Khalifa Qattan, Founder of Circulism". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2014-11-23.
  59. ^ "Interview with Ali Al-Youha – Secretary General of Kuwait National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters (NCCAL)" (PDF). oxgaps.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-03. Retrieved 2017-05-26.
  60. ^ "Kuwait celebrates formative arts festival". Kuwait News Agency (KUNA). Archived from the original on 2017-03-31. Retrieved 2017-04-01.
  61. ^ "KAA honors winners of His Highness Amir formative arts award". Kuwait News Agency (KUNA). Archived from the original on 2017-03-31. Retrieved 2017-04-01.
  62. ^ a b "12th Kuwait International Biennial". AsiaArt archive. Archived from the original on 2017-03-31. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
  63. ^ "Kuwaiti literature interacts with foreign literatures – study". KUNA. Archived from the original on 2018-11-08. Retrieved 2018-11-08.
  64. ^ Sajjad, Valiya S. "Kuwait Literary Scene A Little Complex". Arab Times. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. A magazine, Al Arabi, was published in 1958 in Kuwait. It was the most popular magazine in the Arab world. It came out it in all the Arabic countries, and about a quarter million copies were published every month.
  65. ^ a b c d e f g "Kuwait's favorite historical folktales". Kuwait Times. 27 January 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
  66. ^ "Kuwait National Cultural District". Archived from the original on 2021-04-17. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  67. ^ a b "Kuwait National Cultural District Museums Director" (PDF). 28 August 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 January 2018.
  68. ^ Kuwait, Adrian Murphy Main Image: a rain forest at the Sheikh Abdullah Al Salam Cultural Centre in. "BECK – international museum fit-out: breaking the boundaries of what's possible". Museums + Heritage Advisor.
  69. ^ "Kuwait Cultural Centre" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-04-12. Retrieved 2022-08-09.
  70. ^ "Current Members – Global Cultural Districts Network". Global Cultural Districts Network.
  71. ^ "Kuwait Museum of Modern Art". myartguides.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2017.
  72. ^ "Top tourism attractions in Kuwait city". Times of Oman. 8 June 2015. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  73. ^ Guinness World Records 2002. Guinness World Records Limited. 2001. p. 311. ISBN 0851121241.
  74. ^ Gonzales, Desi (November–December 2014). "Acquiring Modernity: Kuwait at the 14th International Architecture Exhibition". Art Papers. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  75. ^ "Tareq Rajab Museum".
  76. ^ a b c Exell, Karen (2016). Modernity and the Museum in the Arabian Peninsula. Taylor & Francis. pp. 147–179. ISBN 9781317279006. Archived from the original on 16 April 2017.
  77. ^ "The Al-Sabah Collection".
  78. ^ a b c "Dar al-Athar al-Islamiyyah at Amricani Cultural Centre". darmuseum.org.kw.
  79. ^ a b "Dar al-Athar al-Islamiyyah at Yarmouk Cultural Centre".
  80. ^ "Abous Us – CAPKuwait". capkuwait.com.
  81. ^ "First Art Library in Kuwait". artkuwait.org. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.
  82. ^ "The Great Journey". Ibraaz. Archived from the original on 27 January 2018.
  83. ^ a b Excell, Karen; Wakefield, Sarina, eds. (2016). Museums in Arabia: Transnational Practices and Regional Processes. Taylor & Francis. pp. 137–158. ISBN 9781317092766. Archived from the original on 16 April 2017.
  84. ^ Exell, Karen (2016). Modernity and the Museum in the Arabian Peninsula. Taylor & Francis. p. 176. ISBN 9781317279006. Archived from the original on 16 April 2017.
  85. ^ "Consumption of fish and shellfish and the regional markets". Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  86. ^ Kuwait Sports Archived 2016-07-03 at the Wayback Machine at Amazing Kuwait Facts. Retrieved 5 March 2016
  87. ^ Szemberg, Szymon; Podnieks, Andrew (2008). "Story #42;Breakup of old Europe creates a new hockey world". International Ice Hockey Federation. Archived from the original on 15 June 2009. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
  88. ^ "Welcome, Georgia & Kuwait". International Ice Hockey Federation. 13 May 2009. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
  89. ^ "Kuwait wins IIHF Ice Hockey Challenge Cup of Asia". 12 June 2015. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  90. ^ "Kuwait top ice hockey Challenge Cup". 12 June 2015. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  91. ^ Alazemi, Einas. The role of fashion design in the construct of national identity of Kuwaiti women in the 21st century (PhD). University of Southampton. pp. 140–199. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017.
  92. ^ Al Sager, Noura, ed. (2014). Acquiring Modernity: Kuwait's Modern Era Between Memory and Forgetting. National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters. p. 7. ISBN 9789990604238.
  93. ^ "The Situation of Women in the Gulf States" (PDF). p. 18. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 June 2017.
  94. ^ Karen E. Young (17 December 2015). "Small Victories for GCC Women: More Educated, More Unemployed". The Arab Gulf States Institute. Archived from the original on 17 June 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  95. ^ Karen E. Young. "More Educated, Less Employed: The Paradox of Women's Employment in the Gulf" (PDF). pp. 7–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  96. ^ "Kuwait leads Gulf states in women in workforce". Gulf News. Archived from the original on 14 May 2016.
  97. ^ Stephenson, Lindsey. "Women and the Malleability of the Kuwaiti Diwaniyya". p. 190. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017.
  98. ^ "القرقاعون من أهم الاحتفالات الرمضانية الشعبية في مملكة البحرين". Bahrain News Agency. 2 August 2012. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
  99. ^ Naomi Sakr (2004). Women and Media in the Middle East: Power Through Self-Expression. I.B.Tauris. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-85043-545-7. Archived from the original on 19 February 2016.
  100. ^ Ali Darwish (2009). Social Semiotics of Arabic Satellite Television: Beyond the Glamour. Writescope Publishers. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-9757419-8-6. Archived from the original on 29 May 2016.
  101. ^ "Freedom of the Press – Scores and Status Data 1980–2014". Freedom House. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  102. ^ "Press Freedom". Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Since 2005, Kuwait has earned the highest ranking of all Arab countries on the annual Press Freedom Index of Reporters Without Borders.
  103. ^ a b "Kuwait Press Freedom". Archived from the original on 27 September 2015.
  104. ^ a b "Press Freedom Index 2011–2012". 20 April 2016. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016.
  105. ^ a b "Press Freedom Index 2013". 2 May 2016. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016.
  106. ^ a b "World Press Freedom Index 2014 – Reporters Without Borders". 2 May 2016. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016.
  107. ^ "Press Freedom Index 2006". 20 April 2016. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016.
  108. ^ "Press Freedom Index 2007". 20 April 2016. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016.
  109. ^ "Press Freedom Index 2008". 20 April 2016. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016.
  110. ^ a b "Press Freedom Index 2009". 20 April 2016. p. 2. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016.
  111. ^ "Press Freedom Index 2010". 20 April 2016. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016.
  112. ^ "Operation Roll Back Kuwaiti Freedom". Human Rights Watch. 21 July 2010. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015.
  113. ^ "Freedom of the Press 2010" (PDF). p. 25. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2016.
  114. ^ "Freedom of the Press 2009" (PDF). p. 20. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2016.
  115. ^ "Freedom of the Press 2008" (PDF). p. 24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2016.
  116. ^ "Freedom of the Press 2006" (PDF). p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 December 2014.
  117. ^ "Freedom of the Press 2007" (PDF). p. 21. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2016.
  118. ^ "Freedom of the Press 2005" (PDF). p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 December 2014.
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Kuwait&oldid=1264981169#Media"