Red-baiting

Red-baiting, also known as reductio ad Stalinum (/ˈstɑːlɪnəm/) and red-tagging (in the Philippines), is an intention to discredit the validity of a political opponent and the opponent's logical argument by accusing, denouncing, attacking, or persecuting the target individual or group as anarchist, communist, Marxist, socialist, Stalinist, or fellow travelers towards these ideologies. In the phrase, red refers to the color that traditionally symbolized left-wing politics worldwide since the 19th century, while baiting refers to persecution, torment, or harassment, as in baiting.

Communist and associates, or more broadly socialist, have been used as a pejorative epithet against a wide range of individuals, political movements, governments, public, and private institutions since the emergence of the communist movement and the wider socialist movement. In the 19th century, the ruling classes were afraid of socialism because it challenged their rule. Since then, socialism has faced opposition, which was often organized and violent. During the 20th century, as socialism became a mainstream movement and communism gained power through communist parties, their main opponents were the political right, alongside organized anti-communists and critics of socialism. The United States is a notable exception among the Western world in not having had a major socialist party, and for having engaged in red-baiting, resulting in two historic Red Scare periods during the 1920s (First Red Scare) and 1950s (Second Red Scare). Such usage as an insult has been used as a tactic by the Republican Party against Democratic Party candidates, and has continued into the 21st century, including conflating German fascist Nazism as socialism and for left-wing politics.

In the United States, the term red-baiting dates to as far back as 1927. In 1928, blacklisting by the Daughters of the American Revolution was characterized as a "red-baiting relic". A term commonly used in the United States, red-baiting in American history is most famously associated with McCarthyism, which originated in the two historic Red Scare periods. While red-baiting does not have quite the same effect it previously did due to the Revolutions of 1989, some pundits posit that notable events in 21st-century American politics indicate a resurgence of red-baiting consistent with the Cold War era. The Democratic candidate had been officially briefed on some of the secret plans of the Eisenhower Administration for overthrowing Castro’s Communist regime in Cuba, but then publicly accused Vice President Nixon of doing nothing in that regard, knowing that his opponent was sworn to secrecy on that project and therefore would be left looking weak on Communism.

Background

Further information: History of anarchism, History of communism, and History of socialism

Both communist and socialist movements have faced hostility since their breakthrough in the 19th century. Friedrich Engels stated that in 1848, at the time when The Communist Manifesto was first published, socialism was respectable, while communism was not. The Owenites in England and the Fourierists in France were considered respectable socialists, while working-class movements that proclaimed the necessity of radical change denoted themselves communists; this latter branch of socialism produced the communist work of Étienne Cabet in France and Wilhelm Weitling in Germany. While democrat liberals looked to the Revolutions of 1848 as a democratic revolution, which in the long run ensured liberty, equality, and fraternity, communists denounced 1848 as a betrayal of working-class ideals by a bourgeoisie indifferent to the legitimate demands of the proletariat.

In countries such as 19th-century Germany and Italy, socialist parties have been banned, like with Otto von Bismarck's Anti-Socialist Laws. In the 1950s, West Germany and the United States banned the major communist party, the Communist Party of Germany and the Communist Party USA, respectively. With the expansion of liberal democracy and universal suffrage during the 20th century, socialism became a mainstream movement which expanded for most of the world, as center-left and left-wing socialist parties came to govern, become the main opposition party, or simply a commonality of the democratic process in most of the Western world; one major exception was the United States. In the Eastern world, communist parties came to power through revolution, civil war, coup d'état, and other means, coming to cover one-third of the world population by 1985, while in Western Europe communist parties were part of several post-war coalitions, before being ejected on the United States' orders, such as in Italy. Those parties in the West continued to be an important part of the multi-party democracy process; those in the East became an oppressive driving force for most of the 20th century due to the Soviet Union's role in World War II as part of the Allied powers against the fascist-led Axis powers, and later in the Cold War. In Western Europe Socialist parties greatly contributed to existing liberal democracy.

History

Peru

Main article: Terruqueo

Protest sign against the administration of Pedro Castillo, stating "Get out: Terrorists of the government"

Since the 1930s, the political elite of Peru used fear mongering tactics to influence the public by targeting foreign communist movements according to historian Antonio Zapata of the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, beginning with Joseph Stalin and later with Fidel Castro. Terruqueos began to appear during the 1980s and would occur throughout the internal conflict in Peru. The basis of the terruqueo began during the presidency of Fernando Belaúnde when Legislative Decree 46 broadly defined terrorism as "any form of glorification or defense of the political discourse of subversive organizations". Into the 1990s, authoritarian president Alberto Fujimori utilized terruqueos with the help of the National Intelligence Service to discredit those who opposed him, including dissenters from his own government, with political scientist Daniel Encinas saying that this would evolve into conservative politicians using the attack to target those opposed to Fujimori's neoliberal economic policies and that the right-wing used the terruqueo as a "strategy of manipulating the legacy of political violence". Ultimately, a culture of fear was created by Fujimori according to Jo-Marie Burt, with individuals fearing that they would be described as a terrorist.

The terruqueo would then become so prominent that political discussions in Peru often devolved into the attacks, especially during elections. According to Fernando Velásquez Villalba, terruqueos are a latent phenomenon that appear more frequently in times of crisis. Terruqueos were intense against Pedro Castillo; he was portrayed as a "communist threat" that would bring "terrorism" and humanitarian disaster similar to Venezuela. When the 2022–2023 Peruvian political protests occurred, right-wing groups and the government of Dina Boluarte used the terruqueo to label protesters as terrorists, providing an excuse for authorities to use violence with impunity. Experts of the United Nations condemned its usage during the protests.

Philippines

Main article: Red-tagging in the Philippines

In the Philippines, red-tagging poses threats to the lives or safety of its targets and impinges on the right to free expression and dissent. Red-tagged individuals also tend to become vulnerable to death threats and allegations of terrorism. The United Nations warns that red-tagging is a "criminalizing discourse" that undermines the value of the work of human rights defenders and places them at risk of violence and various forms of harassment.

An anti-redtagging banner in a protest against the closure of Lumad schools, 3 December 2020

Communism has generally been viewed with disfavor and particular distrust by large sectors of Philippine society ever since the country gained independence from the United States on 4 July 1946 through the Treaty of Manila. Shared ideological preferences with the United States, resulting from more than four decades of benevolent assimilation and exacerbated by the onset of the Cold War, have resulted in some Filipinos being predisposed to suspicion of communist sympathies. This predisposition makes red-tagging an effective fear appeal tool used by players in the political arena, given that it authorizes law-enforcement agencies and the military to act on the taggings.

Red-tagging is almost never employed in foreign relations of the Philippines, including members of ruling communist parties, owing to the principle in international law of Westphalian sovereignty in another country's domestic affairs. This can be seen especially in the government's cordial relations with the Lao People's Revolutionary Party and the Communist Party of Vietnam, both of which are ruling parties of ASEAN member states. One of the notable exceptions to the nontagging of foreigners was United States citizen Brandon Lee, an ancestral-domain paralegal in the Cordillera Administrative Region. Lee was tagged as a communist and automatically an "enemy of the state" and was subsequently shot four times. United States citizen Liza Soberano and Australian citizen Catriona Gray have also since been red-tagged and publicly threatened, the former with assassination and the latter with rape.

Australia

In the early 1950s, Liberal Party leaders like Robert Menzies red-baited Labor politicians and described them as insufficiently tough on the People's Republic of China.

United States

Further information: Anti-communism in the United States

20th century

Main articles: First Red Scare and Second Red Scare

Red-baiting was employed in opposition to anarchists in the United States as early as the late 1870s when businessmen, religious leaders, politicians and editorial writers tried to rally poor and middle-class workers to oppose dissident railroad workers and again during the Haymarket affair in the mid-1880s. Red-baiting was well established in the United States during the decade before World War I. In the post-war period of 1919–1921, the United States government employed it as a central tactic in dealing with labor radicals, anarchists, communists, socialists, and foreign agents. These actions in reaction to the First Red Scare and the concurrent Red Terror served as part of the organizing principle shaping counter-revolutionary policies and serving to institutionalize anti-communism as a force in American politics.

The period between the first and second Red Scares was relatively calm owing to the success of government anti-communism, the suppressive effects of New Deal policies on radical organized labor and the patriotism associated with total mobilization and war effort during World War II. Red-baiting re-emerged in the late 1940s and early 1950s during the period known as the Second Red Scare due to mounting Cold War tensions and the spread of communism abroad. Senator Joseph McCarthy's controversial red-baiting of suspected communists and communist sympathizers in the United States Department of State and the creation of a Hollywood blacklist led to the term McCarthyism being coined to signify any type of reckless political persecution or witch-hunt.

The history of anti-communist red-baiting in general and McCarthyism in particular continues to be hotly debated and political divisions this controversy created continue to make themselves felt. Conservative critics contend that revelations such as the Venona project decryptions and the FBI Silvermaster File at least mute if not outright refute the charge that red-baiting in general was unjustified. Historian Nicholas von Hoffman wrote in The Washington Post that evidence revealed in the Venona project forced him to admit that McCarthy was "still closer to the truth than those who ridiculed him" but has continued to believe that McCarthy did not identify the correct people. A similar view was expressed by Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, who led the Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy declassifying the Venona decryptions. Liberal scholars contend that even if someone could prove that the United States government was infiltrated by Soviet spies, McCarthy was censured by the Senate because he was in fact reckless and politically opportunistic, and his red-baiting ruined the lives of countless innocent people. In 1950, United States president Harry S. Truman had called McCarthy "the greatest asset the Kremlin has." Historian Ellen Schrecker wrote that "McCarthyism did more damage to the constitution than the American Communist Party ever did".

21st century

Further information: History of the Republican Party (United States)

Although red-baiting in the United States does not have quite the same effect it previously did due to the fall of most Marxist–Leninist governments in the 1990s, some pundits posit that events in 21st-century American politics indicates a resurgence of red-baiting consistent with the 1950s. The United States government's measures in 2008 to address the subprime mortgage crisis such as the Troubled Asset Relief Program were not only criticized as corporate welfare but red-baited as a "gateway to socialism". Political activist and author Tim Wise says that the emergence of such red-baiting may have been motivated by, and given additional force by, racism towards President Barack Obama and fear that the progressive policies of his administration would erode white privilege in the United States.

Some commentators posit that red-baiting was used by John McCain, Republican presidential nominee in the 2008 United States presidential election, when he commented that Obama's improvised comments on wealth redistribution to Joe the Plumber was a promotion of socialism. Journalist David Remnick, who wrote the biography The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama, countered that it should be obvious that after one year in office Obama is a center-left president and the majority of his policies are in line with the center-left Democratic tradition. In July 2011, The Fiscal Times columnist Bruce Barlett wrote that an honest examination of the Obama presidency must conclude that he has in fact been a moderately conservative Democrat, and that it may take twenty years before Obama's basic conservatism is widely accepted. Author and columnist Chris Hedges posits that the Obama administration's policies have been mostly right-wing.

In April 2009, Representative Spencer Bachus made the claim that seventeen of his Congressional colleagues were socialists but could only name Senator Bernie Sanders, who has been openly describing himself as a democratic socialist for years. Sanders countered that American conservatives blur the differences between democratic socialism and authoritarian socialism, and between democracy and totalitarianism. For Sanders, the United States would benefit from a serious debate about comparing the quality of life for the middle class in the United States and in Nordic countries with a long social-democratic tradition.

In May 2009, a number of conservative members of the Republican National Committee were pressing the committee and by extension chairman Michael Steele to officially adopt the position that the Democratic Party is socialist. Over a dozen members of the conservative wing of the committee submitted a new resolution, to be eventually voted on by the entire committee, that would call on the Democratic Party to rename itself the Democrat Socialist Party; had this resolution been adopted, the committee's official view would have been that Democrats are socialists. On 20 May 2009, supporters of the resolution agreed to accept language urging Democrats to "stop pushing our country towards socialism and government control", ending a fight within the ranks of the Republican Party that reflected the divide between those who want a more centrist message and those seeking a more aggressive, conservative voice such as the one expressed by the Tea Party movement. Frank Llewellyn, the national director of Democratic Socialists of America, commented that Republicans never really define what they mean by socialism, and are simply engaging in the politics of fear.

In July 2009, talk show host Glenn Beck began to devote what would become many episodes on his TV and radio shows, focusing on Van Jones, a special advisor in President Obama's White House Council on Environmental Quality. Beck was especially critical of Jones' previous involvement in radical protest movements and referred to him as a "communist-anarchist radical". In September 2009, Jones resigned his position in the Obama administration after a number of his past statements became fodder for conservative critics and Republican officials. Time credited Beck with leading conservatives' attack on Jones, who characterized it as a "vicious smear campaign" and an effort to use "lies and distortions to distract and divide".

On March 5, 2020, an article was published by the New York Times about Bernie Sanders and his endeavors during his time as the mayor of Burlington, Vermont. The article mainly focused on his efforts to establish a sister-city relationship with the city of Yaroslavl of the Soviet Union in 1987-88. The Times opened with a direct quotation from a letter Sanders sent to Yaroslavl, showcasing Sanders' desire to bring the United States and Soviet Union closer to peaceful relations. The Times continued with "Unbeknownst to him," the Soviets intended "to exploit Mr. Sanders's anti-war agenda for their own propaganda purposes". The Times presented 89 new files consisting of "letters, telegrams, and internal Soviet government documents" to back their claims. The controversy arose from the Times' presentation and interpretation of these files, potentially intending to paint Sanders with communist political leanings. Jack F. Matlock Jr., The United States ambassador for the Soviet Union from 1987-1991, personally wrote the editor a letter upon reading the article, claiming it to be a "distortion of history". Matlock claimed the sister-city relationship Sanders developed was actively encouraged by the United States government, further insinuating the article to be an instance of Red-Baiting.

Insult usage

Communist or socialist have been used as a pejorative within red-baiting, mainly in reference to authoritarian state socialist regimes and Communist states but also for any proposal that may further expand the role of the government, by anti-communists and the political right for both communists and socialists, and for those who are neither but are alleged to be adopting socialist policies, as is done by Republicans for Democratic candidates in the United States. Those terms have also been used as an insult for several left-wing politicians in center-left socialist parties to describe them as farthest left and more extreme than they actually are in an effort to marginalize them. For some scholars, communist and socialist, and the memories of such authoritarian regimes, are used as an insult to dismiss any criticism of capitalism and support for socialism by positing that any form of communism or socialism would always and inevitably result in 20th-century Communism and authoritarian regimes.

Germany

Further information: 1994 German federal election and 2021 German federal election

The 1994 federal election saw a "red socks" campaign used by the center-right, including the CDU/CSU and the Free Democratic Party (FDP), to scare off a possible red–red–green coalition alliance (SPD–PDS–The Greens). Analysts have stated that such a strategy likely paid off, as it was seen as one of the decisive elements for the narrow victory of Helmut Kohl for the CDU/CSU–FDP. The red-baiting campaign was criticized as an obvious attempt to discredit the whole left; the PDS reinterpreted it for itself by printing red socks.

As the CDU/CSU was falling down while the SPD was surging in the polls, the 2021 federal election saw a Red Scare campaign against a possible red–red–green federal government, which was feared by conservatives, who engaged in red-baiting by promoting a Red Scare. A capital flight to Switzerland ensued due to fear of increased taxes for the very rich through higher inheritance taxes and a wealth tax. As The Left underperformed, a left-wing coalition was ruled out by just a few seats in the Bundestag, and the German financial market rallied as a result, as such threat was eliminated.

United Kingdom

Further information: 2017 United Kingdom general election, 2019 United Kingdom general election, and Labour Party leadership of Jeremy Corbyn

In the United Kingdom, former Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn was often labelled a communist or Marxist, and a communist spy by commentators in mainstream national newspapers The Daily Mail, The Sun, The Telegraph, and The Times, despite experts and researchers stating that no evidence exists. During the 2017 general election campaign, Steve Bush and George Eaton of the New Statesman commented that the Labour Party's manifesto was more Keynesian than anything, with Eaton stating that the adopted policies "would be regarded as mainstream in most European countries". According to some studies, media coverage of Corbyn has often been hostile and misrepresentative of his views.

United States

Further information: 2020 United States presidential election

During the 20th century, the United States underwent two Red Scares, first in the 1920s and then in the 1950s through McCarthyism. In a speech on 10 October 1952, outgoing United States president Harry S. Truman (Democratic Party) lambasted Republicans for having "opposed almost all our programs to help the economic life of the country" and "having blindly turned [their] back on the tradition of public action for the public good", referencing then-Republican United States senator Robert A. Taft, who made the 1952 United States presidential election campaign about "creepy socialism", a scare word "they have hurled at every advance the people have made in the last 20 years" according to Truman. Socialism and socialization have been mistakenly used to refer to any state or government-operated industry or service (the proper term for such being either municipalization or nationalization); both terms have also been incorrectly used to mean any tax-funded programs, whether government-run or privately run.

Into the 21st century, with the rise in popularity and to the mainstream of self-declared democratic socialist United States senator Bernie Sanders, socialist has continued to be used as an insult, mainly by conservatives. Among conservatives, socialist is used as an insult to imply that Nazism, and by extension fascism, was a left-wing ideology, which is contrary to the consensus among scholars of fascism as a far-right ideology. An example of this is conservative columnist Jonah Goldberg's book Liberal Fascism, where modern liberalism and progressivism are described as the child of fascism, which is considered to be socialist. For conservative figures such as Dinesh D'Souza and Candace Owens, American Left figures like Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Sanders, and Elizabeth Warren are not only socialists but since the Nazis are wrongly considered to be socialists in this view, they are dangerous, and in turn any who oppose them cannot have any link to Nazism or the far right. The use of socialist as an insult to falsely imply that the Nazis were leftists is seen as a way to disavow far-right history, erase leftist victims of Nazi violence, and justify violence against leftists. Monopoly Socialism, a version of the Monopoly board game by Hasbro, was criticized for confusing socialism with communism, and mocking left-wing ideas in general. Some noted that the original game was created as a satire of capitalism, which is not widely known nowadays.

See also

• Crypto-communism
• Cultural Marxism
• Fascist (epithet)
• PROFUNC
• Reductio ad Hitlerum
• Redwashing

References

Bibliography

• Barson, Michael (1992). Better Red Than Dead: A Nostalgic Look at the Golden Years of Russiaphobia, Redbaiting, and other Commie Madness (paperback ed.). New York City, New York: Hyperion Books. ISBN 9781562829742.
• Carleton, Don E.; Faulk, John Henry (2014). Red Scare: Right-Wing Hysteria, Fifties Fanaticism, and Their Legacy in Texas (paperback ed.). Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292758551.
• Kling, Andrew A. (2011). The Red Scare (hardcover ed.). San Diego, California: Lucent Books. ISBN 9781420506808.
• Murray, Robert K. (2003) [1955]. Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920 (paperback ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Textbook Publishers. ISBN 9780758119759.
• Nichols, John (2011). The S Word: A Short History of an American Tradition ... Socialism (paperback ed.). New York City, New York: Verso Books. ISBN 9781844678211.
• "Red-Baiting in the Philippines: Civil Society Under General Suspicion" (PDF). Observer: A Journal on Threatened Human Rights Defenders in the Philippines. 3 (2). International Peace Observers Network. December 2011. ISSN 2192-3353.
• Sabin, Arthur J. (1999). Red Scare in Court: New York Versus the International Workers Order (paperback ed.). Copenaghen: Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen. ISBN 9788772895819.
• Schmidt, Regin (2000). Red Scare: FBI and the Origins of Anticommunism in the United States, 1919–1943 (paperback ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812217049.
• Woods, Jeff (2004). Black Struggle, Red Scare: Segregation and Anti-Communism in the South, 1948–1968 (paperback ed.). Baton Rouge, Louisiana: LSU Press. ISBN 9780807129265.

Further reading

• Barker, Tom (23 October 2008). "Why is 'Socialist' an Insult?". The Hill. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
• Beer, Daniel (29 June 2019). "Why is 'Marxist' An Insult?". Royal Holloway, University of London. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
• Docherty, James C.; Lamb, Peter (2006). Historical Dictionary of Socialism (hardcover 2nd revised ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810855601.
• Gornstein, Leslie (23 September 2020). "What is socialism? And what do socialists really want in 2021?". CBS News. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
• Hobson, Jeremy; McMahon, Serena (7 March 2019). "What Is Socialism? A History Of The Word Used As A Scare Tactic In American Politics". WBUR. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
• Jin, Kai (25 August 2020). "Why Is America Dusting off Its Anti-Communist Playbook?". The Diplomat. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
• Jones, Sarah (25 August 2020). "What an Actual Socialist Makes of Republicans' Anti-Socialism Hysteria". New York. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
• Jones, Sarah; Kilgore, Ed (8 December 2020). "The GOP Thinks Marxists Are Taking Over. If Only That Were True". New York. Archived from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
• Kapur, Shapir (11 June 2019). "'Socialism' Is a Governing Philosophy. It's Also an Offhand Insult". Fortune. Retrieved 16 August 2021 – via Yahoo!.
• Leith, Sam (17 March 2018). "The latest way to insult the left". Prospect. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
• Mortimer, Loren Michael (2010). "Red-baiting and the Birth of Modern Conservatism". UC Davis Department of History. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
• Pahl, Ronald H. (1993). "Michael Barson's Better Red Than Dead—A Nostalgic Look at the Golden Years of Russiaphobia, Redbaiting, and other Commie Madness, published by Hyperion (114 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10011) in 1992". The Social Studies. 84 (6). London: Routledge: 276. doi:10.1080/00377996.1993.9956274.
• Rubin, Jennifer (3 December 2020). "Opinion: Why Republicans are resorting to anti-socialism hysteria". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
• Velden, Sjaak (2021). Historical Dictionary of Organized Labor (hardcover 4th ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781538134603.
• Wong, Julia Carrie (22 May 2017). "America's obsession with rooting out communism is making a comeback". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 August 2021.

Sources

• Astor, Maggie (12 June 2019). "What Is Democratic Socialism? Whose Version Are We Talking About?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
• Benedek, Wolfgang; Kettemann, Matthias C. (2014). Freedom of Expression and the Internet (reprint ed.). Strasbourg: Council of Europe. ISBN 9789287178206.
• Berlatsky, Noah (8 July 2021). "Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene can't stop making Covid-Nazi comparisons". NBC News. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
• Berman, Sheri (2006). The Primacy of Politics: Social Democracy and the Making of Europe's Twentieth Century (hardcover ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521817998.
• Bush, Stephen (30 March 2017). "Far from being a left-wing radical, Jeremy Corbyn is slouching towards Milibandism". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
• Cassidy, John (13 September 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn's Victory and the Demise of New Labour". The New Yorker. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
• Cassidy, John (18 June 2019). "Why Socialism Is Back". The New Yorker. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
• Cammaerts, Bart (19 July 2016). "Our report found that 75% of press coverage misrepresents Jeremy Corbyn – we can't ignore media bias anymore". The Independent. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
• Cammaerts, Bart; DeCillia, Brooks; Jimenez-Martinez, Cesar; Magalhães, João Carlos (August 2016). "Journalistic Representations of Jeremy Corbyn in the British Press". London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
• "Communism". Columbia Encyclopedia (hardcover, 6th ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. 2007. ISBN 9780231144469.
• Corfe, Robert (2010). The Future of Politics: With the Demise of the Left/Right Confrontational System (paperback ed.). Bury St Edmunds: Arena Books. ISBN 9781906791469.
• Damiani, Marco (2020). Populist Radical Left Parties in Western Europe (hardcover ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 9781138496026.
• Dolack, Peter (2016). It's Not Over: Learning from the Socialist Experiment (paperback ed.). Ropley: Zero Books. ISBN 9781785350498.
• Eaton, George (16 May 2017). "Labour's manifesto is more Keynesian than Marxist". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
• Engel-Di Mauro, Salvatore; et al. (4 May 2021). "Anti-Communism and the Hundreds of Millions of Victims of Capitalism". Capitalism Nature Socialism. 32 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1080/10455752.2021.1875603. S2CID 233745505.
• Evans, Robert John Weston; Strandmann, Hartmut Pogge, eds. (2000). The Revolutions in Europe, 1848–1849: From Reform to Reaction (hardcover ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198208402.
• Fisher, Megan (29 June 2019). "Marxism: What does it mean and is it an insult?". BBC. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
• Foner, Eric (Spring 1984). "Why Is There No Socialism in the United States?". History Workshop. 17 (17). Oxford: Oxford University Press: 57–80. doi:10.1093/hwj/17.1.57. JSTOR 4288545.
• Ghodsee, Kristen (Fall 2014). "A Tale of 'Two Totalitarianisms': The Crisis of Capitalism and the Historical Memory of Communism" (PDF). History of the Present. 4 (2). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press: 115–142. doi:10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115. JSTOR 10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115. Retrieved 16 August 2021 – via Scholars at Harvard.
• Ghodsee, Kristen; Sehon, Scott (22 March 2018). "Anti-anti-communism". Aeon. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
• Goodman, H. A. (1 July 2015). "Sanders's 'socialist' policies sound a lot like Teddy Roosevelt's and Reagan's". The Hill. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
• Granieri, Ronald J. (5 February 2020). "The right needs to stop falsely claiming that the Nazis were socialists". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
• Hale, Sarah; Legget, Will; Martell, Luke, eds. (2004). The Third Way and Beyond: Criticisms, Futures and Alternatives (PDF) (paperback ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. doi:10.7228/manchester/9780719065989. ISBN 9780719065996. JSTOR j.ctt155jgmg. S2CID 143001527.
• Harding, Luke; MacAskill, Ewen; Quinn, Ben; Tait, Robert (28 February 2018). "No evidence Corbyn was a communist spy, say intelligence experts". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
• Hinnfors, Jonas (2006). Reinterpreting Social Democracy: A History of Stability in the British Labour Party and Swedish Social Democratic Party. Critical Labour Movement Studies (hardcover ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719073625.
• Klein, Naomi (2008). The Shock Doctrine (paperback ed.). London: Penguin. ISBN 9780141024530.
• Lafontaine, Oskar (2009). Left Parties Everywhere. Socialist Renewal, 7th series (paperback ed.). Nottingham: Spokesman Books. ISBN 9780851247649.
• Lansford, Thomas (2007). Communism (illustrated ed.). New York: Cavendish Square Publishing. ISBN 9780761426288.
• Leeden, Michael Arthur (1987). West European Communism and American Foreign Policy (hardcover ed.). Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction Books. ISBN 9780887381409.
• Lipset, Seymour Martin; Marks, Gary (2000). It Didn't Happen Here: Why Socialism Failed in the United States (paperback ed.). New York City, New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393322545.
• March, Luke (2011). Radical Left Parties in Europe (hardback ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415425605.
• McAuliffe, Mary S. (September 1976). "Liberals and the Communist Control Act of 1954". The Journal of American History. 63 (2). Oxford: Oxford University Press: 351–367. doi:10.2307/1899641. JSTOR 1899641.
• Major, Patrick (1997). The Death of the KPD: Communism and Anti-Communism in West Germany, 1945–1956 (hardcover ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198206934.
• Mikkelson, David (1 March 2019). "Did Harry Truman Denounce the Use of 'Socialism' as a 'Scare Word'?". Snopes. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
• Petaux (2009). Democracy and Human Rights for Europe: The Council of Europe's Contribution (paperback ed.). Strasbourg: Council of Europe. ISBN 9789287166678.
• Pierson, Christopher (1995). Socialism After Communism: The New Market Socialism (paperback ed.). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State Press. ISBN 9780271014791.
• Reinhardt, Uwe E. (8 May 2009). "What Is 'Socialized Medicine'?: A Taxonomy of Health Care Systems". Economix. The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
• Romano, Flavio (2006). Clinton and Blair: The Political Economy of the Third Way (paperback 1st ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415646710.
• Sabry, Mohamed Ismail (2017). The Development of Socialism, Social Democracy and Communism: Historical, Political and Socioeconomic Perspectives (hardcover ed.). Bringley: Emerald Publishing. ISBN 9781787433748.
• Todorova, Maria (2020). The Lost World of Socialists at Europe's Margins: Imagining Utopia, 1870s–1920s (hardcover ed.). London: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781350150331.
• Walker, William T. (2011). McCarthyism and the Red Scare: A Reference Guide (hardcover ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598844375.
• Wise, Tim (11 August 2009). "Red-Baiting and Racism: Socialism as the New Black Bogeyman". Racism Review. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
• "German election: Could there soon be a left-wing government?". Deutsche Welle. 24 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
• Oltermann, Philip (24 September 2021). "German progressives dare to dream of leftist 'red-green-red' coalition". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
• "German election diary: Laschet lashes out; vote for die Urbane?". The Economist. 3 September 2021. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
• Kirschbaum, Erik (10 September 2021). "German elections: CDU resorts to 'Red Scare' tactics amid slump in the polls". The Independent. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
• Hirt, Oliver (24 September 2021). "German millionaires rush assets to Switzerland ahead of election". Reuters. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
• "Factbox: German 'traffic light' coalition seen as most likely". Reuters. 27 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
• Siedenbiedel, Christian (27 September 2021). "Erleichterung nach der Wahl: 'Das größte Risiko ist aus Finanzmarktsicht ausgeräumt'" [Relief after the election: 'The greatest risk has been eliminated from a financial market perspective']. Aktuelle Nachrichten Online (in German). ISSN 0174-4909. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
• "Dax nach Bundestagswahl im Aufwind" [Dax on the rise after the federal election]. Aktuelle Nachrichten Online (in German). 27 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
• "Red-baiting". Merriam-Webster. 21 February 2010. Archived from the original on 21 February 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
• "Redbaiting". The Free Dictionary. 3 March 2016. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
• "McCarthyism". The Free Dictionary. 2010.
• "How red-baiting undermines truth-telling in the Philippines". Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility. 29 September 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2021 – via IFEX.
• "Bait". Merriam-Webster. 3 March 2016. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
• "City Crowds Silent On News Of Deaths". The New York Times. 23 August 1927. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
• "D.A.R. Head Replies to Critics of Order; Denying Existence of 'Blacklist,' Mrs. Brosseau Defends National Policy. Assails 'Protest' Group Few of Sponsors of Pamphlet Have Held Office in Society, President General Says. Hits at "Protest Committee." Resents "Insult" in Statement. Defense Not to Be Debated". The New York Times. 15 April 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021. See also the 3 April 1928 "'D.A.R. Head Defends Order's Blacklist'" by The New York Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Leibovich, Mark (28 February 2009). "'Socialism!' Boo, Hiss, Repeat". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
• Gavilan, Jodesz (20 February 2020). "Lives in danger as red-tagging campaign intensifies". Rappler. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
• "Philippine army 'red-tagging' leads to threats, violence against journalists". RSF. 14 August 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
• Robles, Nathalie (3 May 2019). "UN experts urge PH gov't to stop red-tagging —". Asian Journal News. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
• Torres, Joe (8 May 2019). "Religious, rights groups fight 'red tagging' in Philippines - UCA News". ucanews.com.
• Walker, Cameron (17 September 2020). "Encouraging abuse: foreign terrorist designations of the CPP/NPA".
• Hammann, Dominik; Stoltenberg-Lerche, Holger (2011). "Red-baiting in the Philippines: Civil Society Under General Suspicion" (PDF). Observer: A Journal on Threatened Human Rights Defenders in the Philippines. 3 (2): 4–8. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
• Sambalud, Mart D. (5 October 2017). "Lawmakers tell DepEd: Do not rely on military's 'red-tagging' of Lumad school in South Cotabato". Retrieved 29 September 2021.
• "Why 'red-tagging' is dangerous". Vera Files. 16 October 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
• Ayalin, Adrian (4 October 2018). "Red-tagging schools may embolden military to suppress rights, freedom - CHR". ABS-CBN News.
• Calica, Aurea (11 May 2012). "Phl, Laos sign 4 agreements". Philstar.com.
• Bordadora, Norman (27 October 2011). "Philippines, Vietnam forge naval agreement on Spratlys". INQUIRER.net.
• Azmi, Hadi; Sepe, Basilio (9 March 2020). "Malaysia, Philippines Take Row over Sabah to the UN". Benar News.
• Fonbuena, Carmela (8 August 2019). "Philippines: US rights volunteer branded 'enemy of state' shot outside home". The Guardian.
• Sadongdong, Martin (21 October 2020). "Did an NTF-ELCAC exec just 'red-tag' Liza Soberano?". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
• Aurelio, Julie M.; Mangosing, Frances; Valenzuela, Nikka G. (24 October 2020). "Just keep quiet if you have no evidence, Lorenzana tells Parlade, military". INQUIRER.net.
• Hedges, Chris (2010). Death of the Liberal Class. Nation Books. ISBN 9781568586441.
• Bennett, Larry; Edsforth, Ronald (1991). Popular Culture and Political Change in Modern America. Suny Press. ISBN 9780791407653.
• Haynes, John Earl; Klehr, Harvey (2003). In Denial: Historians, Communism, and Espionage. Encounter. ISBN 1893554724.
• Woods, Thomas E. (2004). The Politically Incorrect Guide to American History. Regnery Publishing. ISBN 9780895260475.
• Theoharis, Athan (2002). Chasing Spies: How the FBI Failed in Counter-Intelligence But Promoted the Politics of McCarthyism in the Cold War Years. Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 1-56663-420-2.
• Schrecker, Ellen (Winter 2000). "Comments on John Earl Haynes". Journal of Cold War Studies. Harvard University—Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 February 2009.
• Cianfrocca, Francis (22 April 2009). "TARP Is The Gateway To Socialism Doesn't Add Up". The New Ledger. Archived from the original on 4 January 2010. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
• Remnick, David (2010). The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama. Knopf. ISBN 9781400043606.
• "Adopted and Rejected; Supreme Court Vacancy; Path to the Presidency; Phoebe Prince: Bullied to Death?; Back to School in Port- au-Prince". CNN. 9 April 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2021..
• Barlett, Bruce (22 July 2011). "Barack Obama: The Democrats' Richard Nixon?". The Fiscal Times. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
• Hedges, Chris (2011). The World As it Is: Dispatches on the Myth of Human Progress. Nation Books. ISBN 9781568586403 – via Truthdig.
• Akers, Mary Ann (10 April 2009). "The Sleuth - Spencer Bachus's Past With Socialists". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 20 August 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
• Sanders, Bernie (22 April 2009). "...and socialism". Boston.com. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
• Hallow, Ralph Z. (23 April 2009). "Steele urged to label Obama a socialist". The Washington Times. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
• Evans, Ben (20 May 2009). "GOP Votes To Condemn Democrats' 'March To Socialism'". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 23 May 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
• Llewellyn, Frank (22 July 2009). "Socialism And The Politics Of Fear". CBS News. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
• Brodey, John (6 September 2009). "White House Official Resigns After G.O.P. Criticism". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 September 2009.
• Von Drehle, David (28 September 2009). "Mad Man: Is Glenn Beck Bad for America?". Time. Vol. 174, no. 12. p. 30. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on 22 September 2009. Retrieved 18 September 2009. See cover at Wayback Machine. Archived 22 September 2009.
• Franke-Ruta, Garance; Wilson, Scott (6 September 2009). "White House Adviser Van Jones Resigns Amid Controversy Over Past Activism". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 12 October 2009. Retrieved 22 September 2009.
• Prince, Sabiyha (2016). African Americans and Gentrification in Washington, D.C.: Race, Class and Social Justice in the Nation's Capital. Routledge. ISBN 9781317184362 – via Google Books.
• Street, Paul (2015). Empire's New Clothes: Barack Obama in the Real World of Power. Routledge. ISBN 9781317260547 – via Google Books.
• Wheatcroft, Geoffrey (12 May 1998). "Anti-Anticommunism Again". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 17 December 2021. For the full exchange, see "President Harry S. Truman Responds to Senator Joseph R. McCarthy's Accusations of Disloyalty" at George Mason University's History Matters. {{cite news}}: External link in |postscript= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Moynihan, Daniel Patrick (1998). Secrecy: The American Experience. Yale University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-300-08079-7.

External links

• Baird, Jonathan P. (3 August 2020). "Jonathan P. Baird: The irony of Republican red-baiting". Concord Monitor. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
• Breheny, Jessica (2004). 'These Were Our Times': Red-Baiting, Blacklisting, and the Lost Literature of Dissent in Mid-Twentieth-Century California (PhD). University of California, Santa Cruz. Retrieved 17 August 2021 – via Proquest.
• Collins, Elizabeth A. (2008). Red-Baiting Public Women: Gender, Loyalty, and Red Scare Politics (PhD). University of Illinois. Retrieved 17 August 2021 – via Proquest.
• "'Socialism' a Tired Old Insult". The Jefferson Herald. 22 May 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2021.