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Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2

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GRM2
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesGRM2, GPRC1B, MGLUR2, mGlu2, glutamate metabotropic receptor 2, mGluR2, GLUR2
External IDsOMIM: 604099; MGI: 1351339; HomoloGene: 20229; GeneCards: GRM2; OMA:GRM2 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

2912

108068

Ensembl

ENSG00000164082

ENSMUSG00000023192

UniProt

Q14416

Q14BI2

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_000839
NM_001349116
NM_001349117

NM_001160353

RefSeq (protein)

NP_000830
NP_001336045
NP_001336046

NP_001153825

Location (UCSC)Chr 3: 51.71 – 51.72 MbChr 9: 106.52 – 106.53 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the GRM2 gene.[5][6] mGluR2 is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that couples with the Gi alpha subunit.[7] The receptor functions as an autoreceptor for glutamate, that upon activation, inhibits the emptying of vesicular contents at the presynaptic terminal of glutamatergic neurons.

Structure

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In humans, mGluR2 is encoded by the GRM2 gene on chromosome 3. At least three protein-coding isoforms are predicted based on genomic information, as well as numerous non-coding isoforms. The mGluR2 protein is a seven-pass transmembrane protein.

Function

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In humans, mGluR2 is only expressed in the brain, and not in any other tissue.[8] In the brain, mGluR2 is expressed in neurons as well as astrocytes. Subcellularly, mGluR2 is predominantly positioned at the presynaptic terminal, although it is also expressed at the postsynaptic terminal.[9]

The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors, that have been divided into 3 groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacologic properties: Group I includes GRM1 and GRM5 and these receptors have been shown to activate phospholipase C. Group II includes mGluR2 (this receptor) and GRM3 while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8. Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities.[6]

Protein–protein interactions

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mGluR2 is able to form a heteromeric complex with various other different GPCRs. One example is with isoform mGluR4. The mGluR2-mGluR4 heteromer exhibits a pharmacological profile distinct from the parent receptor monomers.[10] Another example is with serotonin receptor 2A (5HT2A); see below.

Pharmacology

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The development of subtype-2-selective positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) experienced steady advance in recent years.[11] mGluR2 potentiation is a new approach for the treatment of schizophrenia.[12][13] On the other hand, antagonists and negative allosteric modulators of mGluR2/3 have potential as antidepressant drugs.[14][15][16][17][18]

Agonists

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PAMs

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Highly selective mGluR2 PAM (2010),[21] analog of BINA
  • JNJ-46356479[22]
  • JNJ-40411813[23]
  • GSK-1331258[24]
  • Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines[25]
  • 3-Aryl-5-phenoxymethyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-ones[26]
  • 3-(Imidazolyl methyl)-3-aza-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-6-yl)methyl ethers: potent, orally stable[27]
  • BINA:[28][29] potent; modest ago-allosteric modulator; robust in-vivo activity.
  • LY-487,379:[30][31][32] devoid of orthosteric activity; along with related 3-pyridylmethylsulfonamides[33][34] the first subtype-2-selective potentiator published (2003).

Antagonists

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NAMs

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  • 7,8-dichloro-4-[3-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl]-1,3-dihydro-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one and related compounds.[35]
  • MNI-137 - 8-bromo-4-(2-cyanopyridin-4-yl)-1H-benzo[b][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one[36]
  • RO4491533 - 4-[3-(2,6-dimethylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl]-7-methyl-8-trifluoromethyl-1,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]diazepin-2-one[37]

Role in hallucinogenesis

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Many psychedelic drugs (e.g. LSD-25) produce their effects by binding to the oligomerized complexes of the 5HT2A and mGlu2 receptors.[38][39] Lisuride acts preferentially or exclusively on the non-heteromerized 5HT2A receptors, which are not capable of inducing psychedelic effects. Due to this, lisuride is capable of reducing the hallucinogenic effects of these drugs through competitive antagonistic activity (producing the effect of a silent antagonist in the presence of these drugs).

Strong agonists for either subunit of the 5HT2A-mGlu2R heterocomplex suppress signaling through the partner subunit and inverse agonists for either subunit potentiate the signaling through the partner subunit.

Role in rabies virus infection

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mGluR2 has been found to be a novel receptor for rabies virus.[40] The virus has a glycoprotein on its surface which interacts with the receptor. Rabies virus can bind to mGLuR2 directly and the virus-receptor complex is internalized into the cell together. The complex is then transported into early and late endosomes. Rabies virus enters the cells by clathrin-independent endocytosis which could suggest that mGLuR2 also uses this pathway. It is still to be clarified whether the Rabies virus glycoprotein can act as a PAM or NAM and in such a way affect the function of the receptor.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000164082 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000023192 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ Flor PJ, Lindauer K, Püttner I, Rüegg D, Lukic S, Knöpfel T, Kuhn R (April 1995). "Molecular cloning, functional expression and pharmacological characterization of the human metabotropic glutamate receptor type 2". The European Journal of Neuroscience. 7 (4): 622–9. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb00666.x. PMID 7620613. S2CID 30186477.
  6. ^ a b "Entrez Gene: GRM2 glutamate receptor, metabotropic 2".
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  8. ^ "Tissue expression of GRM2 - Summary - The Human Protein Atlas". www.proteinatlas.org. Retrieved 2017-12-28.
  9. ^ Jin LE, Wang M, Yang ST, Yang Y, Galvin VC, Lightbourne TC, Ottenheimer D, Zhong Q, Stein J, Raja A, Paspalas CD, Arnsten AF (November 2017). "mGluR2/3 mechanisms in primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: evidence for both presynaptic and postsynaptic actions". Molecular Psychiatry. 22 (11): 1615–1625. doi:10.1038/mp.2016.129. PMC 5298940. PMID 27502475.
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