Lulu (opera)

Lulu is an opera by the composer Alban Berg. The libretto was adapted by Berg himself from Frank Wedekind's plays Erdgeist (Earth Spirit, 1895) and Die Büchse der Pandora (Pandora's Box, 1904).

Conception and composition

Berg first saw Die Büchse der Pandora in 1905 in a production by Karl Kraus, but did not begin work on his opera until 1929, after he had completed his other opera, Wozzeck. He worked steadily on the score until 1935, when the death of Manon Gropius, the daughter of Walter Gropius and Alma Mahler, prompted him to break off work to write his Violin Concerto.

Berg completed the violin concerto swiftly, but the time he spent on that meant he was unable to complete the opera before his death later in 1935 – he had completed the work up to bar 268 of Act III, Scene 1, leaving the rest of the work in short score with indications of instrumentation for much of it.

The opera was first performed by the Zurich Opera in an incomplete form in 1937. Erwin Stein made a vocal score of the whole of Act III following Berg's death, and Helene Berg, Alban's widow, approached Arnold Schoenberg to complete the orchestration. Schoenberg at first accepted, but upon being sent copies of Berg's sketches he changed his mind, saying that it would be a more time-consuming task than he had thought. Helene subsequently forbade anybody else to complete the opera, and for over forty years only the first two acts could be given complete, sometimes with parts of Berg's Lulu Suite played in place of Act III.

In its two-act form plus sketches of the third act, Lulu made its American debut at the Santa Fe Opera in New Mexico during the 1963 season, with the American soprano Joan Carroll in the title role. However, the Opera's innovative general director, John Crosby, had attempted to negotiate an arrangement whereby Santa Fe would stage the American premiere of the full three-act opera, but it did not materialize at that time.

Helene's death in 1976, just six months before the Metropolitan Opera was due to present the American premiere, paved the way for a new completed version to be made by Friedrich Cerha. Published in 1979, this version premiered on February 24 of the same year at the Opera Garnier and was conducted by Pierre Boulez. The Santa Fe Opera's John Crosby had previously negotiated with the opera's publisher, Alfred Kalmus of Universal Editions, to present the American premiere of the complete version and "on July 28th 1979, nearly forty-four years after Berg's death, Lulu was finally performed in its entireity in this country" .

Sopranos who have sung the extremely demanding title role include Anja Silja (who later sang the Countess Geschwitz), Julia Migenes, Teresa Stratas, Nancy Shade, Karan Armstrong and Christine Schäfer.

Roles

Role	Voice type	Zurich Opera Premiere, 2 Act version, June 2 1937 (Conductor: Robert Denzler)	Paris Opéra Premiere, 3 Act version, February 1979, (Conductor: Pierre Boulez)
Lulu	high soprano	Nuri Hadzic
Countess Geschwitz	dramatic mezzo-soprano	Maria Bernhard
A High-school Boy ("Der Gymnasiast")	contralto	Feichtinger
A Theatrical Dresser A Groom	contralto
The Banker	high bass
The Painter, Lulu's second husband	lyric tenor	Paul Feher
A Negro	lyric tenor
Dr Schön, editor-in-chief	heroic baritone	Asger Stig
Alwa, Dr Schön's son, a composer	young heroic tenor	Peter Baxevanos
Schigolch, an old man	high character bass	Schigolch
An Animal Tamer	heroic buffo bass
Rodrigo, an athlete	heroic buffo bass	Emmerich
The Prince, a traveller in Africa / The Manservant / The Marquis	buffo tenor
The Theatre Manager	low buffo bass
The Professoer A Clown A Stagehand	silent
The Police Commissioner The Doctor, Lulu's husband	spoken
A Fifteen-year-old Girl	opera soubrette
Her Mother	contralto
A Woman Artist	mezzo-soprano
A Journalist	high baritone
A Manservant	lower baritone
Jack the Ripper	heroic baritone
Pianist, stage manager, attendants of the prince, policemen, nurses, wardresses, dancers, party guests, servants, workers

Synopsis

Prologue

A circus ringmaster introduces the various animals in his menagerie. The last is Lulu herself, who is carried on stage and introduced as a snake.

Act 1

Scene 1

Lulu, the wife of Dr. Goll, an elderly doctor, is having her portrait painted. Dr. Schön, a newspaper editor who rescued Lulu from the gutter and with whom she is now having an affair, is also present. Presently, his son Alwa arrives, excuses himself, and he and Dr. Schön leave. The Painter makes heavy passes at Lulu. Dr. Goll unexpectly walks in, and finding the two of them alone, promptly collapses and dies of a heart attack.

Scene 2

Lulu has now married the Painter. She receives a telegram announcing Dr. Schön's engagement, which seems to trouble her. She is visited by Schigolch, a tramp who seems to have featured in her past in some unspecified way. Dr. Schön arrives, referring to Schigolch as Lulu's father. He has come to ask Lulu to stay out of his life from now on. She is unmoved by his request and leaves after her husband, the Painter, arrives. Dr. Schön tells the Painter about their affair, and insists he confront his wife about it. The Painter leaves, ostensibly to confront Lulu, but instead, he slits his own throat. Lulu appears to be unmoved by this suicide, and simply tells Dr. Schön "You'll marry me all the same."

Scene 3

Lulu, working as a dancer, is sitting in her dressing room with Alwa. The two discuss various things, including a Prince who is in love with Lulu and wants to marry her. Lulu leaves to take the stage, but refuses to go on because Dr. Schön and his fiancée are in the audience. Dr. Schön, comes in to try to convince her to perform. When the two are left alone, she tells Schön that she is thinking of leaving with the Prince for Africa. Dr. Schön realises that he cannot live without her, and is convinced by Lulu to write a letter to his fiancée breaking off his engagement, which Lulu herself dictates. Lulu then calmly continues with the show.

Act 2

Scene 1

Lulu has now married Dr. Schön, who is full of jealousy over her many admirers. One of them, the lesbian Countess Geschwitz, visits her to invite her to a ball, but leaves in the face of Dr. Schön's disapproval. When the two go out, the Countess returns and hides. Two other admirers, the Acrobat and the Schoolboy, also enter, and all begin to talk to Lulu when she returns. Presently, Alwa arrives, and the admirers hide as Alwa declares his love for Lulu. Dr. Schön returns, spots the Acrobat, and begins a long argument with Lulu, during the course of which he discovers the other admirers. He gives Lulu a revolver, and orders her to kill herself, but she shoots Schön instead. The police arrive to arrest Lulu for the murder.

Interlude

The interlude consists of a silent film (accompanied by Berg's palindromic score). In it, we see Lulu's arrest, trial, conviction and imprisonment. Then we see her deliberately contract cholera and be transferred to hospital. The Countess Geschwitz visits her, and gives her her clothes, so that Lulu can escape disguised as her, which she does.

Scene 2

The Countess Geschwitz, Alwa and the Acrobat are gathered in the same room as Act II, Scene 1. They are awaiting Schigolch, who is to take the Countess to the hospital. She is going to sacrifice her own freedom by taking Lulu's place so that nobody will discover she has escaped until it is too late. The Acrobat says he is going to marry Lulu and move with her to Paris where the two will work in an act together. Schigolch leaves with the countess, then returns with Lulu, who is so ill from her disease that the Acrobat abandons his plan, and goes off to summon the police instead. Schigolch is sent off to buy train tickets, and, left alone, Alwa and Lulu declare their love for each other and agree to go away together.

Act 3

Scene 1

Lulu and Alwa are now living in Paris. The scene is a party in a casino. Lulu is being blackmailed into working in a Cairo brothel by the Acrobat and a pimp; she is still wanted for Dr. Schön's murder and they will turn her in if she does not do as they say. Schigolch arrives, asking for money. She is eventually convinced to lure the Acrobat away to a hotel and murder him. After they have gone, news arrives that shares in the railway, which the party guests all owned and had so much confidence in, have crashed. The party quickly breaks up, and in the confusion, Lulu manages to change clothes with a young man. She escapes with Alwa just before the police arrive to recapture her.

Scene 2

Lulu and Alwa are now living with Schigolch in poverty and are on the run in London. Lulu is working as a prostitute. She arrives with a client, a professor (played by the same actor as Dr. Goll, Lulu's first husband). The Countess Geschwitz then arrives with a portrait of Lulu which she has brought from Paris. Alwa hangs it on the wall. Lulu goes out, and returns with another client, the Negro (played by the same actor as the Painter, Lulu's second husband). He refuses to pay in advance, and kills Alwa in a struggle. Schigolch removes the body while Geschwitz contemplates suicide, an idea she gives up when she realises that Lulu is not moved by it. Eventually, Lulu goes out and returns with a third client (played by the same actor as Dr. Schön, Lulu's third husband). He haggles over the price, and is about to leave when Lulu decides she will sleep with him for less than her usual fee. This client, who is actually Jack the Ripper, murders Lulu, and then on his way out kills the Countess as well, who swears her love to Lulu as the curtain falls.

Structure

The large-scale structure of Lulu is often said to be like a mirror - Lulu's popularity in the first act is mirrored by the squalor she lives in during Act III, and this is emphasised by Lulu's husbands in Act I being played by the same singers as her clients in Act III.

This mirror-like structure is further emphasised by the film interlude at Act II at the very centre of the work. The events shown in the film are a miniature version of the mirror structure of the opera as a whole (Lulu enters prison and then leaves again) and the music accompanying the film is an exact palindrome - it reads the same forwards as backwards. The centre-point of this palindrome is indicated by an arpeggio played on the piano, first rising, then falling (shown here on the top staff):

The tone rows

Although some of Lulu is freely composed, Berg also makes use of his teacher Arnold Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique. Rather than using one tone row for the entire work, however, he gives each character his own tone row, meaning that the tone rows act rather like the leitmotivs in Richard Wagner's operas.

This is the tone row associated with Lulu herself:

From this one tone row, Berg derives tone rows for some of the other characters. The tone row associated with Alwa, for example, is arrived at by repeating Lulu's tone row over and over and taking every seventh note, like this:

This results in the following tone row:

Similarly, the tone row associated with Dr. Schön is arrived at by repeating Lulu's tone row (as in the previous example) and taking the first note, missing one note, taking the next, missing two, taking the next, missing three, taking the next, missing three, taking the next, missing two, taking the next, missing one, taking the next, missing one, taking the next, missing two, taking the next, and so on, like this:

This results in the following tone row:

References

• Huscher, Phillip, The Santa Fe Opera: An American Pioneer, Santa Fe: The Santa Fe Opera, 2006. ISBN 0-86534-550-3 ISBN 978-0-86534-550-8

External links

• The Santa Fe opera's website