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|active=1987–present
|active=1987–present
|leaders=[[Joseph Kony]]<br>[[Vincent Otti]]{{KIA}} <br>[[Raska Lukwiya]]{{KIA}} <br>[[Okot Odhiambo]]<br>[[Dominic Ongwen]]<br>[[Odong Latek]]{{KIA}}
|leaders=[[Joseph Kony]]<br>[[Vincent Otti]]{{KIA}} <br>[[Raska Lukwiya]]{{KIA}} <br>[[Okot Odhiambo]]<br>[[Dominic Ongwen]]<br>[[Odong Latek]]{{KIA}}
|clans= Lord's Resistance Army, PLIBT
|clans= Lord's Resistance Army
|ideology= [[Traditional African religion]]<br>[[Mysticism]]<br>[[Christianity]]
|ideology= [[Traditional African religion]]<br>[[Mysticism]]<br>[[Christianity]]
|headquarters=Northern [[Uganda]]
|headquarters=Northern [[Uganda]] Southeastern Heaven
|area= [[Central African Republic]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[South Sudan]], [[Uganda]]
|area= [[Central African Republic]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[South Sudan]], [[Uganda]]
|strength=500-9,000<ref name=IRIN/> The Power of God Biiatches
|strength=500-9,000<ref name=IRIN/>
|previous=[[Holy Spirit Movement]]<br>[[Uganda People's Democratic Army]]
|previous=[[Holy Spirit Movement]]<br>[[Uganda People's Democratic Army]]
|next=
|next=
|allies={{Flagicon|Sudan}} [[Sudan]] (1994–2002), Jesus (0-Present)
|allies={{Flagicon|Sudan}} [[Sudan]] (1994–2002)
|opponents={{Flagicon|Uganda}} [[Uganda People's Defence Force]]<br>{{Flagicon|South Sudan}} [[Sudan People's Liberation Army]]<br>{{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Military of DR Congo]]<br>{{Flagicon|United Nations}} [[United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo|MONUC]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/ABES-6LKL3W?OpenDocument |title=Guatemalan blue helmet deaths stir Congo debate |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2011-10-16}}</ref> <br>{{flagicon|United States}} [[United States Army]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/10/20111014174712102972.html |title=US troops to help Uganda fight rebels |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=2011-10-04 |accessdate=2011-10-16}}</ref>
|opponents={{Flagicon|Uganda}} [[Uganda People's Defence Force]]<br>{{Flagicon|South Sudan}} [[Sudan People's Liberation Army]]<br>{{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Military of DR Congo]]<br>{{Flagicon|United Nations}} [[United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo|MONUC]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/ABES-6LKL3W?OpenDocument |title=Guatemalan blue helmet deaths stir Congo debate |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2011-10-16}}</ref> <br>{{flagicon|United States}} [[United States Army]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/10/20111014174712102972.html |title=US troops to help Uganda fight rebels |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=2011-10-04 |accessdate=2011-10-16}}</ref>
|battles=
|battles=

Revision as of 13:43, 17 October 2011

"LRA" redirects here. For other uses, see LRA (disambiguation).
Lord's Resistance Army
LeadersJoseph Kony
Vincent Otti †
Raska Lukwiya †
Okot Odhiambo
Dominic Ongwen
Odong Latek †
Dates of operation1987–present
Group(s)Lord's Resistance Army
HeadquartersNorthern Uganda Southeastern Heaven
Active regionsCentral African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan, Uganda
IdeologyTraditional African religion
Mysticism
Christianity
AlliesSudan Sudan (1994–2002)
OpponentsUganda Uganda People's Defence Force
South Sudan Sudan People's Liberation Army
Democratic Republic of the Congo Military of DR Congo
United Nations MONUC[1]
United States United States Army [2]

The Lord's Resistance Army (also Lord's Resistance Movement or Lakwena Part Two) is a religious and militant group, which operates in northern Uganda and South Sudan.[4] It is currently listed as a terrorist organization by the United States.[5][6]

The LRA was formed in 1987 and until about 2007 it was engaged in an armed rebellion against the Ugandan government. It is led by Joseph Kony, who proclaims himself the "spokesperson" of God and a spirit medium, primarily of the Holy Spirit, which the group believe can represent itself in many manifestations.

The group is based on a number of different beliefs including local religious rituals, mysticism, traditional religion, Acholi nationalism and Christianity[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] and claims to be establishing a theocratic state based on the Ten Commandments and local Acholi tradition.[17][18][19]

The LRA is accused of widespread human rights violations, including murder, abduction, mutilation, sexual enslavement of women and children and forcing children to participate in hostilities.[20]

The group used to operate mainly in northern Uganda and also in parts of South Sudan, the Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

On October 14, 2011, United States President Barack Obama ordered the deployment of 100 U.S. troops to help regional forces combat the Lord's Resistance Army, saying "I believe that deploying these U.S. Armed Forces furthers U.S. national security interests and foreign policy..." [21]

Etymology

Main article: Lord's Resistance Army insurgency

The LRA has been known also as the Lord's Resistance Movement/Army (LRM/A or LRA/M).

Some academics have included the LRA under the rubric Lakwena Part Two. For simplicity's sake, this article refers to all of these various manifestations as the "Lord's Resistance Army".

History

In 1988, Alice Lakwena established the Holy Spirit Movement, a resistance movement claimed to be inspired by the Holy Spirit of God. She portrayed herself as a prophet who received messages from the Holy Spirit of God. She expressed the belief that the Acholi could defeat the government run by Museveni by casting off witchcraft and spiritualism embedded in their culture. According to her messages from God, her followers should cover their bodies with shea nut oil as protection from bullets, never take cover or retreat in battle, and never kill snakes or bees.

Joseph Kony would later preach a similar superstition encouraging soldiers to use oil to draw a cross on their chest as a protection from bullets. During an interview with Jimmie Briggs, Alice Lakwena distanced herself from Kony, claiming that the spirit doesn’t want them to kill civilians or prisoners of war. Meanwhile, Kony gained a reputation as having been possessed by spirits. He became a spiritual figure or a medium. Lakwena scored several key victories on the battlefield and began a march towards Kampala. Kony seized this opportunity to recruit members of the Ugandan People's Democratic Army (UPDA) and Holy Spirit remnants. In 1988, when Lakwena was defeated in Jinja and fled to Kenya, Kony became the leader of the Holy Spirit Mobile Force II some years later.

According to UPDF spokesman Lt. Col. Shaban Bantariza, mediation efforts by the Carter Center and the Pope have been spurned by Kony.[22]

Ideology

The LRA's ideology is disputed amongst academics.[22][23] Although the LRA has been regarded primarily as a Christian militia,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] the LRA reportedly evokes Acholi nationalism on occasion,[24] but the sincerity of this behaviour and the loyalty of Kony to either ideology is considered extremely dubious by many observers.[25][26] [27][28][29]

Robert Gersony, in a report funded by United States Embassy in Kampala in 1997, concluded that "the LRA has no political program or ideology, at least none that the local population has heard or can understand."[30] The International Crisis Group has stated that "the LRA is not motivated by any identifiable political agenda, and its military strategy and tactics reflect this."[31]

IRIN comments that "the LRA remains one of the least understood rebel movements in the world, and its ideology, as far as it has one, is difficult to understand."[22] UPDF Lt. Col. Shaban Bantariza has said that "you can't tell whether they want political power. Its only aim is to terrorize and brutalize the civilian population and to loot their homes."[22]

During an interview with IRIN, Vincent Otti was asked about the LRA's vision of an ideal government, to which he responded

"Lord’s Resistance Army is just the name of the movement, because we are fighting in the name of God. God is the one helping us in the bush. That’s why we created this name, Lord’s Resistance Army. And people always ask us, are we fighting for the [biblical] Ten Commandments of God. That is true – because the Ten Commandments of God is the constitution that God has given to the people of the world. All people. If you go to the constitution, nobody will accept people who steal, nobody could accept to go and take somebody’s wife, nobody could accept to innocently kill, or whatever. The Ten Commandments carries all this.

In a speech delivered by James Alfred Obita, former Secretary For External Affairs And Mobilisation, and Leader of Delegation of the Lord's Resistance Army, he adamantly denied that the LRA was "just an Acholi thing" and stated that claims made by the media and Museveni administration asserting that the LRA is a "group of Christian fundamentalists with bizarre beliefs whose aim is to topple the Museveni regime and replace it with governance based on the Bible's ten commandments" were false.[32]

In the same speech, Obita also stated that the LRA's objectives are:

  1. To remove dictatorship and stop the oppression of our people.
  2. To fight for the immediate restoration of competitive multi-party democracy in Uganda.
  3. To see an end to gross violation of human rights and dignity of Ugandans.
  4. To ensure the restoration of peace and security in Uganda.
  5. To ensure unity, sovereignty and economic prosperity beneficial to all Ugandans
  6. To bring to an end to the repressive policy of deliberate marginalization of groups of people who may not agree with the LRA ideology.

Troop strength

The government of Uganda claims that the LRA has only 500 or 1,000 soldiers in total, but other sources estimate that there could be as many as 3,000 soldiers, along with about 1,500 women and children.[3] The bulk of the soldiers fighting for the LRA are children. According to Livingstone Sewanyana, executive director of the Foundation for Human Rights Initiative, Yoweri Museveni was the first to use child soldiers in this conflict.[33] Since the LRA first started fighting in 1987 they may have forced well over 10,000 boys and girls into combat, often killing family, neighbors and school teachers in the process.[34]

Many of these children were put on the front lines so the casualty rate for these children has been high. They have often used children to fight because they are easy to replace by raiding schools or villages.[35] The soldiers are organized into independent brigades of 10 or 20 soldiers.[3] Sudan has provided military assistance to the LRA, in response to Uganda lending military support to the Sudan People's Liberation Army.[36]

ICC arrest warrants

Number of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), and IDPs as a percentage of total population in northern Ugandan districts (based on data from 2004).
Lord's Resistance
Army insurgency
Conflict history
Related articles

The International Criminal Court issued arrest warrants on 8 July and 27 September 2005 against Joseph Kony, his deputy Vincent Otti, and LRA commanders Raska Lukwiya, Okot Odhiambo and Dominic Ongwen. The five LRA leaders were charged with crimes against humanity and war crimes, including murder, rape, sexual slavery, and enlisting of children as combatants. The warrants were filed under seal; public redacted versions were released on 13 October 2005.[37]

These were the first warrants issued by the ICC since it was established in 2002. Details of the warrants were sent to the three countries where the LRA is active: Uganda, Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The LRA leadership has long stated that they would never surrender unless they were granted immunity from prosecution; so the ICC order to arrest them raised concerns that the insurgency would not have a negotiated end.[38]

On 30 November 2005 LRA deputy commander, Vincent Otti, contacted the BBC announcing a renewed desire among the LRA leadership to hold peace talks with the Ugandan government. The government expressed skepticism regarding the overture but stated their openness to peaceful resolution of the conflict.[39]

On 2 June 2006, Interpol issued five wanted person red notices to 184 countries on behalf of the ICC, which has no police of its own. Kony had been previously reported to have met Vice President of Southern Sudan Riek Machar.[40][41] The next day, Human Rights Watch reported that the regional Government of Southern Sudan had ignored previous ICC warrants for the arrest of four of LRA's top leaders, and instead supplied the LRA with cash and food as an incentive to stop them from attacking southern Sudanese citizens.[42]

At least two of the five wanted LRA leaders have since been killed: Lukwiya on 12 August 2006[43] and Otti in late 2007.[44] Odhiambo was rumoured to have been killed in April 2008.[45]

In 2006, the United Nations mounted a covert operation to capture or kill Joseph Kony. A squad of U.S.-trained Guatemalan Special Ops soldiers set out into Congo's Garamba National Park, a longtime LRA refuge and the scene of the 2008–2009 Garamba offensive. Trained in jungle warfare and accustomed to surviving in the bush for long stretches, the Guatemalans were equipped with M-16s and the latest special-operations technology. Five LRA soldiers were killed and none of the Special Ops soldiers survived. According to one account, the commander of the Special Ops soldiers was beheaded. The battle, which lasted for several hours, included hand to hand combat. Reports put the U.N. dead at eight to forty. The LRA left the corpses in the jungle but took the weapons—including heavy machine guns and grenade launchers.[46]

In July 2011, South Sudan seceded from Sudan, cutting the LRA off geopolitically from its former allies in Khartoum.

United States congressional action

In May 2009, U.S. President Obama signed into law the Lord's Resistance Army Disarmament and Northern Uganda Recovery Act,[47] legislation aimed at stopping Joseph Kony and the LRA. The bill passed unanimously in the Senate on March 11, 2010 with 65 Senators as cosponsors, then passed unanimously in the House of Representatives on May 13, 2010 with 202 Representatives as cosponsors. On November 24, President Obama delivered the strategy to disarm Joseph Kony and the LRA.

Since the United States diplomatic cables leak began on 28 November 2010, when the website WikiLeaks started to publish classified documents of detailed correspondence between the U.S. State Department and its diplomatic missions around the world, releasing further documents every day, we have learned that, "Sudan's neighbor, Uganda, blames Khartoum for paying and harboring Ugandan rebel Joseph Kony, leader of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), a brutal rebel group that has waged the longest-running insurgency in Africa. Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni told U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Jendayi Frazer in September 2007 that `Sudan, Sudan, Sudan, Sudan' was behind the rebellion's longevity. `[Museveni] said that even if the Khartoum Government could not supply the LRA at previous levels, he believed it was in constant touch with the LRA and smuggling supplies.'"[48]

On October 14, 2011, United States President Barack Obama announced that he had ordered the deployment of 100 U.S. military advisors (with a mandate to train, assist and provide intelligence) to help combat the Lord's Resistance Army.[21] It has been reported that the bulk of the troops are from the Army Special Forces.[49][50] Obama said that the deployment did not need explicit approval from Congress, as the 2010 Lord’s Resistance Army Disarmament and Northern Uganda Recovery Act already authorized "increased, comprehensive U.S. efforts to help mitigate and eliminate the threat posed by the LRA to civilians and regional stability". The military advisors will be armed, and will provide assistance and advice, but "will not themselves engage LRA forces unless necessary for self-defense". The advisers will operate in South Sudan, the Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, subject to approval by those states. The military advisors will not operate independently of the host states. Human Rights Watch welcomed the deployment, which they had previously advocated for.[51] General Carter Ham, the head of US Africa Command, said last week that his best estimate was that Joseph Kony was probably in the Central African Republic, not located in Uganda.

Massacres

Pre-2008

In January, 1997 the LRA attacked Lamwo, in northern Uganda. More than 400 people were killed, and approximately 100,000 people were displaced.[52]

In May, 2002 the LRA attacked Eastern Equatoria in Sudan. An estimated 450 people were killed, and witnesses state some villagers were forced to walk off a cliff.[52]

2008

Main article: 2008 Christmas massacres

On December 25, 2008, the LRA massacred 189 people and abducted 120 children during a concert celebration sponsored by the Catholic church in Faradje, Democratic Republic of the Congo, continuing the attack on December 26. Shortly afterwards, the LRA struck three additional communities: 75 people killed in a church north of Dungu, and the church burned; 48 people killed in Bangadi, and 213 people in Gurba.[53] The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs estimated the death toll as 189 in Faradje, Doruma and Gurba.[53] However, Caritas International estimated the number of victims to be about 500.

On December 28, 2008, the Ugandan army published details of the Doruma attack, accusing LRA rebels of hacking to death 45 people in a church there.[54] An aid official speaking to AFP on condition of anonymity confirmed the December 26 massacre, saying the killings took place in a Catholic church in the Doruma area, around 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the Sudanese border. "There are body parts everywhere. Inside the church, the entrance and in the church compound," the aid official said. "We got information the rebels cut 45 people into pieces," added army spokesman Captain Chris Magezi.[54]

Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon stated that he "condemns in the strongest possible terms the appalling atrocities reportedly committed by the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) in recent days".[55] Caritas International said that it was "shocked by its staff reports" of the massacres.[56]

Congo's army, along with armed forces from Uganda and Sudan, launched raids against LRA rebels in December 2008 intended to disarm the LRA and end its rebellion. The raids were unsuccessful.

2009

Efforts by the Ugandan army in early 2009 ('Operation Lightning Thunder') to inflict a final military defeat on the LRA were not fully successful. Rather, the US-supported operation resulted in brutal revenge attacks by the LRA, with over 1,000 people killed in Congo and Sudan. The military action in the DRC did not result in the capture or killing of Kony, who remained elusive.[57]

In August the Lord's Resistance army attacked the Our Lady Queen of Peace church in Ezo on the Feast of the Assumption while worshippers were at prayer. They proceeded to desecrate first the Eucharist then the altar itself, after which they abducted seventeen people of ages ranging from teens to twenties. One was tied to a tree and murdered soon after the initial attack.[58] This event caused Sudanese[58] Archbishop John Baptist Odama to call on the international community for help in finding a peaceful solution to the crisis.[59]

In December, 2009, the LRA massacred "at least" 321 people in the Democratic Republic of Congo, according to a BBC investigation published in March, 2010 (see Makombo massacre).[52] The deaths were verified by the Red Cross and Human Rights Watch. Victims were hacked or battered to death, and survivors were made to carry loads for their attackers. At least eighty children of both sexes were captured, the boys as fighters, the girls to be sex slaves for the LRA members.[52] The sixty-mile (95 km) round-trip series of attacks began December 13, 2009, in Mabanga Ya Talo, and continued until December 18, traveling southeast down to the village of Tapili and back northwest again to the point of origin — a crossing over to the LRA camps on the north side of the Uele River near Mavanzonguda.[52]

2010

In May 2010 it was reported that an investigation was being undertaken by a senior UN official over the massacre of over 100 people in February 2010.[60] The massacre is said to have been carried out by Ugandan rebels in Kpanga, near DR Congo's border with the Central African Republic and Sudan.[60]


See also

Bibliography

  • Briggs, Jimmie (2005). Innocents Lost: When Child Soldiers Go to War. Basic Books. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Green, Matthew (2008). The Wizard of the Nile: The Hunt for Africa's Most Wanted. Portobello Books. ISBN 978-1846270307. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Singer, Peter W. (2006). Children at War. University of California Press. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Allen, Tim (2010). The Lord's Resistance Army: Myth and Reality. Zed Books Ltd. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

References

  1. ^ "Guatemalan blue helmet deaths stir Congo debate". Retrieved 2011-10-16.
  2. ^ "US troops to help Uganda fight rebels". Al Jazeera English. 2011-10-04. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
  3. ^ a b c IRIN (2 June 2007). UGAND-SUDAN: Ri-Kwangba: meeting point . Retrieved 10 June 2008.
  4. ^ "Terrorist Organization Profile: Lord's Resistance Army (LRA)". National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, University of Maryland. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
  5. ^ Philip T. Reeker (December 6, 2001). [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2001/6695.htm "Statement on the Designation of 39 Organizations on the USA PATRIOT Act's �Terrorist Exclusion List�"]. U.S. Department of State. {{cite web}}: replacement character in |title= at position 75 (help)[dead link]
  6. ^ Rice, Xan (2010-03-23). "Lord's Resistance Army rebels kill 10 in Central African Republic". The Guardian. London.
  7. ^ a b Doom, Ruddy; Vlassenroot, Koen (1999-01-01). ""The Lord's Resistance Army in Northern Uganda"". Afraf.oxfordjournals.org. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
  8. ^ a b "Christian Cult Killing, Ravaging In New Uganda"
  9. ^ a b Ten Commandments of God: Mass Suicide in Uganda
  10. ^ a b Lamb, Christina (2008-03-02). "The Wizard of the Nile The Hunt for Africas Most Wanted by Matthew Green". The Times. London.
  11. ^ a b McKinley Jr, James C. (1997-03-05). "Christian Rebels Wage a War of Terror in Uganda". The New York Times.
  12. ^ a b McGreal, Chris (2008-03-13). "Museveni refuses to hand over rebel leaders to war crimes court". The Guardian. London.
  13. ^ a b Boustany, Nora (2008-03-19). "Ugandan Rebel Reaches Out to International Court". The Washington Post.
  14. ^ Haynes, Jeffrey (2002). Politics in the developing world. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 121. ISBN 978-0631225560. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  15. ^ McLaughlin, Abraham (2004-12-31). "The End of Uganda's Mystic Rebel?". Christian Science Monitor. Global Policy Forum. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
  16. ^ Muth, Rachel (2008-05-08). "Child Soldiers in the Lord's Resistance Army: Factors in the Rehabilitation and Reintegration Process". George Mason University: 23. Retrieved 2009-03-04. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)[dead link]
  17. ^ Ruddy Doom and Koen Vlassenroot (1999). "Kony's message: A new Koine? The Lord's Resistance Army in northern Uganda". 98 (390). Oxford Journals / Royal African Society: 5–36. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |name= ignored (help)
  18. ^ Martin, Gus (2006). Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues. SAGE. pp. 196–197. ISBN 978-1412927222. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  19. ^ "Interview with Vincent Otti, LRA second in command" and " A leadership based on claims of divine revelations" in IRIN In Depth, June 2007
  20. ^ International Criminal Court (14 October 2005). Warrant of Arrest unsealed against five LRA Commanders. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
  21. ^ a b "Obama orders U.S. troops to help chase down African 'army' leader". CNN.com. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
  22. ^ a b c d "UGANDA: Nature, structure and ideology of the LRA". IRIN. Retrieved 2009-03-18.
  23. ^ "Meeting Report: Day 3". Africa, 2007 Consultation. Kibuye, Rwanda: Quaker Network for the Prevention of Violent Conflict. 2007-03-29. Retrieved 2009-03-18. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coeditors= and |coauthors= (help)
  24. ^ Fraser, Ben (2008-10-14). "Uganda's aggressive peace". Eureka Street. 18 (21): 41–42. Retrieved 2009-03-18. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  25. ^ Chatlani, Hema. "Uganda: A Nation In Crisis" (PDF). California Western International Law Journal. 37: 284. Retrieved 2009-03-18. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  26. ^ Ghana, C. (2002-08-09). "Don't Praise The Lord". Africa Confidential. 43 (16). {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  27. ^ Green, Matthew (2006-06-27). "Uganda: Demystifying Kony". Retrieved 2009-03-19. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  28. ^ Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos (Summer 2008). "Conversion to Islam and Modernity in Nigeria: A View from the Underworld". Africa Today. 54 (4). doi:10.1353/at.0.0014. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  29. ^ Frank Van Acker (2004). "Uganda and the Lord's Resistance Army: The New Order No One Ordered". African Affairs. 103 (412): 335–357. doi:10.1093/afraf/adh044.
  30. ^ Gersony, Robert (August 1997). "Results of a field-based assessment of the civil conflicts in northern Uganda" (PDF). The anguish of northern Uganda. Kampala, Uganda: USAID. Retrieved 2009-03-18. {{cite book}}: |format= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coeditors= and |coauthors= (help)
  31. ^ "Northern Uganda: Understanding and solving the conflict" (PDF). ICG Africa Report N°77. Nairobi/Brussels: International Crisis Group. 2004-04-14. Retrieved 2009-03-18. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coeditors= and |coauthors= (help)
  32. ^ Obita, James. "The Official presentation of the Lord's Resistance Movement/Army (LRA/M)". A Case for National Reconciliation, Peace, Democracy and Economic Prosperity for All Ugandans. Kacoke Madit. Retrieved 2009-03-15.
  33. ^ Jimmie Briggs "Innocents Lost: When Child soldiers Go to war" 2005 p. 109-110
  34. ^ Peter W. Singer "Children at War" 2006 p.20 Peter Singer puts the number over 14,000 children Jimmie Briggs only cites 10,000 + children.
  35. ^ Jimmie Briggs "Innocents Lost: When Child soldiers Go to war" 2005 p. 105-144
  36. ^ Otunnu, Ogenga (August 1998). "The Path to Genocide in Northern Uganda". Refuge. 17 (3): 7. Retrieved 2009-03-04. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  37. ^ Situation in Uganda[dead link], International Criminal Court
  38. ^ Court moves against Uganda rebels, BBC, 7 October 2005
  39. ^ Ugandans welcome rebel overture, BBC, 30 November 2005
  40. ^ "Journeyman Pictures : short films : Meeting Joseph Kony". Journeyman.tv. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
  41. ^ Interpol push for Uganda arrests, BBC News, 2 June 2006
  42. ^ Regional Government Pays Ugandan Rebels Not to Attack, Human Rights News, 3 June 2006
  43. ^ International Criminal Court (7 November 2006). Template:PDFlink. Retrieved 10 June 2008.
  44. ^ BBC News (23 January 2008). Uganda's LRA confirm Otti death. Retrieved 10 June 2008.
  45. ^ BBC News (14 April 2008). Ugandan LRA rebel deputy 'killed' . Retrieved 10 June 2008.
  46. ^ Scott Johnson (2009-05-16). "Hard Target". Newsweek.
  47. ^ "LRA Disarmament and Northern Uganda Recovery Act of 2009". Resolve. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
  48. ^ Elizabeth Dickinson. "WikiFailed States". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
  49. ^ "Obama orders U.S. troops to help chase down African 'army' leader". CNN.com. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
  50. ^ http://www.http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/44906278/ns/today-today_news/t/obama-sends-us-military-advisers-uganda/#.TpnNKd4r2sr
  51. ^ "Obama Sending 100 Armed Advisers to Africa to Help Fight Renegade Group". New York Times. 2011-10-14. Retrieved 2011-10-15.
  52. ^ a b c d e Plaut, .[1]
  53. ^ a b Mukasa, Henry (2008-12-30). "Uganda: Kony Rebels Kill 400 Congo Villagers". allAfrica.com. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
  54. ^ a b BBC News (29 December 2008). Ugandan LRA 'in church massacre'.
  55. ^ Ugandan rebels kill 400 in DR Congo: charity[dead link], Yahoo, 30-12-2008
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  58. ^ a b "Christians are 'crucified' in guerrilla raids". Catholic Herald. Retrieved 2011-02-20. Cite error: The named reference "Catholic Herald" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
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