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Weapons of the Cambodian Civil War

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Soviet T-54 or Chinese Type 59 tank used in the Cambodian civil war now on display at the war museum in Siem Reap, Cambodia, 2005.

The Cambodian Civil War was a military conflict that pitted the guerrilla forces of the Maoist-oriented Communist Party of Kampuchea (nicknamed the Khmer Rouge) and the armed and security forces of the Nonaligned Kingdom of Cambodia from 1967 to 1970, then between the joint Monarchist, Maoist and Marxist-Leninist National United Front of Kampuchea alliance and the pro-western Khmer Republic from 1970 to 1975. Main combatants comprised:

A wide variety of weapons was used by all sides in the Cambodian Civil War. American military aid was funnelled to the FANK through the Military Equipment Delivery Team, Cambodia (MEDTC) program. Authorized a total of 113 officers and men, the team arrived in Phnom Penh in 1971,[1] under the overall command of CINCPAC Admiral John S. McCain Jr.[2] In the early months of the War, most Cambodian Army infantry, armoured and artillery units fought the PAVN and Khmer Rouge with a mix of surplus World War II-vintage French and U.S. and modern Soviet and Chinese small-arms, armoured vehicles and artillery pieces either inherited from Khmer Royal Army stocks or delivered as emergency aid by the Americans.[3] ANK infantry battalions later sent to South Vietnam for retraining between February 1971 and November 1972 under the US Army-Vietnam Individual Training Program (UITG) were re-equipped upon their return to Cambodia with modern U.S. small-arms, comprising revolvers, automatic pistols, assault rifles, light machine guns, medium and heavy machine guns, grenade launchers, anti-tank rocket launchers, mortars and recoilless rifles.[4] Besides infantry weapons, the U.S. MEDTC also provided the FANK branches with more modern U.S. military equipments, which included aircraft, armoured and transport vehicles and long-range artillery pieces, plus naval and riverine vessels. Although the UITG and MEDTC aid programs allowed the FANK to standardise on modern U.S. weapons and equipment, they never superseded entirely the earlier weaponry, particularly in the case of the territorial units and rear-echelon support formations. In addition to U.S. support, the FANK received further military assistance from South Vietnam, the Kingdom of Laos, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, the Republic of China (Taiwan), Australia and New Zealand.

During the early phase of the War, between 1967 and 1970, the Khmer Rouge likewise was largely equipped with WWII-vintage French, Japanese, American, and more modern Soviet and Chinese weapons either collected from arms caches established during the First Indochina War or seized from Khmer Royal Army units.[5] With the establishment of the FUNK coalition and the subsequent creation of its armed wing, the CPNLAF, the Khmer Rouge, the Khmer Rumdo and the Khmer Issarak began to receive military assistance mainly from North Vietnam, the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China.[6] As the war progressed, these factions were provided with modern Eastern Bloc military hardware, including semiautomatic and fully automatic small-arms, artillery pieces, armoured and transport vehicles of Soviet and Chinese origin, mostly being funnelled through the North Vietnamese. Although the CPNLAF standardized on Soviet and Chinese weapons and equipment by the time of their first full-scale solo offensive in January 1973,[7] its guerrilla forces continued to make use of captured enemy stocks until the end of the War.

Khmer National Armed Forces equipment

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Revolvers

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Pistols

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M1911A1 pistol

Submachine guns

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M3 submachine gun

Bolt-action rifles

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M1903 Springfield rifle

Shotguns

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Carbines

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M1 Carbine

Sniper rifles

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Semi-automatic rifles

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M1 Garand

Assault rifles

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M16A1 was the standard Khmer National Armed Forces (FANK) issue assault rifle
AK-47 and AKM assault rifles were used extensively in swamp and jungle environments by FANK troops

Light machine guns

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M1918A2 Browning Automatic Rifle

General-purpose machine guns

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Medium and Heavy machine guns

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M2HB heavy machine gun

Grenade systems

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M67 hand grenade

Aircraft bombs

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Land mine systems

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Rocket systems

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Anti-tank rocket launchers

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M72 LAW

Grenade launchers

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M79 grenade launcher
M203 grenade launcher

Recoilless rifles

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Mortars

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Brandt Mle 27/31 81 mm mortar
M29 81 mm mortar
M30 4.2-inch (106.7mm) mortar

Howitzers and anti-tank guns

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M101 105 mm field howitzer
M114 155 mm field howitzer
M116 75 mm pack field howitzer

Autocannons

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Air defense guns

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Vehicles

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M8 Greyhound armoured car
M113 Armoured Personnel Carrier fitted with ACAV kit

Helicopters

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Aircraft

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Helio AU-24A Stallion in storage at Davis-Monthan AFB, July 1972, prior to its delivery to the Khmer Air Force.
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Khmer Rouge forces equipment

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Pistols

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Submachine guns

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PPSh-41 submachine gun

Carbines

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Bolt-action rifles

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Sniper rifles

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Hungarian M/52 sniper rifle with PU 3.5× optics.

Semi-automatic rifles

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Assault rifles

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Light machine guns

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Degtyaryov DP/DPM light machine gun (Chinese Type 53)

General-purpose machine guns

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Medium and heavy machine guns

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SG-43/SGM Goryunov machine gun (Chinese Type 53/57)

Grenade systems

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Land mine systems and booby traps

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Rocket systems

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Anti-aircraft missiles

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Anti-tank rocket launchers

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Type 69 RPG

Grenade launchers

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Recoilless rifles

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B-10 82 mm recoilless rifle

Mortars

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Howitzers and anti-tank guns

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Type 59-1 130 mm field gun

The Khmer Rouge used a small number of field guns or captured howitzers from government forces.

Air defense guns

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37mm automatic air defense gun M1939 (61-K)
Type 59 57 mm anti-aircraft gun
57 mm AZP S-60 air defense gun

Vehicles

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River craft

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Nalty, Air War Over South Vietnam: 1968–1975 (2000), p. 276.
  2. ^ Shawcross, Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon and the destruction of Cambodia (1979), p. 190.
  3. ^ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 11.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 42.
  5. ^ a b Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 3.
  6. ^ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 33.
  7. ^ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 34.
  8. ^ a b "Post-WWII use of the MAS-36 rifle: Part II (export users)". wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com. 2015-08-23. Archived from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
  9. ^ Thompson, The M1903 Springfield Rifle (2013), p. 63.
  10. ^ Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998) p. 15.
  11. ^ a b Bonn International Center for Conversion. "MAS 49/56". SALW Guide: Global distribution and visual identification.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Sutsakhan, The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse (1980), p. 182, Appendix C (Army Item).
  13. ^ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), pp. 5; 33.
  14. ^ Thompson, The M1 Carbine (2011), p. 67.
  15. ^ "Foreign Military Assistance and the U.S. M1 & M2 Carbines".
  16. ^ a b Bonn International Center for Conversion. "MAS 49". SALW Guide: Global distribution and visual identification.
  17. ^ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 18.
  18. ^ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), pp. 18; 42.
  19. ^ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), pp. 18; 38; 42.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Rottman, The AK-47 Kalashnikov-series assault rifles (2011), p. 78.
  21. ^ Ballou, James L. (June 2002). "The BAR in Vietnam: Legacy of the French". Small Arms Review. Vol. 5, no. 9.
  22. ^ "Small Arms Survey – Working Papers" (PDF). November 8, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2006. Retrieved December 23, 2014.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 43.
  24. ^ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 41.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 193–195.
  26. ^ a b c d e Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 22.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s SIPRI Arms Transfers Database
  28. ^ a b Eric Sof (2 April 2023). "M72 LAW: A Lightweight, Single-Shot Anti-Tank Weapon". Sepc Ops Magazine.
  29. ^ a b c d "RPG-2". SALW Guide.
  30. ^ a b Bonn International Center for Conversion. "RPG 7". SALW Guide: Global distribution and visual identification.
  31. ^ a b Rottman, US Grenade Launchers – M79, M203, and M320 (2017), pp. 72–73.
  32. ^ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 46.
  33. ^ a b Davis and Greer, Gunships, A Pictorial History of Spooky (1982), pp. 63–64.
  34. ^ a b c Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 263; 268–269.
  35. ^ "Bofors 40mm (Series) Towed Anti-Aircraft Gun / Air Defense Gun - Sweden". www.militaryfactory.com. Military Factory. Archived from the original on 19 February 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  36. ^ Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 11–12; 26–27; 29–31; 33.
  37. ^ Zaloga and Laurier, M24 Chaffee Light Tank 1943–85 (2003), p. 22.
  38. ^ a b c Hiestand and Rodríguez, Tanks in the Easter Offensive 1972 – The Vietnam War's great conventional clash (2022), p. 26.
  39. ^ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 13.
  40. ^ Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 11–12; 25; 34; 65.
  41. ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 193–195; 199.
  42. ^ Robinson, Lau and Gibeau, Images of War: The AMX 13 Light Tank, A Complete History – rare photographs from wartime archives (2018), pp. 241–243.
  43. ^ a b c Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 11–12; 15.
  44. ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 193–196.
  45. ^ Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 11–12; 14; 26; 30; 34.
  46. ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 193–197.
  47. ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 193–195; 197; 199.
  48. ^ a b Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 11–12.
  49. ^ Dunstan, Panhard Armoured Car: 1961 Onwards (AML 60, AML 90, Eland), Enthusiasts' Manual (2019), p. 154.
  50. ^ Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 11–12; 15; 26; 29–30.
  51. ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 193–195; 198.
  52. ^ a b Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), p. 25.
  53. ^ a b Dunstam, Hadler and Smith, The M113 series (1983), p. 33.
  54. ^ Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 11–12; 38; 64–66.
  55. ^ Foss, Jane's Tank & Combat Vehicle recognition guide (2002), p. 215.
  56. ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 193–195; 198; 200.
  57. ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), p. 130.
  58. ^ a b c "Annex C Appendix II". US Army Technical Manual of Foreign Military Sales: Battlefield Damage Assessment and Repair (PDF). Washington, D.C. 18 December 1987. p. 262. TM 9-2320-356-BD. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2013.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  59. ^ a b Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 130; 264.
  60. ^ a b "Unpunished Purge". 8 October 2016.
  61. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Sutsakhan, The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse (1980), p. 183, Appendix C (Air Force Item).
  62. ^ "World Air Forces 1971 pg. 924-925". Retrieved 2013-03-14.
  63. ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), p. 214.
  64. ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), pp. 214; 218; 223.
  65. ^ "Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 576". Retrieved 2013-04-03.
  66. ^ a b Gunston, An Illustrated Guide to Military Helicopters (1981), p. 18.
  67. ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), p. 220.
  68. ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), p. 218.
  69. ^ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970-75 (1989), p. 19.
  70. ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), p. 214.
  71. ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), p. 214.
  72. ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), p. 214.
  73. ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), p. 214.
  74. ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), p. 213.
  75. ^ a b Jan Forsgren, Cambodia: Khmer Air Force History 1970-1975 (Part 2) - http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/aa-eastasia/cambodia/cam-af-history2.htm
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  77. ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), p. 214.
  78. ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), p. 214.
  79. ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), p. 218.
  80. ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), p. 219.
  81. ^ Taylor and Munson, Jane's Pocket Book of Major Combat Aircraft (1973), p. 179.
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  83. ^ Fitzsimons, The Defenders: A Comprehensive Guide to Warplanes of the USA (1988), p. 137.
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  85. ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), p. 214.
  86. ^ Chinnery, The age of austerity in Vietnam, the air war over south-east Asia (2016), p. 92.
  87. ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), p. 214.
  88. ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), pp. 217–219.
  89. ^ "AU-24A Helio Stallion".
  90. ^ Davis and Greer, Gunships, A Pictorial History of Spooky (1982), pp. 13–14.
  91. ^ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970-75 (1989), pp. 20–21.
  92. ^ a b Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), pp. 217–219.
  93. ^ Grandolini, Air Enthusiast 37 (1988), p. 40.
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  97. ^ ADF Serials list of Australian military DC-2s/DC-3s/C-47s Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 2010-06-19
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  99. ^ Mersky, Crutch and Holmes, A-7 Corsair II Units 1975-91 (2021), p. 14.
  100. ^ "Aviation Royale Khmere/Khmer Air Force Aircraft".
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  104. ^ Wheeler, Flight International 15 August 1974, p. 171.
  105. ^ Nalty, Neufeld and Watson, An Illustrated Guide to the Air War over Vietnam (1982), pp. 36–37.
  106. ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), pp. 213; 218.
  107. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Sutsakhan, The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse (1980), p. 183, Appendix C (Navy Item).
  108. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), p. 243 (table of operational craft).
  109. ^ John Pike. "Cambodia Navy - History". globalsecurity.org.
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  113. ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 239; 243 (table of operational craft); 245.
  114. ^ John Pike. "Cambodia Navy - History". globalsecurity.org.
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  117. ^ Thompson, Soviet Pistols – Tokarev, Makarov, Stechkin and others (2015), p. 74.
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  123. ^ McNab, The SVD Dragunov Rifle (2023), pp. 36-37.
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References

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  • Peter E. Davies, UH-1 Huey Gunship vs NVA/VC Forces: Vietnam 1962–75, Duel series 112, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2021. ISBN 9781472845153
  • Phil Chinnery, Vietnam, the air war over south-east Asia: From JFK to Nixon – the Vietnam War in detail, Key Publishing Ltd, Stamford 2016. ISBN 9781910415467
  • Phillip Katcher and Mike Chappell, Armies of the Vietnam War 1962-1975, Men-at-arms series 104, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1980. ISBN 9780850453607
  • Sak Sutsakhan, The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse, U.S. Army Center of Military History, Washington D.C. 1980. – available online at Part 1Part 2Part 3 Part 4.
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  • Simon Dunstam, Terry Hadler and David E. Smith, The M113 series, Vanguard series 34, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1983. ISBN 0-85045-495-6
  • Steven J. Zaloga, Jim Kinnear and Peter Sarson, T-34-85 Medium Tank 1944-94, New Vanguard series 20, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 1996. ISBN 1 85532 535 7
  • Steven J. Zaloga and Jim Laurier, M24 Chaffee Light Tank 1943–85, New Vanguard series 77, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2003. ISBN 9781841765402
  • Terry Love, Don Greer and Joe Sewell, A-37/T-37 Dragonfly in action, Aircraft Number 114, Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., Carrollton, Texas 1991. ISBN 0-89747-239-X
  • Russell R. Ross (editor), Cambodia, a Country Study, Area Handbook Series (Third edition), Department of the Army, American University, Washington, D.C. 1987. ISBN 978-0160208386
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  • William Shawcross, Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon and the Destruction of Cambodia, Andre Deutsch Limited, London 1979. ISBN 0-233-97077-0
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