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List of possible impact structures on Earth

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According to the Planetary and Space Science Centre (PASSC) at the University of New Brunswick in Canada, there are 190 confirmed impact structures on Earth. Each is recorded in a database called the Earth Impact Database (EID).[1]

List of confirmed and possible impact structures

[edit]

The following tables list geological features on Earth that are known impact events as well as possible, but for which there is currently no confirming scientific evidence in the peer-reviewed literature, impact events. In order for a structure to be confirmed as an impact crater, it must meet a stringent set of well-established criteria. Some proposed impact structures are likely to eventually be confirmed, whereas others are likely to be shown to have been misidentified (see below). Recent extensive surveys have been done for Australian (2005),[2] African (2014),[3] and South American (2015)[4] craters, as well as those in the Arab world (2016).[5] A book review by A. Crósta and U. Reimold disputes some of the evidence presented for several of the South American structures.[6]

Name Location Country Diameter (km) Age (Ma) Confirmed Notes Image Coordinates
38th Parallel structures Missouri, etc. United States 2-17 320 ± 10 [7]
37°30′N 88°18′W / 37.5°N 88.3°W / 37.5; -88.3 (Hicks Dome)
37°48′N 90°12′W / 37.8°N 90.2°W / 37.8; -90.2 (Avon crater)
37°48′N 91°24′W / 37.8°N 91.4°W / 37.8; -91.4 (Crooked Creek crater)
37°54′N 92°42′W / 37.9°N 92.7°W / 37.9; -92.7 (Decaturville crater)
37°42′N 92°24′W / 37.7°N 92.4°W / 37.7; -92.4 (Hazelgreen crater)
38°00′N 93°36′W / 38.0°N 93.6°W / 38.0; -93.6 (Weaubleau-Osceola structure)
37°42′N 95°42′W / 37.7°N 95.7°W / 37.7; -95.7 (Rose Dome)
Acraman South Australia Australia 90 590 Yes [8] 32°1′S 135°27′E / 32.017°S 135.450°E / -32.017; 135.450
Ak-Bura (Murgab) Tajikistan Tajikistan 0.080 0.0003
(1700 AD) 		[9][10][11][12] 38°5′38.5″N 74°16′58″E / 38.094028°N 74.28278°E / 38.094028; 74.28278 (Ak-Bura)
Al Madafi Tabuk Saudi Arabia 6 6-66 [13][14][15] 28°40′N 37°11′E / 28.67°N 37.18°E / 28.67; 37.18 (Al Madafi)
Alamo bolide impact Nevada United States 100 ± 40 367 [16][17] [note 1] 37°19′N 116°11′W / 37.31°N 116.18°W / 37.31; -116.18 (Alamo)
Amelia Creek Northern Territory Australia 20 600-1660 Yes 20°55′S 134°50′E / 20.917°S 134.833°E / -20.917; 134.833 (Amelia Creek)
Ames Oklahoma United States 470 ± 30 Yes 36°17′4″N 98°11′38″W / 36.28444°N 98.19389°W / 36.28444; -98.19389 (Ames)
Amguid Tamanrasset Algeria <1 Yes
26°5′16″N 4°23′43″E / 26.08778°N 4.39528°E / 26.08778; 4.39528 (Amguid)
Anéfis Kidal Mali 3.9 23? [20][9][21][22] 18°04′19″N 0°02′53″W / 18.072°N 0.048°W / 18.072; -0.048 (Anefis)
Aorounga Central Borkou Chad 11.6 <345 Yes [23][24][25]
19°13′44″N 19°15′40″E / 19.229°N 19.261°E / 19.229; 19.261 (Aorounga center)
Aouelloul Akchar Desert Mauritania 0.39 3.0 ± 0.3 Yes
Araguainha Central Brazil Brazil 40 244.4 Yes 16°47′S 52°59′W / 16.783°S 52.983°W / -16.783; -52.983
Arganaty Almaty Region Kazakhstan 300 250 [26][27][28][note 1] 46°30′N 79°48′E / 46.5°N 79.8°E / 46.5; 79.8 (Arganaty)
Arlit Niger Niger 10 ? [29][30][31] 21°21′11″N 9°08′42″E / 21.353°N 9.145°E / 21.353; 9.145 (Arlit)
Avak Alaska United States 12 3-95 Yes [32]
Azuara Aragon Spain 35-40 30-40 [33]
41°07′N 0°13′W / 41.117°N 0.217°W / 41.117; -0.217 (Azuara)
Bajada del Diablo Argentina Argentina 40 0.45 ± 0.3 [34][35][36] 42°49′S 67°28′W / 42.817°S 67.467°W / -42.817; -67.467 (Bajada del Diablo)
Bajo Hondo Argentina Argentina 3.9 <10 [37][38] 42°17′44″S 67°55′27″W / 42.295454°S 67.924133°W / -42.295454; -67.924133 (Bajo Hondo)
Bangui magnetic anomaly Bangui Central African Republic 600-800? >542 [39][3][40]
6°00′N 18°18′E / 6°N 18.3°E / 6; 18.3 (Bangui)
Barringer Meteorite Arizona United States 1.18 0.049 ± 0.003 Yes [41]
Bateke Plateau Gabon Gabon 7.1 <2.6 [42][43] 0°38′45″S 14°27′29″E / 0.64583°S 14.45806°E / -0.64583; 14.45806 (Bateke)
Beaverhead Montana United States 60 600 Yes 44°15′N 114°0′W / 44.250°N 114.000°W / 44.250; -114.000
Bedout Australia (offshore) Australia 250 250 [44][45][2] 18°S 119°E / 18°S 119°E / -18; 119 (Bedout)
Beyenchime-Salaatin Russian Far East Russia 8 40 ± 20 Yes
Bee Bluff Texas United States 2.4 40? [46][47][48][note 1] 29°02′N 99°51′W / 29.03°N 99.85°W / 29.03; -99.85 (Bee Bluff)
Bigach Abai Region Kazakhstan 8 5 ± 3 Yes
Björkö Björkö, Ekerö Sweden 10 1200 [49][50] 59°18′N 17°36′E / 59.30°N 17.60°E / 59.30; 17.60 (Björkö)
Bloody Creek Nova Scotia Canada 40 ? [51] 44°45′N 65°14′W / 44.750°N 65.233°W / 44.750; -65.233 (Bloody Creek)
Bohemian Czech Republic Czech Republic 260-300 >700? [52][9][53][54] 50°00′N 14°42′E / 50.0°N 14.7°E / 50.0; 14.7 (Bohemian)
Boltysh Kirovohrad Oblast Ukraine 24 65.17 Yes 48°54′N 32°15′E / 48.900°N 32.250°E / 48.900; 32.250
Bow City Alberta Canada 8 70 [55] 50°25′N 112°16′W / 50.417°N 112.267°W / 50.417; -112.267 (Bow City)
Bowers Antarctic Ocean (Ross Sea) 100 3-5 [56][57][58][59] 71°12′S 176°00′E / 71.2°S 176°E / -71.2; 176 (Bowers)
Brushy Creek Feature Louisiana United States 2.0 0.011–0.030 [60][61][62][63] 30°46′N 90°44′W / 30.76°N 90.73°W / 30.76; -90.73 (Brushy Creek Feature)
Bukit Bunuh Perak Malaysia 5–6 1.34–1.84 [64][65] 5°04′30″N 100°58′30″E / 5.075°N 100.975°E / 5.075; 100.975 (Bukit Bunuh)
Burckle Indian Ocean 30? 3000 BC [66][67][68] 30°52′S 61°22′E / 30.86°S 61.36°E / -30.86; 61.36 (Burckle)
Carswell Saskatchewan Canada 39 115 Yes 58°27′N 109°30′W / 58.450°N 109.500°W / 58.450; -109.500
Catalina structures
(Navy, Catalina, Emery Knoll) 		Pacific Ocean (NE) 12, 32, 37 16-18 [69][70][71] 32°55′N 118°05′W / 32.91°N 118.09°W / 32.91; -118.09 (Catalina)
Cerro do Jarau Paraná Brazil 10 117 [72][73][74] 30°12′S 56°32′W / 30.200°S 56.533°W / -30.200; -56.533 (Cerro)
Charity Shoal Ontario Canada 1.2 <470 [75][76][77][78]
44°2′15″N 76°29′37″W / 44.03750°N 76.49361°W / 44.03750; -76.49361 (Charity Shoal)
Charlevoix Quebec Canada 54 342 Yes 47°32′N 70°18′W / 47.533°N 70.300°W / 47.533; -70.300
Chesapeake Bay Virginia United States 40 34.86 ± 0.23 Yes [79] 37°17′N 76°1′W / 37.283°N 76.017°W / 37.283; -76.017
Clearwater East Quebec Canada 26 460-470 Yes [80]
Clearwater West Quebec Canada 36 290 Yes 56°13′N 74°30′W / 56.217°N 74.500°W / 56.217; -74.500
Chicxulub Yucatán Mexico 150 66.051 ± 0.031 Yes 21°20′N 89°30′W / 21.333°N 89.500°W / 21.333; -89.500
Corossol Quebec Canada 4 <470 [81][82][83][84] 50°03′N 66°23′W / 50.050°N 66.383°W / 50.050; -66.383 (Corossol)
Darwin Crater Tasmania Australia 1.2 0.816 [85][note 1]
42°19′S 145°40′E / 42.317°S 145.667°E / -42.317; 145.667 (Darwin crater)
Decorah Iowa United States 5.6 470 [86][87][88]
43°18′50″N 91°46′20″W / 43.31389°N 91.77222°W / 43.31389; -91.77222 (Decorah)
Deniliquin New South Wales Australia 520 400–500 No 35°32′0″S 144°58′0″E / 35.53333°S 144.96667°E / -35.53333; 144.96667 (Deniliquin)
Dhala Madhya Pradesh India 11 1700-2100 Yes 25°18′N 78°8′E / 25.300°N 78.133°E / 25.300; 78.133
Diamantina River ring feature Queensland Australia 120 300 [89][90]
22°09′S 141°54′E / 22.150°S 141.900°E / -22.150; 141.900 (Winton crustal anomaly)
Dumas magnetic anomaly Saskatchewan Canada 3.2 70 ± 5 [91][92] 49°55′N 102°07′W / 49.92°N 102.12°W / 49.92; -102.12 (Dumas)
Duolun Inner Mongolia China 120 ± 50 129 ± 3 [93][94] 42°3′N 116°15′E / 42.050°N 116.250°E / 42.050; 116.250 (Duolun)
El-Baz Egypt Egypt 4 ? [95][25][96] 24°12′N 26°24′E / 24.200°N 26.400°E / 24.200; 26.400 (El-Baz)
Eltanin Pacific Ocean (SE) 35? 2.5 [97][98][99][note 1] 57°47′S 90°47′W / 57.783°S 90.783°W / -57.783; -90.783 (Eltanin)
Faya Basin Chad Chad 2 385 ± 15 [100][101] 18°10′N 19°34′E / 18.167°N 19.567°E / 18.167; 19.567 (Faya)
Falkland Plateau anomaly Atlantic Ocean
(near Falkland Islands) 		250-300 250 [102][103][104][105][106] 51°S 62°W / 51°S 62°W / -51; -62 (Malvinas)
Fried Egg structure Atlantic Ocean (near Azores) 6 17 [107][108] 36°N 27°W / 36°N 27°W / 36; -27 (Fried Egg)
Garet El Lefet Libya Libya 3 ? [109][110][111] 25°00′N 16°30′E / 25.0°N 16.5°E / 25.0; 16.5 ("Garet El Lefet")
Gatun Panama Panama 3 20 [112][113][114] 09°05′58″N 79°47′22″W / 9.09944°N 79.78944°W / 9.09944; -79.78944 (Gatun structure)
General San Martín Argentina Argentina 11 1.2 [115][116][117] 38°0′S 63°18′W / 38.000°S 63.300°W / -38.000; -63.300 (General San Martin)
Gnargoo Western Australia Australia 75 <300 [118][119] 24°48′24″S 115°13′29″E / 24.80667°S 115.22472°E / -24.80667; 115.22472 (Gnargoo)
Gosses Bluff Northern Territory Australia 22 142.5 Yes 23°49′S 132°18′E / 23.817°S 132.300°E / -23.817; 132.300
Guarda Structure Guarda Portugal 30 200 [120][121][122] 40°38′N 07°06′W / 40.633°N 7.100°W / 40.633; -7.100 (Guarda)
Hartney anomaly Manitoba Canada 8 120 ± 20 [123][92][124] 49°24′N 100°40′W / 49.4°N 100.67°W / 49.4; -100.67 (Hartney)
Haughton Nunavut Canada 23 39 Yes 75°23′N 89°40′W / 75.383°N 89.667°W / 75.383; -89.667
Hiawatha Greenland Greenland 31 57.99 ± 0.54 [125][126][127]
78°44′N 66°14′W / 78.733°N 66.233°W / 78.733; -66.233 (Hiawatha)
Hico Texas United States 9 <60 [128][129][130] 32°01′N 98°02′W / 32.01°N 98.03°W / 32.01; -98.03 (Hico)
Hotchkiss Alberta Canada 4 220 ± 100 [131][132] 57°32′20″N 118°52′41″W / 57.539°N 118.878°W / 57.539; -118.878 (Hotchkiss)
Howell Tennessee United States 2.5 380 ± 10 [133][134][135] 35°14′N 86°37′W / 35.23°N 86.61°W / 35.23; -86.61 (Howell)
Ibn-Batutah Libya Libya 2.5 120 ± 20 [136][137] 21°34′10″N 20°50′15″E / 21.56944°N 20.83750°E / 21.56944; 20.83750 (Ibn-Batutah)
Ilumetsa Põlva County Estonia 0.08 0.0066
(<4600 BC) 		[138][139] 57°57′N 27°24′E / 57.950°N 27.400°E / 57.950; 27.400
Ishim Akmola region Kazakhstan 300 430-460 [140][141][142][note 1] 52°0′N 69°0′E / 52.000°N 69.000°E / 52.000; 69.000 (Ishim Akmola)
Iturralde Bolivia Bolivia 8.0 0.011–0.030 [143]
12°35′S 67°40′W / 12.583°S 67.667°W / -12.583; -67.667 (Iturralde)
Jackpine Creek magnetic anomaly British Columbia Canada 25 120 ± 20 [144][145] 55°36′N 120°06′W / 55.6°N 120.1°W / 55.6; -120.1 (Jackpine)
Jalapasquillo Puebla Mexico 1.2 <10 [146][147] 19°13′23″N 97°25′44″W / 19.2231°N 97.429°W / 19.2231; -97.429 (Jalapasquillo)
Jebel Hadid Libya Libya 4.7 <66 [148][149] 20°52′12″N 22°42′18″E / 20.87000°N 22.70500°E / 20.87000; 22.70500 (Jebel Hadid)
Jeptha Knob Kentucky United States 4.3 425 [150][note 1] 38°11′N 85°07′W / 38.183°N 85.117°W / 38.183; -85.117 (Jeptha Knob)
Johnsonville South Carolina United States 11 300? [151][9][152][note 1] 33°49′N 79°22′W / 33.817°N 79.367°W / 33.817; -79.367 (Snows Island)
Jwaneng South Botswana Botswana 1.3 <66 [153][154] 24°42′S 24°46′E / 24.700°S 24.767°E / -24.700; 24.767 (Jwaneng South)
Kamensk Southern Federal District Russia 25 49 Yes 48°21′N 40°30′E / 48.350°N 40.500°E / 48.350; 40.500
Kara Nenetsia (offshore) Russia 65 70.3 ± 2.2 Yes [155][156]
69°17′N 65°21′E / 69.28°N 65.35°E / 69.28; 65.35 (Ust-Kara)
Kebira Gilf Kebir Egypt 31 100 [157][158]
24°40′N 24°58′E / 24.667°N 24.967°E / 24.667; 24.967 (Kebira)
Kilmichael Mississippi United States 13 45 [159][160][161][162] 33°30′N 89°33′W / 33.5°N 89.55°W / 33.5; -89.55 (Kilmichael)
Krk Croatia Croatia 12 40 [163][164] 45°04′N 14°37′E / 45.06°N 14.62°E / 45.06; 14.62 (Krk)
Kurai Basin Altai Region Russia 20 <200 [165][166] 50°12′N 87°54′E / 50.200°N 87.900°E / 50.200; 87.900 (Kurai)
La Dulce Argentina Argentina 2.8 0.445? [167][116] 38°13′S 59°13′W / 38.21°S 59.21°W / -38.21; -59.21 (La Dulce)
Labynkyr Russia Russia 67 150? [168][9][169][170][note 1] 62°19′30″N 143°05′24″E / 62.325°N 143.090°E / 62.325; 143.090 (Labynkyr)
Lac Iro Moyen-Chari Chad 13 ? [171][3][172]
10°10′N 19°40′E / 10.167°N 19.667°E / 10.167; 19.667 (Iro Lake)
Lairg Gravity Low Scotland United Kingdom 40 1200 [173] 58°1′12″N 4°24′0″W / 58.02000°N 4.40000°W / 58.02000; -4.40000
Lake Cheko Siberia Russia 50 0.0001
(1908 AD) 		[174] 60°57′50″N 101°51′36″E / 60.964°N 101.86°E / 60.964; 101.86 (Cheko)
Lake Tai (Tai Hu) Jiangsu China 70 ± 5 365 ± 5 [175][176][177] 31°14′N 120°8′E / 31.233°N 120.133°E / 31.233; 120.133 (Tai)
Loch Leven Scotland United Kingdom 18x8 290 [178][179] 56°12′N 3°23′W / 56.200°N 3.383°W / 56.200; -3.383 (Loch Leven)
Lonar Deccan Plateau, Southern India India 1.83 0.57 ± 0.05 Yes [180]
Lorne Basin New South Wales Australia 30 250 ± 2 [181][182] 31°36′S 152°37′E / 31.60°S 152.62°E / -31.60; 152.62 (Lorne)
Lycksele 2 Sweden Sweden 130 1500 ± 300 [183][184][185] 64°55′N 18°47′E / 64.92°N 18.78°E / 64.92; 18.78 (Lycksele)
Madagascar 3 Madagascar Madagascar 12 ? [186][187] 18°50′20″S 46°13′16″E / 18.839°S 46.221°E / -18.839; 46.221 (Madagascar)
Magyarmecske anomaly Hungary Hungary 7 299 [188][189] 45°57′N 17°58′E / 45.95°N 17.97°E / 45.95; 17.97 (Magyarmecske)
Mahuika New Zealand (offshore) New Zealand 20? 0.0006
(1400 AD) 		[190][191][67] 48°18′S 166°24′E / 48.3°S 166.4°E / -48.3; 166.4 (Mahuika)
Manicouagan Quebec Canada 100 215.56 ± 0.05 Yes 51°23′N 68°42′W / 51.383°N 68.700°W / 51.383; -68.700
Maniitsoq Greenland Greenland 100 3000 [192][193][194] 65°15′N 51°50′W / 65.250°N 51.833°W / 65.250; -51.833 (Maniitsoq)
Mejaouda (El Mrayer) Mauritania Mauritania 3 <542? [195][9][111][21][196] 22°43′19″N 7°18′43″W / 22.722°N 7.312°W / 22.722; -7.312 (Mejaouda)
Merewether Newfoundland Canada 20 0.0009
(1100 AD) 		[197][198][note 1] 58°02′N 64°03′W / 58.04°N 64.05°W / 58.04; -64.05 (Merewether)
Meseta de la Barda Negra Argentina Argentina 1.5 4 ± 1 [199][200] 39°10′S 69°53′W / 39.167°S 69.883°W / -39.167; -69.883 (Barda Negra)
Middle-Urals Ring Russia Russia 400–550 >542 [201][202][203] 56°N 56°E / 56°N 56°E / 56; 56 (Urals Ring)
Mistassini-Otish Quebec Canada 600 2200 [204][205] 50°34′N 73°25′W / 50.57°N 73.42°W / 50.57; -73.42 (Mistassini lake)
Mount Ashmore dome Indian Ocean (in Timor Sea) >50 35 [206][207][208] 12°33′S 123°12′E / 12.55°S 123.2°E / -12.55; 123.2
Mousso Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Chad 3.8 <542 [209][210] 17°58′N 19°53′E / 17.967°N 19.883°E / 17.967; 19.883 (Mousso)
Mt. Oikeyama Japan Japan 90 0.030? [211][212] 35°24′18″N 138°00′47″E / 35.405°N 138.013°E / 35.405; 138.013 (Oikeyama)
Mulkarra South Australia Australia 17 105 [213][214] 27°51′S 138°55′E / 27.85°S 138.92°E / -27.85; 138.92 (Mulkarra)
Nastapoka (Hudson Bay) arc Quebec Canada 450 1800? [215][9][216][217]
57°00′N 78°50′W / 57.000°N 78.833°W / 57.000; -78.833 (Hudson Bay)
Nadir Atlantic Ocean (Guinea Plateau, West Africa) ≥8.5 66 ± 0.8 [218] 9°24′N 17°06′W / 9.4°N 17.1°W / 9.4; -17.1 (Nadir)
Ouro Ndia Mali Mali 3 <2.6 [219][9][21] 14°59.8′N 4°30.0′W / 14.9967°N 4.5000°W / 14.9967; -4.5000 (Ouro Ndia)
Pantasma Nicaragua Nicaragua 10 ? [220] 13°22′N 85°57′W / 13.37°N 85.95°W / 13.37; -85.95 (Pantasma)
Panther Mountain New York United States 10 375 [221][222][223]
42°03′N 74°24′W / 42.050°N 74.400°W / 42.050; -74.400 (Panther Mountain)
Peerless Montana United States 6 470 ± 10 [224][225] 48°48′N 105°48′W / 48.8°N 105.8°W / 48.8; -105.8 (Peerless)
Piratininga Paraná Brazil 12 117 [226][73][227] 22°28′S 49°09′W / 22.467°S 49.150°W / -22.467; -49.150 (Piratininga)
Popigai Krasnoyarsk Krai Russia 100 35.7±0.2 Yes 71°39′N 111°11′E / 71.650°N 111.183°E / 71.650; 111.183
Praia Grande Santos Basin, offshore Brazil 20 84 [228][73][74] 25°39′S 45°37′W / 25.650°S 45.617°W / -25.650; -45.617 (prai grande)
Ramgarh Rajasthan India 3 ? [229][230][231][note 1]
25°20′16″N 76°37′29″E / 25.33778°N 76.62472°E / 25.33778; 76.62472 (Ramgarh)
Rochechouart impact structure Rochechouart France 23 206.9 45°49′27″N 0°46′54″E / 45.82417°N 0.78167°E / 45.82417; 0.78167 (Rochechouart)
Ross Antarctic Ocean (Ross Sea) 600? <38 [232][57][233] 77°30′S 178°30′E / 77.5°S 178.5°E / -77.5; 178.5 (Ross)
Rubielos de la Cérida Spain Spain 80x40 30-40 [234][235][236][note 1]
40°46′59″N 1°15′00″W / 40.783°N 1.25°W / 40.783; -1.25 (Rubielos)
Sakhalinka Pacific Ocean (NW) 12 70 [237][238][239][240][241] 30°15′N 170°03′E / 30.250°N 170.050°E / 30.250; 170.050 (Sakhalinka)
São Miguel do Tapuio Piauí Brazil 22 120 [242][9][74][243][244][245] 5°37.6′S 41°23.3′W / 5.6267°S 41.3883°W / -5.6267; -41.3883 (Sao Miguel Do Tapuio)
Shanghewan Jilin China 30 ? [246][247][248] 44°29′N 126°11′E / 44.483°N 126.183°E / 44.483; 126.183 (Shangewan)
Shiva Indian Ocean 500 66 [249] 18°40′N 70°14′E / 18.667°N 70.233°E / 18.667; 70.233 (Shiva)
Shiyli Kazakhstan Kazakhstan 5.5 46 ± 7 [250][251][note 1] 49°10′N 57°51′E / 49.167°N 57.850°E / 49.167; 57.850 (Shiyli)
Silverpit Atlantic Ocean (North Sea) 20 60 ± 15 [252][253][254][255][256][257][258][259]
54°14′N 1°51′E / 54.233°N 1.850°E / 54.233; 1.850 (Silverpit)
Sirente Abruzzo Italy 10 0.0017
(320 ± 90 AD) 		[260][261] 42°10′38″N 13°35′45″E / 42.17722°N 13.59583°E / 42.17722; 13.59583 (Sirente)
Sithylemenkat Lake Alaska United States 12 0.033? [262][263][264][265] 66°07′34″N 151°23′20″W / 66.12611°N 151.38889°W / 66.12611; -151.38889 (Sithylemenkat)
Smerdyacheye Lake Moscow Oblast Russia 20 0.01–0.03? [266][267] 55°44′06″N 39°49′23″E / 55.735°N 39.823°E / 55.735; 39.823 (Smerdyacheye)
Sudan 1 (Red Sea Hills) Sudan Sudan 6 ? [268][269][270] 17°57.1′N 37°56.1′E / 17.9517°N 37.9350°E / 17.9517; 37.9350 (Red Sea)
Sudan 2 (Bayuda) Sudan Sudan 10 ? [271][272][273]
A map of Sudan showing three craters
Mahas
Mahas
Bayuda
Bayuda
Red Sea Hills
Red Sea Hills
 18°03.5′N 33°30.2′E / 18.0583°N 33.5033°E / 18.0583; 33.5033 (Bayuda)
Sudan 3 (Mahas) Sudan Sudan 2.8 ? [citation needed] 20°01.9′N 30°13.7′E / 20.0317°N 30.2283°E / 20.0317; 30.2283 (Mahas)
Sudbury Ontario Canada 130 1849 Yes 46°36′N 81°11′W / 46.600°N 81.183°W / 46.600; -81.183
Svetloyar Lake Nizhy Novgorod Russia 40 0.0026
(600 BC) 		[274][275][note 1] 56°49′08″N 45°05′35″E / 56.819°N 45.093°E / 56.819; 45.093 (Svetloyar)
Takamatsu Shikoku Japan 4-8 15 [276][277][278][279][280] 34°18′N 134°03′E / 34.3°N 134.05°E / 34.3; 134.05 (Takamatsu)
Tarek Gilf Kebir Egypt 2.1 112? [281][9][282][283] 24°36′04″N 27°12′18″E / 24.601°N 27.205°E / 24.601; 27.205 (Tarek)
Tatarsky North Pacific Ocean (NW) 14 ? [284][285] 49°57′35″N 141°23′40″E / 49.95972°N 141.39444°E / 49.95972; 141.39444 (Tatarsky1)
Tatarsky South Pacific Ocean (NW) 20 ? [286][285] 48°17′38″N 141°23′40″E / 48.29389°N 141.39444°E / 48.29389; 141.39444 (Tatarsky2)
Tefé River Amazonas Brazil 15 65 ± 20 [287][74][288] 4°57′S 66°03′W / 4.950°S 66.050°W / -4.950; -66.050 (Tefé)
Talundilly Queensland Australia 84 128 ± 5 [289][290][291] 24°44′S 144°37′E / 24.73°S 144.62°E / -24.73; 144.62 (Talundilly)
Temimichat Tiris Zemmour Mauritania 0.7 2? [292][9][293] 24°15′N 9°39′W / 24.250°N 9.650°W / 24.250; -9.650 (Temimichat)
Tsenkher Mongolia Mongolia 3.6 5 [294][295][296] 43°38′41″N 98°22′09″E / 43.64472°N 98.36917°E / 43.64472; 98.36917 (Tsenkher)
Toms Canyon New Jersey United States 22 35 [297][298][299][300] 39°08′N 72°51′W / 39.133°N 72.850°W / 39.133; -72.850 (Toms Canyon)
Vélingara Senegal Senegal 48 23-40 [301][302]
13°02′N 14°08′W / 13.033°N 14.133°W / 13.033; -14.133 (Vélingara)
Versailles Kentucky United States 1.5 <400 [303][304] 38°05′N 84°40′W / 38.09°N 84.67°W / 38.09; -84.67 (Versailles)
Vredefort Free State South Africa 180-300 2023 Yes [305] 27°0′S 27°30′E / 27.000°S 27.500°E / -27.000; 27.500
Vichada Vichada Colombia 50 30? [306][9]
4°30′N 69°15′W / 4.500°N 69.250°W / 4.500; -69.250 (Vichada)
Victoria Island California United States 5.5 37-49 [307] 37°53′N 121°32′W / 37.89°N 121.53°W / 37.89; -121.53 (Victoria Island structure)
Warburton East South Australia Australia 200 300-360 [308][309][310] 28°00′S 140°30′E / 28°S 140.5°E / -28; 140.5 (Warbuton)
Warburton West South Australia Australia 200 300-360 [308][309][311]
Weaubleau (Weaubleau-Osceola) Missouri United States 19 330 ± 10 [312][313][314]
38°00′N 93°36′W / 38.0°N 93.6°W / 38.0; -93.6 (Weaubleau)
Wembo-Nyama Ring Structure Eastern Kasai DR Congo 36-46 60? [315][316][317] 3°37′52″S 24°31′07″E / 3.63111°S 24.51861°E / -3.63111; 24.51861 (Wembo-Nyama ring structure)
Wilkes Land 2 Antarctica 480 250-500 [318]
70°S 140°E / 70°S 140°E / -70; 140 (Wilkes)
Wolfe Creek Great Sandy Desert, Western Australia Australia 0.87 < 0.3 Yes
Woodbury Georgia United States 7 500 ± 100 [319][320][321][322] 32°55′N 84°33′W / 32.92°N 84.55°W / 32.92; -84.55 (Woodbury)
Yallalie Western Australia Australia 12 99? [323][9][324][325][326][327][note 1] 30°26′40″S 115°46′16″E / 30.44444°S 115.77111°E / -30.44444; 115.77111 (Yallalie)
Zerelia West Magnesia Greece 20 0.0070
(5000 BC) 		[328][329] 39°09′48″N 22°42′32″E / 39.16333°N 22.70889°E / 39.16333; 22.70889 (Zerelia West)
Zerelia East Magnesia Greece 10 0.0070
(5000 BC) 		[328][329] 39°09′43″N 22°42′51″E / 39.16194°N 22.71417°E / 39.16194; 22.71417 (Zerelia East)

Overview

[edit]

Russia's Lake Cheko is thought by one research group to be the result of the famous Tunguska event, although sediments in the lake have been dated back more than 5,000 years. There is highly speculative conjecture about the supposed Sirente impact (c. 320 ± 90 AD) having caused the Roman emperor Constantine's vision at Milvian Bridge.[330][better source needed]

The Burckle crater and Umm al Binni structure are proposed to be behind the floods that affected Sumerian civilization.[331][332] The Kachchh impact may have been witnessed by the Harappan civilization and mentioned as a fireball in Sanskrit texts.[333]

Shortly after the Hiawatha Crater was discovered, researchers suggested that the impact could have occurred as late as ~12,800 years ago, leading some to associate it with the controversial Younger Dryas impact hypothesis (YDIH).[334] James Kennett, a leading advocate of the YDIH said, "I'd unequivocally predict that this crater is the same age as the Younger Dryas."[335]

These claims were criticised by other scholars. According to impact physicist Mark Boslough writing for Skeptical Inquirer the first reports of the impact released by science journalist Paul Voosen focused on this being a young crater which according to Boslough "set the tone for virtually all the media reporting to follow". Boslough argued, based on evidence and statistical probability, that once the crater has been drilled and researched "it will turn out to be much older." He complained that this important discovery "was tainted by connections to a widely discredited hypothesis and speculations that did not make it through peer review".[335][336] The YDIH has since been refuted comprehensively by a team of earth scientists and impact experts.[337]

A 2022 study using Argon–Argon dating of shocked zircon crystals in impact melt rocks found outwash less than 10 km downstream of the glacier pushed the estimate back to around 57.99 ± 0.54 million years ago, during the late Paleocene.[338][127] Confirmation would require drilling almost one km (3,300 ft) through the ice sheet above the crater to obtain a sample of dateable, solidified impact melt from the crater.

The age of the Bloody Creek crater[339] is uncertain.

As the trend in the Earth Impact Database for about 26 confirmed craters younger than a million years old shows that almost all are less than two km (1.2 mi) in diameter (except the three km (1.9 mi) Agoudal and four km (2.5 mi) Rio Cuarto), the suggestion that two large craters, Mahuika (20 km (12 mi)) and Burckle (30 km (19 mi)), formed only within the last few millennia has been met with skepticism.[340][341][342] However, the source of the young (less than a million years old) and enormous Australasian strewnfield (c. 790 ka) is suggested to be a crater about 100 km (62 mi) across somewhere in Indochina,[343][344] with Hartung and Koeberl (1994) proposing the elongated 100 km × 35 km (62 mi × 22 mi) Tonlé Sap lake in Cambodia (visible in the map at the side) as a suspect structure.[345]

The Decorah crater has been conjectured as being part of the Ordovician meteor event.[346][better source needed]

Several twin impacts have been proposed, such as the Rubielos de la Cérida and Azuara (30–40 Ma),[347] Cerro Jarau and Piratininga (c. 117 Ma),[73] and Warburton East and West (300–360 Ma).[348] However, adjacent craters may not necessarily have formed at the same time, as demonstrated by the case of the confirmed Clearwater East and West lakes.

Some confirmed impacts like Sudbury or Chicxulub are also sources of magnetic anomalies[349] and/or gravity anomalies. The magnetic anomalies Bangui and Jackpine Creek,[145] the gravity anomalies Wilkes Land crater and Falkland Islands,[350] and others have been considered as being of impact origin. Bangui apparently has been discredited,[25][351] but appears again in a 2014 table of unconfirmed structures in Africa by Reimold and Koeberl.[3]

Several anomalies in Williston Basin were identified by Swatzky in the 1970s as astroblemes including Viewfield, Red Wing Creek, Eagle Butte, Dumas, and Hartney, of which only the last two are unconfirmed.[92]

The Eltanin impact has been confirmed (via an iridium anomaly and meteoritic material from ocean cores) but, as it fell into the Pacific Ocean, apparently no crater was formed. The age of Silverpit and the confirmed Boltysh crater (65.17 ± 0.64 Ma), as well as their latitude, has led to the speculative hypothesis that there may have been several impacts during the KT boundary.[352][353] Of the five oceans in descending order by area, namely the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic, and Arctic, only the smallest (the Arctic) does not yet have a proposed unconfirmed impact crater.

Craters larger than 100 kilometres (62 mi) in the Phanerozoic (after 541 Ma) are notable for their size as well as for the possible coeval events associated with them especially the major extinction events.

For example, the Ishim impact structure[141] is conjectured to be bounded by the late Ordovician-early Silurian (c. 445 ± 5 Ma),[142] the two Warburton basins have been linked to the Late Devonian extinction (c. 360 Ma),[310] both Bedout and the Wilkes Land crater have been associated with the severe Permian–Triassic extinction event (c. 252 Ma),[354][355] Manicouagan (c. 215 Ma) was once thought to be connected to the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event (c. 201 Ma)[356] but more recent dating has made it unlikely, while the consensus is the Chicxulub impact caused the one for Cretaceous–Paleogene (c. 66 Ma).

However, other extinction theories employ coeval periods of massive volcanism such as the Siberian Traps (Permian-Triassic) and Deccan Traps (Cretaceous-Paleogene).

Undiscovered but inferred

[edit]
An approximate map of the strewnfield.
Australasian strewnfield. Shaded areas represent tektite finds.

There is geological evidence for impact events having taken place on Earth on certain specific occasions, which should have formed craters, but for which no impact craters have been found. In some cases this is because of erosion and Earth's crust having been recycled through plate tectonics, in others likely because exploration of the Earth's surface is incomplete, or because no actual crater was formed because the impacting object exploded as a cosmic air burst. Typically the ages are already known and the diameters can be estimated.

Parent crater of Expected crater diameter Age Notes
Pica glass Unknown 12 ka [357]
Libyan desert glass Unknown 29 Ma [358][359][360][361]
Dakhleh glass 0.4 km 150 ka [362][363]
Argentinian impact glasses Unknown 6, 114, and 445 ka;

5.3 and 9.2 Ma

[364][365][366]
Australasian tektites 32–114 km 780 ka [344]
Central American tektites 14 km 820 ka [367][368][369]
Skye ejecta deposits Unknown 60 Ma [370]
Stac Fada Member 40 km 1.2 Ga [371][372][373]
Barberton Greenstone Belt spherules 500 km 3.2 Ga [374][375]
Marble Bar impact spherules "hundreds of kilometers" 3.4 Ga [376]
Kaveri Crater 120 km 800 to 550 million years ago [377]

Mistaken identity

[edit]

Some geological processes can result in circular or near-circular features that may be mistaken for impact craters. Some examples are calderas, maars, sinkholes, glacial cirques, igneous intrusions, ring dikes, salt domes, geologic domes, ventifacts, tuff rings, forest rings, and others. Conversely, an impact crater may originally be thought as one of these geological features, like Meteor Crater (as a maar) or Upheaval Dome (as a salt dome).

The presence of shock metamorphism and shatter cones are important criteria in favor of an impact interpretation, though massive landslides (such as the Köfels landslide of 7800 BC which was once thought to be impact-related) may produce shock-like fused rocks called "frictionite".[378]

See also

[edit]

Notes and references

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Shown as "proven" by Mikheeva (2017),[18][unreliable source?] not "confirmed" by EID (2018).[19]

References

[edit]
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  3. ^ a b c d Reimold, Wolf Uwe; Koeberl, Christian (2014). "Impact structures in Africa: A review". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 93: 57–175. Bibcode:2014JAfES..93...57R. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.01.008. PMC 4802546. PMID 27065753.
  4. ^ Acevedo, R.; Rocca, M. C.; Ponce, J.; Stinco, S. (2015). Impact Craters in South America. SpringerBriefs in Earth Sciences. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-13092-7.
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  20. ^ Anefis
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  26. ^ Arganaty
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  29. ^ Unnamed ("Arlit")
  30. ^ David Rajmon (2010). Impact Field Studies Group
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  33. ^ Azuara
  34. ^ Bajada del Diablo
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  37. ^ Bajo Hondo
  38. ^ M. C. Rocca (2005). BAJO HONDO, CHUBUT, PATAGONIA, ARGENTINA: A NEW METEORITE IMPACT CRATER IN BASALT?, 68th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting
  39. ^ Bangui
  40. ^ Girdler, R.; Taylor, P.; Frawley, J. (1992). "A possible impact origin for the Bangui magnetic anomaly (Central Africa)". Tectonophysics. 212 (1): 45–58. Bibcode:1992Tectp.212...45G. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(92)90139-w.
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  42. ^ Bateke
  43. ^ S. Master, G.R.J. Cooper and K. Klajnik (2013). The Bateke Plateau Structure – A New Possible 7 Km Diameter Quaternary Meteorite Impact Structure In Gabon: A Remote Sensing Study, 13th SAGA Biennial Conference & Exhibition
  44. ^ Bedout
  45. ^ Becker, L.; Poreda, R. J.; Basu, A. R.; Pope, K. O.; Harrison, T. M.; Nicholson, C.; Iasky, R. (2004). "Bedout: A Possible End-Permian Impact Crater Offshore of Northwestern Australia". Science. 304 (5676): 1469–1476. Bibcode:2004Sci...304.1469B. doi:10.1126/science.1093925. PMID 15143216. S2CID 17927307.
  46. ^ Bee Bluff
  47. ^ R. A. Graham (2005) Reinvestigation of the Bee Bluff Structure South of Uvalde, Texas, 'The Uvalde Crater'. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI (2005)
  48. ^ Bee Bluff
  49. ^ Björkö
  50. ^ H. Henkel, A. Bäckström, B. Bergman, O. Stephansson, and M. Lindström (2005). Geothermal Energy from Impact Craters? The Björkö Study, Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2005
  51. ^ Bloody Creek
  52. ^ Bohemia
  53. ^ Papagiannis, Michael D. (1989). "Photographs from geostationary satellites indicate the possible existence of a huge 300 KM impact crater in the Bohemian region of Czechoslovakia". Meteoritics. 24: 313. Bibcode:1989Metic..24R.313P.
  54. ^ Rajlich, P. (1992). "Bohemian Circular Structure, Czechoslovakia: Search for the Impact Evidence". Abstracts of Papers Presented to the International Conference on Large Meteorite Impacts and Planetary Evolution. Held August 31 – September 2, 1992, in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Vol. 790. Lunar and Planetary Institute. p. 57. Bibcode:1992LPICo.790...57R. LPI Contribution 790. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  55. ^ Bow City
  56. ^ Bowers
  57. ^ a b L. P. Hrjanina (Khryanina), 2006. "Once again about Kainozoic meteorite structures in the Ross Sea, Antarctica" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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  59. ^ Paul Rincon (2006). Space impact clue in Antarctica, BBC News
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  63. ^ Herr, Andrew. "Investigating the Brushy Creek Impact Crater" (PDF). Houston lunar and planetary science conference.
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  66. ^ Burckle
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  72. ^ Jarau
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  74. ^ a b c d A. Crósta, M. Vasconcelos (2013). Update On The Current Knowledge Of The Brazilian Impact Craters, 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
  75. ^ Charity Shoal
  76. ^ Holcombe, Troy L.; Warren, John S.; Reid, David F.; Virden, William T.; Divins, David L. (2001). "Small Rimmed Depression in Lake Ontario: An Impact Crater?". Journal of Great Lakes Research. 27 (4): 510–517. Bibcode:2001JGLR...27..510H. doi:10.1016/S0380-1330(01)70664-8.
  77. ^ Holcombe, Troy L.; Youngblut, Scott; Slowey, Niall (2013). "Geological structure of Charity Shoal crater, Lake Ontario, revealed by multibeam bathymetry". Geo-Marine Letters. 33 (4): 245–252. Bibcode:2013GML....33..245H. doi:10.1007/s00367-013-0322-6. S2CID 129846298.
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  79. ^ Assis Fernandes V., Hopp J., Schwarz W.H., Fritz J.P., and Trieloff M. (2019) 40Ar-39Ar step heating of North American tektites and of impact melt rock samples from the Chesapeake Bay impact structure. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 255, 289-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.03.004
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  81. ^ Corossol
  82. ^ Higgins, M.D., P. Lajeunesse, G. St-Onge, R. Sanfacon, and M. Duchesne, 2013, Impact Breccia Clast from the Corossol Crater, Canada. 76th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting. Meteoritics and Planetary Science Supplement. id.5190.
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  86. ^ Decorah
  87. ^ Briggs, D.E.; Liu, H.P.; McKay, R.M.; Witzke, B.J. (2018). "The Winneshiek biota: exceptionally well-preserved fossils in a Middle Ordovician impact crater". Journal of the Geological Society. 175 (6): 865–874. Bibcode:2018JGSoc.175..865B. doi:10.1144/jgs2018-101. S2CID 85450625.
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