List of psychoactive plants, fungi, and animals
This is a list of psychoactive plants, fungi, and animals.
Plants
[edit]Psychoactive plants include, but are not limited to, the following examples:
- Cannabis: cannabinoids
- Tobacco: nicotine and beta-carboline alkaloids
- Coca: cocaine
- Opium Poppy: morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine, noscapine, and narceine
- Salvia divinorum: salvinorin A
- Khat: cathine and cathinone
- Kava: kavalactones
- Nutmeg: myristicin
- Nightshade (Solanaceae) plants containing hyoscyamine, atropine, and scopolamine:
- Datura
- Deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna)
- Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger)
- Mandrake (Mandragora officinarum)
- Other Solanaceae
- Psychoactive cacti, which contain mainly mescaline:
- Peyote
- Other Lophophora
- Peruvian Torch cactus
- San Pedro cactus
- Trichocereus macrogonus var. macrogonus (syn. Echinopsis peruviana)
- Trichocereus macrogonus var. pachanoi (syn. Echinopsis pachanoi)
- Trichocereus bridgesii
- Other Echinopsis
- Mild stimulant and vasoconstrictor plants that contain mainly caffeine and theobromine:
- Other plants:
- Mimosa hostilis: DMT
- Chacruna: DMT, NMT
- Cebil and Yopo: DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, bufotenin
- Mucuna pruriens
- Morning glory species, notably Hawaiian Baby Woodrose: lysergic acid amide
- Monotropa uniflora: Grayanotoxin (also found in Rhododendron pollen and mad honey)
- Iboga: ibogaine, noribogaine, ibogamine, voacangine, 18-methoxycoronaridine
- Ephedra: ephedrine
- Acacia species
- Damiana
- Calea zacatechichi
- Silene capensis
- Valerian
- Areca nut: arecaidine and arecoline
- Kratom: mitragynine, mitraphylline, 7-hydroxymitragynine, raubasine, and corynantheidine
- Rauvolfia serpentina: rauwolscine
- Rauvolfia vomitoria
- Nymphaea caerulea (Egyptian lotus or blue lotus): apomorphine, nuciferine
- Yohimbe: yohimbine
- Kanna: mesembrine and mesembrenone
- Glaucium flavum (yellow horned poppy, yellow hornpoppy or sea poppy): glaucine
- California poppies: Protopine and Californidine
Fungi
[edit]- Psilocybin mushrooms: psilocybin, psilocin, aeruginascin, baeocystin, and norbaeocystin
- Amanita muscaria: ibotenic acid, muscimol, and muscarine
- Amanita pantherina
- Dictyonema huaorani: psilocybin, DMT, and 5-MeO-DMT
- Collybia maculata: collybolide[1](unlikely to be psychoactive)
Animals
[edit]
- Colorado River toad (Sonoran Desert toad or Bufo alvarius): 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenin
- Asiatic toad and certain tree frogs (Osteocephalus taurinus, Osteocephalus oophagus, and Osteocephalus langsdorfii): bufotenin
- Tree frogs belonging to the genus Phyllomedusa, notably P. bicolor: opioid peptides, including deltorphin, deltorphin I, deltorphin II, and dermorphin
- Hallucinogenic fish
- Ocean life containing DMT analogs:
- Smenospongia aurea: 5-Bromo-DMT[2][3]
- Smenospongia echina: 5,6-Dibromo-DMT[2][3]
- Verongula rigida: 5-Bromo-DMT, 5,6-Dibromo-DMT, et al.[2][3]
- Eudistoma fragum: 5-Bromo-DMT[2]
- Paramuricea clavata: DMT, NMT[2]
- Villogorgia rubra: NMT[2]
See also
[edit]- Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record
- Hallucinogenic fish
- List of plants used for smoking
- List of psychoactive substances and precursor chemicals derived from genetically modified organisms
- List of psychoactive substances derived from artificial fungi biotransformation
- List of substances used in rituals
References
[edit]- ^ Gupta, Achla; Gomes, Ivone; Bobeck, Erin N.; Fakira, Amanda K.; Massaro, Nicholas P.; Sharma, Indrajeet; Cavé, Adrien; Hamm, Heidi E.; Parello, Joseph; Devi, Lakshmi A. (24 May 2016). "Collybolide is a novel biased agonist of κ-opioid receptors with potent antipruritic activity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (21): 6041–6046. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.6041G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1521825113. PMC 4889365. PMID 27162327.
- ^ a b c d e f Shulgin, Alexander (1997). TIHKAL: The Continuation. Transform Press. ISBN 9780963009692.
- ^ a b c Morris H, Wallach J (26 March 2013). "Sea DMT". Vice Magazine. Retrieved 5 January 2019.