List of people considered a founder in a humanities field
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Those known as the father, mother, or considered a founder in a humanities field are those who have made important contributions to that field. In some fields several people are considered the founders, while in others the title of being the "father" is debatable.
Arts
[edit]Subject | Father / mother | Reason |
---|---|---|
Abstract art | Hilma af Klint[1] | For "[inventing] an abstract vocabulary blending biomorphic and geometric forms," that predates Wassily Kandisky.[1] |
Animation | Lotte Reiniger[2] | Reiniger: For making The Adventures of Prince Achmed, "[t]he first full-length animation movie of film history."[2]
Winkler: For being "one of the earliest female producers of animation, with international hits like the cartoon, Felix the Cat."[3] |
Anime | Ōten Shimokawa Jun'ichi Kōuchi Seitaro Kitayama[4] |
|
Australian studio pottery | William Merric Boyd | |
Cinematography | Alice Guy-Blaché[5][6] | For being the first female film director and "among the first to employ techniques like close-ups, hand-tinted color, and synchronized sound. "[6] |
Dadaism | Beatrice Wood[7][8] | For her involvement in the movement,[7] which stemmed from her enjoyment of, upon her own admission, "being subversive."[8] |
Danish painting | Nikolaj Abraham Abildgaard[9] | |
Fashion | Coco Chanel[10] | Chanel: For "revolutionizing how [people] dress, she helped form a new ideal of what a fashion brand could be."[10]
Lanvin: for founding "one of the oldest French fashion houses in operation today," through which she popularized the robe de style dress.[11] Westwood: For "[selling] the customised Teddy Boy threads that developed into punk... [and with her 1981 Pirate collection changing] the way people looked...[and creating] a new language of clothes."[12] |
Modern fashion photography | Norman Parkinson[13] | For taking his models and photoshoots beyond the confines of the studio. |
Modern French cooking | Eugénie Brazier[14][15] | For her Lyonnaise-style of cooking, becoming the first woman to ever hold three Michelin stars[15] and at age 38, the first individual to hold six simultaneously, a record that lasted for 65 years until 1998, which led Curnonsky to deem her as "the greatest chef in the world."[14] |
French New Wave cinema | Agnès Varda[16] | For "directing celebrated films including Cléo from 5 to 7, Happiness and The Creatures."[16] |
Gothic architecture | Abbot Suger[17] | Built the first Gothic church at the Abbey of St Dennis |
Harlem Renaissance (sculpture) | Augusta Savage[18] | For being "a talented sculptor in her own right, [as well as] the first African American wom[a]n to open her own art gallery, the ‘Salon of Contemporary Negro Art’."[18] |
Manga | Osamu Tezuka[19] | |
Oil painting | Jan van Eyck[20] | For experimenting with the medium to remarkable effect |
Photojournalism | Mathew Brady[21] | |
Pop art | Richard Hamilton[22] | |
New Puerto Rican cuisine | Alfredo Ayala[23][24] | "[F]or being the manager of a new local gastronomic movement in times of ‘nouvelle cuisine’, which sought to exalt the richness of Puerto Rican cuisine to position it in haute cuisine,"[23]..."[becoming] the best ambassador of the island."[24] |
Scottish country dancing | Francis Peacock[25] | |
Spanish cuisine | Penelope Casas[a][26] | Casas: For "demonstrating the breadth of regional Spanish cuisine."[26]
Mestayer: For being "[a] woman ahead of her time who had to fight against the social prejudices of a classist Spain and faced a civil war from the kitchens."[27] |
Stop-motion clay animation | Art Clokey[citation needed] | |
Surrealism | André Breton |
Communication
[edit]Subject | Father / mother | Reason |
---|---|---|
Spam | Gary Thuerk[29][30] | Penned the first message that advertised the availability of a new model of Digital Equipment Corporation computers to 393 recipients on ARPANET in 1978.[31] |
Education
[edit]Subject | Father / mother | Life span | Reason |
---|---|---|---|
Afghan education | Sakena Yacoobi[32] | Still living | For her work through the Afghan Institute of Learning, which "works...to empower women and bring education and health services to poor women and girls in rural and urban areas, serving hundreds of thousands of women and children a year."[32] |
American education | Mary McLeod Bethune[33] | (1875–1955)
(1796–1859) |
Bethune: For her "high standards and...[demonstration] of what educated African Americans could do," through her school, which later became Bethune–Cookman University.[33]
Mann: Advocated for common schools and nonsectarian education. |
American Catholic education | Mary Elizabeth Lange[35][36] | (c. 1784–1882) | For founding the first Catholic school in the United States for children of color as well as the first religious community of women of African-American descent.[35] |
Argentinian education | Domingo Faustino Sarmiento[37] | (1811–1888)
(1819–1875) |
Sarmiento: For improving the country's education system.
Manso: For educating women and advocating for their equal education.[37] |
Costa Rican education | Carmen Lyra[38] | (1888–1949) | For founding the Escuela Maternal ('maternal school'), the first Montessori school in Costa Rica in 1925.[38] |
Dominican education | Salomé Ureña[39] | (1850–1898) | For founding "the Instituto de Señoritas ('young ladies' institute'), which became the first center devoted exclusively to the training of teachers," in the Dominican Republic and called as such by Chiqui Vicioso.[39] |
Japanese language education in Romania | Angela Hondru[40] | Still living | "[F]or her role in saving Japanese studies from extinction in her country in the 1970s and for her more than 30 years of dedication to the field since then."[40] |
Namibian education | Ottilie Abrahams[41] | (1937–2018) | For "[forming] the Namibian National Nationhood Programme, a consortium of NGOs working in the areas of education and agro-ecology."[41] |
Nicaraguan education | Josefa Toledo de Aguerri[42] | (1866–1962) | "[F]or her work as a teacher of
generations," educating Pinolero children as the "future citizens...[of] tomorrow who will integrate the collectivity of the nation.”[42] |
Paraguayan education | Rosa Peña Guanes[43] | (1843–1899) | For founding twenty-four girls' schools and the National Asylum in Paraguay.[44] |
Early education in Peru | Emilia Barcia Boniffatti[45] | (1904–1986) | For founding the first preschool in the Peruvian Amazonia.[45] |
Puerto Rican education | Jaime Benítez Rexach[46] | (1908–2001)
(1787–1862) (1790–1868) |
Benítez: Called as such by Herman Badillo for "there [being] no man in this country who has done more to bring up the level of educational opportunities to poor people than [him]."
Celestina: For founding the first school for girls in Puerto Rico. Rafael: For providing free schooling to the children, regardless of race or social standing. |
Saudi Arabian education | Iffat bint Mohammad Al Thunayan[50] | (1916– 2000) | For founding "the Taif model school and the first girl's college in Saudi Arabia." |
Tampa education | Electa Lee[51] | (1808–1870) | For "[opening] what is believed to be the first local school," in Tampa.[51] |
Washington D. C. education | Myrtilla Miner[52] | (1815–1864) | For "providing a quality education for all children in the District of Columbia regardless of race, creed or class," through her Normal School for Colored Girls, which later became the University of the District of Columbia.[52] |
Western Cape education | Helen Zille[53] | Still living | For her "hands-on approach" tenure as Western Cape MEC for Education.[53] |
History
[edit]Justice
[edit]Subject | Father / mother | Reason |
---|---|---|
Criminal identification | Alphonse Bertillon[66] | Created a database for criminals |
Fingerprinting | Juan Vucetic[67] |
Language and literature
[edit]Subject | Father / mother | Reason |
---|---|---|
Modern African literature | Flora Nwapa[68] | For "[setting] the stage for the emergence of female writers in Nigeria and other African countries," by being "the first African woman to publish a book in English."[68] |
American folklore | Richard Dorson[69] | |
American literature | Mark Twain[70] | Mark Twain is often attributed to being one of the first authors to write in American vernacular and address major issues such as race and slavery, particularly through the wilted of southern Americans. Ralph Waldo Emerson is credited with beginning the nation's literary renaissance and original philosophical ideas with Transcendentalism. |
American novel | Susanna Rowson[72] | For writing one of the "best-selling novels of the time...Charlotte, A Tale of Truth."[72] |
Canadian Indigenous literature | E. Pauline Johnson[73][74] | For "her impact of Indigenous writers"[73] due in part to "[writing] a critique of the treatment of First Nations women in her article: "A Strong Race Opinion: the Indian Girl in Modern Fiction," in which she protested the obvious racism in the novels about First Nations women."[74] |
Canadian literature | Margaret Atwood[75] | Atwood: For "[seeming] capable of embracing and exposing the truth of the darkness that lurks in the shadows of our world[, s]he and her work are as relevant as ever."[75]
Laurence: For "having given eloquent voice to the Manitoba prairie in her “Manawaka” series, [as well as speaking] for the tribes of all humankind—women, the old, and the oppressed everywhere."[76] |
Canadian poetry | Isabella Valancy Crawford[77] | For being the first to attempt the "arduous intellectual journey," that "her verse [must trek the wide] distance to be traversed from the servile copy to the work which, though it may originate in a fertile hint of method or suggestion of thought in some foreign source, is still the authentic utterance of a single mind."[77] |
Costa Rican poetry | Eunice Odio[78][79] | For being "the country’s most significant international literary presence."[78] |
English literature | Geoffrey Chaucer[80] | Chaucer: For writing The Canterbury Tales.[80]
Burney: For being considered as such by Virginia Woolf, in part "for advancing the popularity of the courtship novel and the possibility of women being considered as novelists of worth."[81] |
English poetry | Geoffrey Chaucer[56] | |
Epic poetry | Homer[56] | |
American film criticism | Pauline Kael[82] | For being "probably the most qualified critic in the world," per Jerry Lewis.[82] |
Finnish written language | Mikael Agricola[83] | |
German literature | Gotthold Ephraim Lessing[56] | |
Grammar | Pāṇini[84] | Wrote the Ashtadhyayi |
Greek tragedy | Aeschylus[56] | |
Harlem renaissance | Alta Douglas (née Sawyer)[85] | Douglas: For her "death had a special meaning… Alta and Aaron Douglas had formed the warm human center of a group of gifted black young men and women who had come together for the first time in New York… her passing marked definitely 'the closing of the ring' on the Harlem Renaissance," as considered by Arnold Rampersad.[85]
Fuaset: For being "a teacher, the Literary Editor of The Crisis, and the author the celebrated There is Confusion, Fauset showed serious promise as a leading and impactful voice,"[86] as well as "selecting the works of...Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Arna Bontemps, Claude McKay, Georgia Douglas Johnson, Mary Effie Lee and Jean Toomer for publication."[87] |
Modern Hebrew language | Eliezer Ben Yehuda[89] | |
Horror | Mary Shelley[90] | Wrote Frankenstein[90] |
Italian language | Dante Alighieri[91] | |
Italian literature | Dante Alighieri[91] | |
Indology | Al-Biruni[92] | |
Letters (messages) | Francis I of France[56] | |
Linguistics (early) | Pāṇini[93] | Wrote the Ashtadhyayi |
Linguistics (modern) | ||
Modern fantasy literature | J. R. R. Tolkien[98] | |
Modernist literature | Gertrude Stein[99] | For the "[incorporation of the] stream-of-consciousness and experimental narrative techniques," into her work.[99] |
Novel | Homer[100] | |
Nuyorican literature | Esmeralda Santiago | For writing When I Was Puerto Rican, considered by Oprah's Book Club as "one of the “Best Memoirs of a Generation”."[101][102] |
Puerto Rican literature | Concha Meléndez[103] | |
Science fiction | Octavia E. Butler[b][105] | |
Science fiction magazine | Hugo Gernsback[110] | |
Spanish language | Antonio de Nebrija[111] | |
Spanish literature | Carmen Balcells[112] | Balcells: For being the literary agent of Spanish-language authors from Spain and Latin America, including six Nobel Prize–winning authors and one of the main promoters of the Latin American Boom.
Cervantes: For writing Don Quixote.[113] |
Spanish travel literature | Egeria[114] | For writing Itinerarium Egeriae ("Travels of Egeria"), the first record of a Christian pilgrimage in the 4th century.[114] |
Urdu | Maulvi Abdul Haq[115] | |
Venezuelan literature | José Antonio Ramos Sucre[116] | |
Venezuelan poetry | José Antonio Ramos Sucre[116] |
Law
[edit]Subject | Father / mother | Reason |
---|---|---|
Civil law | Justinian I | |
Legal writing education | Marjorie D. Rombauer[117][118] | For "[writing] the first legal writing textbook, Legal Problem Solving: Analysis, Research, and Writing in 1970,"[117] and through her "[teaching] at the University of Washington School of Law for over thirty years [as] the first non-librarian, tenured female faculty member,"[117] her "works on legal problem solving, research, writing, and analysis informed generations of law students."[118] |
European patent law | Kurt Haertel[119][120] | |
International law | Alberico Gentili[121] Francisco de Vitoria Hugo Grotius |
For speculating on human rights and the proper relations that ought to exist between nations |
Russian jurisprudence | Semyon Efimovich Desnitsky[122] | Russian social and political theorist (18th century) |
United States Constitution | James Madison[123] | He played a large role in its drafting and ratification. One of the authors of The Federalist.[124] Also drafter of the Bill of Rights. |
Music
[edit]Performance art
[edit]Subject | Father / mother | Reason |
---|---|---|
Kabuki | Izumo no Okuni | |
Vogue | Willi Ninja[165] | Godfather[166][167] |
Philosophy and religion
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
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- ^ a b "Lotte Reiniger, the mother of animation". Design is fine. History is mine. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
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- ^ Reporting by Linda Sieg (March 27, 2008). "Japan finds films by early "anime" pioneers". reuters.com. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
- ^ Wills, Matthew (March 13, 2019). "Hollywood Froze Out the Founding Mother of Cinema". JSTOR. Archived from the original on December 3, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
- ^ a b Fernandez, Toniann (December 7, 2018). "The Forgotten Mother of Cinema". The Paris Review. ISSN 0031-2037. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
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- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 63.
- ^ a b "Gabrielle Coco Chanel – Mother of Fashion". PRVNNC. April 2, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
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- ^ Rose, Michael S. (2004). In Tiers of Glory: The Organic Development of Catholic Church Architecture. Mesa Folio Editions. p. 60. ISBN 0-9676371-2-0.
One name, however, is well known to art historians: Abbot Suger, who is credited as being the father of Gothic architecture.
- ^ a b "Mother Of Harlem Renaissance". Viral9. March 6, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
- ^ Patten, Fred (2004). Watching Anime, Reading Manga: 25 Years of Essays and Reviews. Stone Bridge Press. p. 198. ISBN 1-880656-92-2.
- ^ http://webexhibits.org/hockneyoptics/post/stork8.html . "that van Eyck—"the father of oil painting"—exploited the new medium and his own patient talent to paint Arnolfini by traditional methods."
- ^ Horan, James D. (December 12, 1988). Mathew Brady: Historian With a Camera. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-517-00104-7.
- ^ The Washington Post https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/british-artist-richard-hamilton-the-father-of-pop-art-dies-at-age-89/2011/09/13/gIQAMa9ZPK_story.html.
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(help)[dead link] - ^ a b Solís Escudero, Yaira (November 13, 2016). "Muere el padre de la nueva cocina puertorriqueña: Alfredo Ayala" [The father of the new Puerto Rican cuisine dies: Alfredo Ayala]. El Vocero (in Spanish). Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
- ^ a b Santiago Túa, Lynet (March 20, 2019). "Celebran herencia culinaria de un gigante de la cocina puertorriqueña" [Celebrating Culinary Heritage of a Giant of Puerto Rican cuisine]. Metro PR (in Spanish). Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
- ^ "Commemorative Plaques Record Details". City of Aberdeen. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
- ^ a b Rotolo, Tia (November 1, 2019). "The Unlikely Godmother of Spanish Cooking". TASTE Cooking. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
- ^ a b "The Mother of Spanish Cuisine". Doc Land. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
- ^ "Dorothea Tanning: The Mother of Surrealism". Barnebys. July 2, 2017. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
- ^ "Unsung innovators: Gary Thuerk, the father of spam". December 3, 2007.
- ^ "Father of Spam Speaks Out on His Legacy - www.esecurityplanet.com". www.esecurityplanet.com. Archived from the original on December 4, 2009.
- ^ At 30, Spam Going Nowhere Soon - Interviews with Gary Thuerk and Joel Furr
- ^ a b "Afghanistan's 'mother of education' shares her vision". Radio New Zealand. December 18, 2015. Archived from the original on June 15, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
- ^ a b Sarvi, Adrienne (May 2, 2018). "Mayesville remembers the 'mother of education'". The Sumter Item. Archived from the original on June 15, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
- ^ Carleton, David (2009). "Horace Mann". The First Amendment Encyclopedia. Middle Tennessee State University. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ a b "Mother Mary Lange Catholic School - Opening September 2021". Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
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- ^ a b c Freijo, María Florencia (January 29, 2021). "La mala educación de las mujeres" [The bad education of women]. Rebelion.org (in Spanish). Archived from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
- ^ a b Cambronero Arguedas, Javier Francisco (April 8, 2020). "Tio Conejo: tan corrongo y pochotón" [Uncle Rabbit: so cute and pochotón]. Delfino.cr (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
- ^ a b Castillo, John Henry (October 20, 2009). "Salomé Ureña: madre de la educación en el país". Listín Diario. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
- ^ a b Hirotsugu, Aida (February 3, 2009). "Romania's Japan education 'mother' going strong". The Japan Times. ISSN 0447-5763. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
- ^ a b Abrahams, Yvette (July 4, 2018). "Tribute to 'Mother of Education'". The Namibian. Archived from the original on June 15, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
- ^ a b "Unidad I Enfoques Actuales de la Educación Inicial" [Unit I Current Approaches to Early Childhood Education]. Módulo de pedagogía infantil [Children's pedagogy module] (PDF) (in Spanish). Managua: Ministerio de Educación de la República de Nicaragua. 2018. pp. 27–28. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 17, 2019.
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- ^ a b Barcia, Tato (October 11, 2019). "Emilia Barcia Bonifatti: Maestra revolucionaria de la educación inicial en Perú" [Emilia Barcia Boniffatti: Revolutionary teacher of initial education in Peru]. Diario Pro & Contra (in Spanish). Archived from the original on February 1, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
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- ^ Méndez Panedas, Rosario (February 21, 2019). "Celestina Cordero: A Black Puerto Rican Educator During the Era of Slavery". Center for Puerto Rican Studies. City University of New York. Archived from the original on March 23, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ Alberti Cayro, Silvia María (November 18, 2020). "A 230 años de su nacimiento: ¿Quién fue el Maestro Rafael Cordero Molina?" [230 Years After His Birth: Who was Maestro Rafael Cordero Molina?]. El Adoquín Times (in Spanish). Archived from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ "Queen Effat Legacy". Effat University. Archived from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
- ^ a b Green, Laura (April 13, 2013). "Lee was city's mother of public education". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Gannett. ISSN 2641-4503. Archived from the original on June 15, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
- ^ a b ""Myrtilla Miner: Celebrating a Legacy of Excellence in Education"". University of the District of Columbia. November 18, 2016. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
- ^ a b "The Cape's mother of education". Mail & Guardian. May 26, 2000. Archived from the original on June 15, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k New International Encyclopedia. New York City: Dodd, Mead and Company. 1914. pp. Fathers.
- ^ S. Ahmed (1999). A Dictionary of Muslim Names. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 1-85065-356-9.
- ^ Cicero, De legibus I,5.
- ^ Garfield, E. (2003). "The life and career of George Sarton: the father of the history of science". J Hist Behav Sci. 21 (2): 107–117. doi:10.1002/1520-6696(198504)21:2<107::aid-jhbs2300210202>3.0.co;2-k. PMID 11608761.
- ^ James Hankins (ed.). History of the Florentine People, See "Editor Introduction".
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- ^ Bragdon (1967), Woodrow Wilson: The Academic Years
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- ^ a b Cancel Sepúlveda, Mario R. "La política en la historiografíapuertorriqueña del siglo XIX: entre integristas y separatistas: la biografía laudatoria y el fenómeno Alejandro Tapia y Rivera (Segunda parte)" [Politics in 19th century Puerto Rican historiography: between fundamentalists and separatists: the laudatory biography and the Alejandro Tapia y Rivera phenomenon (Part Two)]. Issuu (in Spanish). Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ Rosario Lozada, Miguel Ángel (2017). "La idea del progreso y la modernidad: Breve Análisis Historiográfico" [The idea of progress and modernity: Brief Historiographic Analysis]. Puerto Rico: una nueva mirada a su historia: Colección de ensayos [Puerto Rico: a new look at its history: Collection of essays] (in Spanish). Lulu.com. p. 31. ISBN 9781326934293.
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- ^ FFS, Ed German, CLPE. "The History of Fingerprints". onin.com. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
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- ^ Nichols, Amber M. Richard M. Dorson Archived 2008-06-10 at the Wayback Machine. Minnesota State University, Mankato eMuseum. URL accessed April 21, 2006.
- ^ William Faulkner called Twain "the father of American literature". Jelliffe, Robert A. (1956). Faulkner at Nagano. Tokyo: Kenkyusha, Ltd.
- ^ "Ralph Waldo Emerson : The Father of the American Literary... | Bartleby".
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- ^ a b Maracle, Lee (2009). "Toward a National Literature: "A Body of Writing"". In Depasquale, Paul; Eigenbrod, Renate; Larocque, Emma (eds.). Across Cultures / Across Borders: Canadian Aboriginal and Native American Literatures. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press. p. 78. ISBN 9781770480162.
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