Jump to content

List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The following is a List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe and the extratropical Northern Atlantic. (It does not include localised events, such as those that occur in tornados.)

Extreme pressure values in Europe show both seasonal and geographical differentiation. The greatest pressure extremes occur in winter (January), with the deepest lows occurring to the northwest of the continent, and a diminishing influence of low pressure to the southeast towards Central Europe and Southeast Europe.[1] This is related to the main cyclonic centre of the Icelandic Low, and the North Atlantic extratropical storm track, close to which have been observed some of the lowest atmospheric pressures of the Northern Hemisphere outside the tropics. Extreme high values are favoured over the north east of Europe where intense cold and long winter nights lead to radiative cooling of the air column, causing sinking air reinforcing the development of the highest pressures. Other influences include the semi-permanent Azores High and Siberian High.[2]

Land-based observations in Europe

[edit]
Met Office daily weather report supplementary chart of barometer over Europe on 24 January 1907, for 8 am 23 January with a high of 31.5 inches of mercury (1,070 hPa) over Latvia

Land-based records for Europe:

  • Highest observed air pressure record:
  • 22–23 January 1907 in Pärnu, Estonia and Riga, Latvia at 1067.1 mbar reported in peer-reviewed literature.[3]

Other high values have been reported:

  • 23 January 1907 in Riga at 1068.7 hPa, this value is from a student generated report from the Free University of Berlin Adopt a Vortex scheme.[4] (supported with a 1068 hPa pressure reported in a Danish Meteorological Society publication.[5])
  • 17 February 1954 in northern Russia >1060 hPa,[6] This high is claimed to have a pressure over 1070 hPa by a Free University of Berlin student generated report.[7]
  • 16 February 1956, northern Urals 1070 hPa mentioned in student generated reports from FUB.[7] 1067 hPa in another student report from FUB.[4] Others give a figure for this high of 1065 mslp.[8] An isobar of 1072 over Russia features on the Met Office Daily Weather Report 16 February 1956 centred about the town of Vorkuta, Komi Republic.[9]
  • 31 January 2012 station Khoseda-Khard directly west of Urals a value of 1068.3 hPa,[10] also reported by SMHI,[11] from a high pressure area named "Cooper/Dieter" by the Free University of Berlin in January 2012[7] which brought the Early 2012 European cold wave.

Pressure is thought to have risen above 1060 hPa in Europe on only 12 occasions between 1871 and 2010, in the years 1893, 1899, 1907, 1915, 1920, 1938, 1944, 1946, 1956, 1972, 1995 and 2008.[12] To this list might also be included high pressure anticyclones in 1954 and 2012 (see above), and 1869.[13] The most notable high in Europe peaked in January 1907. This was an unusual development that brought high pressure to the west,[12] and holds the officially-recognised record across multiple countries from Scandinavia to Central Europe (Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary).

  • Lowest air pressure:

Another value reported:

  • 6–7 January 1839, recorded at Sumburgh Head, Shetland during the Night of the big wind storm 27.25 inches of mercury (922.8 hPa) this value is from non-standardised equipment, and is not fully supported by values at neighbouring stations (unknown if corrected for MSLP).[15] The conversion to hPa above assumes an Inch of mercury at 0 °F = 3376.85 Pa, if value assumes inHg at 60 °F = 3376.38 Pa the value could be as low as 920.2 hPa.

Northern Europe

[edit]

Iceland

[edit]

Note: Iceland is a sparsely populated country with a very limited number of weather stations compared to its area. Therefore the vast majority of extreme pressure events will not have been recorded.

  • Highest air pressure: 3 January 1841, Reykjavik 1058.0 hPa.[16]
  • Lowest air pressure: 2 December 1929 at Stórhöfði peninsula, Heimaey 920 hPa.[14]

Iceland monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure

[edit]
Monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure in Iceland (Based on Jónsson[17])
Month Date Location pressure
(hPa) 		ref Notes
January 3 January 1841 Reykjavik 1058.0 Calibrated to 1058.5 in some publications.[18]
February 14 February 1892 Akureyri and Stykkishólmur 1051.8 [19]
March 6 March 1883 Vestmannaey settlement 1051.7
April 16 April 1991 Egilsstaðir 1050.8
May 18 May 1894 Akureyri 1045.0
June 11 June 2019 Reykjavík Airport 1040.6 [20][21] Previously 21 June 1939 Stykkishólmur, 1040.4 hPa.
July 3 July 1917 Stykkishólmur 1034.3
August 31 August 2021 Önundarhorn 1036.3 [22][23] An unofficial value, 28 August 1869 Stykkishólmur, 1036.7 hPa
September 28 September 1983 Akureyri 1038.3
October 26 October 2018 Gjögur Airport 1045.9 [24][25] Previously 20 October 1885 at Akureyri and 26 October 1919 at Ísafjörður (1919): 1044.5 hPa[26][24][27]
November 24 November 2005 Bolungarvík 1048.0
December 16 December 1917 Stykkishólmur 1054.2

Iceland list of atmospheric pressure over 1050 hPa

[edit]

High pressure in Iceland has exceeded 1050 hPa on 5 recorded occasions in the 19th century, 4 recorded occasions in the 20th century and 2 in the 21st century.[16][needs update]

Atmospheric pressure exceeding 1050 hPa recorded in Iceland.[16]
Date Location Pressure
(hPa) 		Notes
23 December 1836 Reykjavík 1050.9
3 January 1841 Reykjavík 1058.0
11 December 1846 Reykjavík 1051.7 10 December Stykkishólmur 1052.6 hPa.[28]
6 March 1883 Stykkishólmur 1050.7
12 January 1890 Akureyri 1051.6[29]
26 February 1890 Stykkishólmur 1050.0
14 January 1891 Westman Isles 1051.1[30]
14 February 1892 Akureyri and Stykkishólmur 1051.8[19]
16 December 1917 Stykkishólmur 1054.2
26 February 1962 Akureyri 1051.7
17 January 1977 Galtarviti, Keflavík 1051.1
14–15 April 1991 Several stations 1050
25–26 February 2006 Several stations 1050[17]
28 March 2020 Hjarðarland 1050.5 [31][32] named "Keywan" by FUB.

Climatic Research Unit Emulate data 1874–2002, also gives values on 10 March 1887 at Stykkishólmur 1052.43 hPa and also 9 January 1977 at the same location 1050.47 hPa.[33][note 1]

Iceland monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure

[edit]
Monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure in Iceland
Month Date Location pressure hPa ref Notes
January 3 January 1933 Westman Isles 923.9 [34]
February 4 February 1824 Reykjavik 923.8 [35]
March 4 March 1913 Reykjavik 934.6 [36]
April 11 April 1990 Bergstöðum in Skagafjörður 951.0 [37]
May 13 May 1956 Stórhöfði 967.3 [38]
June 11 June 1983 Stórhöfði 959.6 [39] 958.0 offshore low.[40]
July 22 July 2012 Westman Isles 972.4 [41]
August 27 August 1927 Hólar in Hornafjörður 960.9 [42]
September 13 September 1906 SW Iceland ~942 [43] *Possible record
October 19 October 1963 Stórhöfði 938.4 [44]
December 2 December 1929 Stórhöfði 920

In July the pressure in Iceland has only dropped below 975 hPa or lower three times over the entire record extending back to the 1820s. These cases were 974.1 hPa in Stykkishólmur on 18 July 1901, 974.3 hPa in Stykkishólmur on 19 July 1923 and 975.0 hPa in Reykjavík 11 July 1912.[45]—to which can be added 22 July 2012, with 972.4 hPa reported on the Westman Isles, becoming the new national record for the month.[46][47]

A recent low pressure on 30 December 2015 was recorded at Kirkjubaejarklaustur (associated with an area of low pressure known as Eckard/Frank) at 930.2 hPa, the lowest pressure recorded on land in Iceland since 1989.[48]

Faroe Islands

[edit]
METEOSAT satellite image of the Braer Storm of January 1993 near peak intensity on January 10, 1993

The Danish Meteorological Institute report record atmospheric pressure for the Faroe Islands (since 1961) as:

Climatic Research Unit Emulate data 1874–2002 give 3 dates when pressure exceeded 1050 hPa in Tórshavn.[50][note 1]

Table of atmospheric pressure in Tórshavn exceeding 1050 hPa.
Date pressure hPa
8 January 1896 1052.64
1 February 1902 1052.43
21 February 1944 1050.33

Ireland

[edit]

Met Éireann list the following national records for atmospheric pressure:

  • Highest air pressure: 28 January 1905, Valentia Island, Co.Kerry 1051.9 hPa.
  • Lowest air pressure: 28 November 1838, Limerick 931.2 hPa.

Ireland monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure

[edit]
Monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure in Ireland Met Éireann.[52][53]
Month Date Location pressure hPa Notes
January 28 January 1905 Valentia, Co. Kerry 1051.9
February 7 February 1964 Kilkenny and Mullingar[3] 1049.1
March 29 March 2020 Malin Head 1051.2 [54][55] *Previously: 13 March 1900, Valentia 1047.1.
April 26 April 1948 Shannon Airport 1043.4[53]
May 12 May 2012 Cork Airport 1042.4[53] An alternate value on 12 May 2012 at Valentia observatory of 1043.0 hPa has also been reported.[56]
June 14 June 1959 Clones, Co Monaghan 1043.1
July 1 July 1933 Malin Head 1037.9
August 17 August 1940 Valentia 1036.0[53]
September 10 and 11 September 2009[57]
24 September 2018 		Malin Head[57]
Sherkin Island and Cork Airport[58] 		1041.3
October 22 October 2018 Sherkin Island 1043.8 *Previously 31 October 1959 Malin Head 1043.0
November 10 November 1999 Ireland West Airport 1046.0[53]
December 24 December 1926 Malin Head[3] 1049.5

Ireland monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure

[edit]
Monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure in Ireland Met Éireann.[52][59][53]
Month Date Location pressure hPa Notes
January 26 January 1884 Markree Castle, Sligo 936.6
February 4 February 1951 Midleton, Co. Cork 942.3
March 10 March 2008 Mace Head, Galway 950.0[53] (named Johanna by FUB)[60]
April 1 April 1948 Malin Head, Co. Donegal 952.9
May 10 May 1983 Belmullet, Co. Mayo 970.3
June 8 June 1843 Phoenix Park, Dublin 975.3
July 25 July 1988 Belmullet, Co. Mayo 978.0
August 20 August 2020 Athenry, Galway 966.4[61][62] (Storm Ellen) *Previously 14 August 1959 Belmullet, Co. Mayo 967.8[53]
September 21 September 1953 Claremorris, Co. Mayo 957.1
October 28 October 2004 Valentia 957.5 (named Carolin by FUB)[63]
November 28 November 1838 Limerick 931.2
December 17 December 1989 Cork Airport[64] 942.8

Isle of Man

[edit]

1957–2005[3]

  • Highest air pressure: 26 January 1992, Ronaldsway 1047.8 hPa.
  • Lowest air pressure: 1 December 1966, Ronaldsway 946.5 hPa.

An earlier value on 8 December 1886, Cronkbourne 27.555 inches of mercury (933.1 hPa).[65]

United Kingdom

[edit]
Graph of minimum and maximum monthly air pressure values in the UK.[needs update]

For the United Kingdom, the Met Office record the record figures for atmospheric pressure (which are nominally since 1870) as:

  • Highest air pressure: 31 January 1902, Aberdeen Scotland 1053.6 hPa.
  • Lowest air pressure: 26 January 1884, Ochtertyre Scotland 925.6 hPa.

Though the lowest pressure may be second to the Night of the big wind low, which saw a value of 27.25 inches of mercury (923 hPa) at Sumburgh Head, Shetland on non-calibrated, non-standard equipment 6–7 January 1839, with the mainland at Cape Wrath reporting an observed pressure of 27.32 inches of mercury (925 hPa).[15]

On 26 January 1884, during the Ochtertyre storm the Ben Nevis summit weather station recorded a low pressure of 784.7 hPa (at high altitude (above 750 m) and not reduced to sea level) this is proposed as being almost certainly the lowest surface pressure ever recorded in the UK,[66] though due to altitude and not being a value reduced to sea level is not considered comparable to the other records presented here.

A low pressure of 914.0mb affected the UK during the Braer Storm on 10 January 1993, however this figure is discounted as this reading was not recorded in the UK.

United Kingdom monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure

[edit]
Monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure UK and Ireland Met Office.[67]
Month Date Location pressure hPa Alternative and UK only records
January 31 January 1902 Aberdeen Observatory, Aberdeenshire 1053.6†
February 1 February 1902 Aberdeen Observatory, Aberdeenshire 1052.9
March 29 March 2020 South Uist, Outer Hebrides 1051.2 [68] Previously 3 March 1990 St Mary's Airport, Isles of Scilly 1047.9 hPa.[69] The value from 9 March 1953 Tynemouth of 1048.6 is thought to be from an erroneous value transcription of 1043.6.[70][71]
April 11 April 1938 Eskdalemuir, Dumfriesshire 1044.5
May 16 May 1943 Dublin Airport, Ireland 1042.2 UK value: 1881, Aberdeen, Glasgow and Armagh 1042 hPa.[72]
June 14 June 1959 Clones Co. Monaghan 1043.1 UK value: 14 June 1959, "Northern Ireland" 1043 hPa (Irish record is within 1 km of UK border).[72] 15 June 1874 Scotland >1040 hPa.[73]
July 16 July 1996 Aboyne, Aberdeenshire 1039.2
August 31 August 2021 Stornoway, Isle of Lewis 1038.5[74][75] Previously Kirkwall, Orkney 25 August 1968 1037.4.
September 11 September 2009 Ballykelly, Co. Londonderry 1042.0 *Previously 19 September 1986 Shawbury, Shropshire 1041.2 hPa.[3]
October 31 October 1956 Dyce, Aberdeenshire 1045.6
November 10 November 1999 Aviemore, Invernessshire 1046.7
December 24 December 1926 Wick, Caithness 1051.9

(† note the value of 1054.7 reported in some literature is an incorrect conversion.[76])

United Kingdom list of atmospheric pressure over 1050 hPa

[edit]
List of atmospheric pressures over 1050 hPa in UK and Ireland[3] (likely incomplete)
Date Location pressure hPa
24 February 1808 Gordon Castle, Moray Scotland 1050.0
8–9 January 1820 Kinfauns Castle, Perth Scotland 1051.7
9 January 1896 Ochtertyre, Perth Scotland 1053.4
31 January 1902 Aberdeen, Scotland (UK record) 1053.6
28 January 1905 Falmouth, Cornwall 1053.1
23 January 1907 Aberdeen, Scotland 1051.8
24 December 1926 Wick, Scotland 1051.9
26 January 1932 Stonyhurst, Sheffield and Meltham, West Yorkshire 1051.0
16 January 1957 Belmullet, Co Mayo Ireland and Benbecula, Scotland 1050.9
19 January 2020 Mumbles Head, Wales.[77] 1050.5
29 March 2020 South Uist, Scotland.[68] 1051.2

In the period of instrumental measurement the atmospheric pressure has exceeded 1048 hPa somewhere over the United Kingdom and Ireland on 18 occasions.[3] On 10 of these times, the pressure exceeded 1050 hPa. Intense high pressure is usually seen during midwinter with eight of the 10 occasions where 1050 hPa has been exceeded occurring in January.[3]

Pressure values have been recorded to have exceeded 1050 hPa in all areas of the UK and Ireland except south east England, though values close to this are documented from January 1882 and January 1905.[3] To which high pressure in January 2020 saw a value of 1049.6 at Heathrow Airport measured, which is thought to be likely the highest pressure seen in the region with records back to 1692.[78][79][80]

United Kingdom and Ireland monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure

[edit]
Monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure UK and Ireland Met Office.[67]
Month Date Location pressure
(hPa) 		Alternative and UK only records
January 26 January 1884 Ochtertyre, Perthshire 925.6 Alternative: 6–7 January 1839, Sumburgh Head, Shetland during the Night of the big wind storm 27.25 inches of mercury (922.8 hPa), (value from non-standardised equipment).[15]
February 4 February 1951 Midleton, Co. Cork 942.3 UK value: 9 February 1988, Benbecula 944.0 hPa.[72]
March 9 March 1876 Wick, Caithness 946.2
April 1 April 1948 Malin Head, Co. Donegal 952.9 UK value: 1 April 1948, The Hebrides 953 hPa.[72]
May 8 May 1943 Sealand, Flintshire (listed as Cheshire) 968.0
June 28 June 1938 Lerwick, Shetland 968.4
July 8 July 1964 Sule Skerry, Northern Isles 967.9
August 14 August 1954 Belmullet, Co. Mayo 967.7 UK value: 30 August 1992, NE Scotland ~972 hPa.[81][82][better source needed]
September 21 September 1953 Claremorris, Co. Mayo 957.1 UK value: 16–17 September 1935, "Central England" 960 hPa.[72]
October 14 October 1891 Cawdor Castle, Highland (listed as Nairnshire) 946.8 **Cyclone Oratia
November 11 November 1877 Monach Lighthouse, Outer Hebrides 939.7 The England and Wales record is 953.3 hPa from Plymouth on 2 November 2023 during storm Ciarán, previously 959.7 hPa from 1916.[83][84]
December 8 December 1886 Belfast, Antrim 927.2 On the morning of 8 December 1886, the barometer may have fallen as low as 924 hPa over Northern Ireland, although the lowest authenticated value was 927.2 hPa at Belfast at 1330h, close to the centre of the depression.[85]

Cyclone Oratia is estimated to have reached a low of 941 hPa in peer-reviewed literature, though the lowest pressure occurred between Aberdeen and Norway over the North Sea and is not a land-based observation. The lowest land-based reported UK pressure during this storm, of 951.2 hPa, was recorded at RAF Fylingdales.[86]

On 7 September 1995, Scilly Isles, reported a low pressure of 966 hPa.[87] The lowest minimum recorded values for the months May to August lie within 0.5 of 968 hPa.

The 20th century low pressure record in the UK occurred on 20 December 1982 at Sule Skerry: it may have dropped as low as 936 hPa.[88]

United Kingdom list of atmospheric pressure below 950 hPa (incomplete)

[edit]
  • 1821 December 25, London 27.93 inches of mercury (946 hPa).[89]
  • 1839 January 7, Night of the big wind, pressure below 28 inches of mercury (950 hPa) at Inchkeith, Peterhead and Aberdeen.[89]
  • 1865 November 22,
  • 1865 December 31, Butt of Lewis Lighthouse 27.69 inches of mercury (938 hPa), with a report of 27.63 inches of mercury (936 hPa) from Hoy that is not supported by observation from Cantick head lighthouse on South Walls.[89]
  • 1884 January 26, Ochtertyre, record lowest pressure value for the UK.
  • 1886 December 8,
  • 1982 December 20, Stornoway 937.6 hPa.[88]
  • 1989 February 25, Portland, Dorset 948.8.[64]
  • 2013 December 24, Cyclone Dirk, Stornoway 936.8 hPa.[90]
  • 2020 February 9 Storm Ciara, Kirkwall Airport 945 hPa.[91]

Home nation records

[edit]

Based on Burt (2007) [3] and Met Office.[77]

Scotland
[edit]

Same as UK national records.

  • Highest: 31 January 1902, Aberdeen Observatory 1053.6 hPa.
  • Lowest: 26 January 1884, Ochtertyre Scotland 925.6 hPa.
Northern Ireland
[edit]
  • High: 29 March 2020, The Northern Irish north coast likely saw a value in the region of ~1051 hPa around Magilligan Point.[citation needed]
29 March 2020, Belfast Aldergrove 1049.8 hPa.[70]
  • Lowest: 8 December 1886, in Belfast 927.2 hPa. (A reading of 922.5 mbar (corrected to MSL) was reported from Omagh in Co. Tyrone (Harding 1887) the graduation and calibration of the barometer were not considered satisfactory enough “to quote the reading as trustworthy”, the storm minimum over the Northern Ireland was thought to be close to 924 mbar.)
Wales
[edit]
  • Highest: 19 January 2020, Mumbles Head, West Glamorgan 1050.5 hPa.
Previously: 28 January 1905, Pembroke, 1050.1 hPa.[78]
  • Lowest: 22 November 1865, Dolgellau, North Wales 944.8 hPa.
England
[edit]
  • Highest: 28 January 1905, Falmouth, Cornwall 31.097 inches of mercury (1,053.1 hPa).[92]
  • Lowest: 8 December 1886, Stonyhurst in Lancashire, where the barometer fell to 940.4 hPa.

Alt. 8 December 1886, Newton Reigny in Cumbria, 27.556 inches of mercury (933.2 hPa).[65]

Norway

[edit]

Yr.no the joint venture between the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation and the Norwegian Meteorological Institute give the national pressure records as:

(formerly listed as 27 January 1907, Bergen 936 hPa.)[95][96]

A value of 702.0 mm Hg at Bergen Lungegård Hospital on January 27, 1884 (935.8 hPa) is also reported,[97][98] which is likely to be from the same low as the UK record from Ochtertyre the previous day. Other sources give a pressure value of 939.8 hPa or 939.7 hPa in Bergen on 27 January 1884.[99][100][101]

Both records in same winter as each other and those of Denmark.

Average pressure 5 October 2016 from high "Peter"
Monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure Norway
Month Date Location pressure hPa ref Notes
February 28 February 2018 Tynset, Hedmark 1061.0 [102]
October 5 October 2016 Otta 1054.3 [103][104] *Previously 14 October 1896, Dalen, Telemark, 1044.0 hPa.[105]

Norway uses a different formula for correction of air pressure to sea level than Sweden. This affects the result for high altitude stations in cold weather.[102]

Denmark

[edit]

The Danish Meteorological Institute report record barometric pressure for Denmark (since 1874) as:

Danish records both occurred within a month during the same winter, and same winter as Norwegian records.[108]

Denmark monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure

[edit]
Monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure Denmark (Italic text based on 1961–1990 data only[109])
Month Date Location pressure hPa ref Notes
January 23 January 1907 Skagen and Copenhagen 1062.2
February 7 February 2012 Thyborøn 1050.3 [110] 2012 value exceeds 1961–1990 maximum.
March 19 March 2022 Tirstrup 1051.6 tbc. [111] 12 March 1880, Hammer Odde 1049.4 hPa.[112]
April 16 April 1962 Skagen 1040.6
May 3 May 1990 Christiansø Lighthouse 1041.6
June 7 June 1962 Skagen 1038.8
July 16 July 1972 Christiansø Lighthouse 1031.9
August 18 August 1966 Christiansø Lighthouse 1032.8
September 29 September 2015 Østerbro 1042.2 [113][114] *Previously 18 September 1904, Hammer Odde Lighthouse 1038.8 hPa. (or 29 September 1970, Bornholm Airport 1040.0 hPa)[109]
October 5 October 2016 Skagen 1045.5 [115][116] *Previously 6 October 1877, Hammer Odde Lighthouse 1044.7 hPa.
November 18 November 1985 Skagen 1052.4
December 24 December 1962 Fornæs Lighthouse and Værløse Air Base 1051.6

Denmark list of barometric pressure over 1050 hPa

[edit]
Above 1050 hPa[110]
Date Location pressure hPa Notes
19 March 2022
7 February 2012 Thyborøn 1050.3 8 February 2012 North Jutland >1050 hPa.[117]
18 November 1985[118] Thyborøn 1050.3 or 1052.5 Skagen.[109]
1962 Denmark 1052
23 January 1907 Skagen 1062.2
31 January—1 February 1902 Skagen and Fanø 1050 [119] 1056.1 [120]

Denmark monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure

[edit]
Monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure Denmark (Italic text based on 1961–1990 data only[109])
Month Date Location pressure hPa ref Notes
January 14 January 1984 Skagen 950.2
February 20 February 1907 Skagen 943.9
March 25 March 1986 Skrydstrup Airport 961.4 18 March 2007 Skagen 958.6 hPa.[121]
April 21 April 1967 Skagen 975.7 April 1876, 966.0 [122][123]
May 28 May 1972 Thyborøn 985.1 6 May 1997 Skagen 981.3 hPa.[124]
June 6 June 1977 Skagen 985.1
July 30 July 1965 Skagen 982.5
August 6 August 1985 Thyborøn 980.1
September 22 September 1990 Thyborøn 970.1
October 18 October 1967 Tirstrup 966.7 During the passage of the October storm (Lena)
November 6 November 1985 Aalborg Airport 953.0
December 10 December 1965 Thyborøn 955.2 Cyclone Anatol 3 December 1999 saw a pressure over Denmark of ~951 hPa.[125]

Sweden

[edit]

The Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute give the nation's barometric records as:

Sweden monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure

[edit]
Monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure Sweden[127]
Month Date Location pressure hPa ref Notes
January 23 January 1907 Kalmar and Visby 1063.7 [128]
February 1 February 2012 Haparanda 1058.0 [129][130]
March 1 March 1971 Svartbyn-Överkalix 1055.7 [131]
April 15 April 1860 Uppsala 1047.1 [132]
May 7 May 1893 Umeå 1048.0 [133][134]
June 3 June 1979 Sveg 1044.8 [135]
July 28 July 1963 Sveg and Särna 1035.6 [136]
August 25 August 1968 Riksgränsen 1038.8 [137]
September 28 September 2017 Åsele and Lycksele 1044.1 [138] *Previously 29 September 2015, Hagshult (Småland) 1042.9 hPa.[139]
The previous record was from 16 September 1903, Sveg 1042.0 hPa.[140]
October 4 October 2016 Sveg 1050.7 [141][142] *Previously 14 October 1896, Stockholm 1048.6 hPa.[143]
November 18 November 1985 Malung and Rännberg-Östmark, Värmland. 1056.0 [144]
December 15 December 1946 Sveg 1059.2 [145]

Sweden monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure

[edit]
Monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure Sweden[127]
Month Date Location pressure hPa ref
January 30 January 2000 Krångede, Jämtland 946.2 [146]
February 27 February 1990 Understen, Uppland 940.5 [147]
March 8 March 1920 Abisko, Lapland 948.3 [148]
April 6 April 1943 Gäddede, Jämtland 960.3 [149]
May 12 May 1898 Karlstad 971.3 [150]
June 29 June 1938 Storlien 976.2 [151]
July 9 July 1931 Ulricehamn 977.1 [152][153]
August 6 August 1941 Måseskär 975.7 [154]
September 29 September 1956 Klutmark, Västerbotten 960.9 [155]
October 19 October 1970 Edsbyn 954.1 [156]
November 1 November 1921 Holmögadd, . 948.3 [157]
December 6 December 1895 Härnösand 938.4 [158]

Finland

[edit]
Low Vivian approaching Finland 27 February 1990

According to the Finnish Meteorological Institute:

  • Highest air pressure: 22 January 1907, Helsinki 1066 hPa.[159]
  • Lowest air pressure: 27 February 1990 Kuuskajaskari, Rauma 940 hPa.[159][160]

Though a reported low value by Weather Underground weather historian Christopher Burt on 1 March 1990 at an unknown location is reported at 939.7 hPa.[160] Helsingin Sanomat report a value at Turku Airport on 28 February 1990 of 939.8 hPa, with the previous record reported as being from 16 December 1982 on Moikpää, in the Kvarken at 942.1 hPa.[161]

Baltics

[edit]
Deutsche Seewarte atmospheric pressure map 23 January 1907

Maximum pressure in Europe 22–23 January 1907 recorded in Pärnu, Estonia and Riga, Latvia at 1067.1 mbar.[3] The Free University of Berlin state the European air pressure record is 23 January 1907 in Riga at 1068.7 hPa.[4]

Estonia

[edit]

As reported by the Estonian Weather Service

  • Highest air pressure: 23 January 1907, Tallinn 1060.3 hPa.‡[162]
Alt: 21 November 1993, Narva 1057.2 hPa.[163]
16 December 1982 Väike-Maarja 936.0 hPa[162] is a station level value.[163]

‡The Estonian Weather Service report on their website the record maximum observed air pressure in the country as 1060.3 hPa recorded 23 January 1907 in Tallinn.[162] This figure is not supported by NOAA reanalysis charts[164] and the values reported from neighbouring Finland and Latvia probably make this figure an underestimation or error. A possible maximum pressure value for the whole of Europe is thought to have occurred during the 22–23 January 1907 high pressure event with a record set in Pärnu, Estonia and Riga, Latvia at 1067.1 mbar.[3] Though this value is exceeded by the value on 23 January 1907 in Riga reported at 1068.7 hPa by the Free University of Berlin's student generated reports,[4] at which time the pressure is estimated to have reached around 1070 hPa by Yr.no in the Gulf of Riga.[165]

Monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure Estonia 2004–Present, based on hourly station observations.
Month Date Location pressure hPa ref Notes
January 22 January 2006 Kuusiku 1058.1 [166] January 1907
February 1 February 2012 Narva-Jõesuu 1053.4 [167]
March 16 March 2015 Jõhvi 1052.7 [168]
April 2 April 2004 Kihnu 1037.9 [169]
May 6 May 2006 Kunda 1039.0 [170]
June 1 June 2009 Lääne-Nigula 1037.5 [171]
July 2 July 2006 Võru 1033.6 [172]
August 21 August 2015 Lääne-Nigula 1032.3 [173]
September 28 September 2018 Jõhvi 1043.9 [174]
October 31 October 2015 Võru 1041.6 [175]
November 16 November 2018 Valga 1043.2 [176] 21 November 1993 Narva 1057.2.
December 30 December 2015 Valga 1048.0 [177]
Monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure Estonia 2004–Present, based on hourly station observations.
Month Date Location pressure hPa ref Notes
January 11 January 2005 Ristna 962.6 [166]
February 17 February 2022 Vilsandi 959.6 [167]
March 26 March 2008 Narva-Jõesuu 966.6 [168]
April 5 April 2022 Pakri 965.8 [169]
May 2 May 2019 Kunda 977.1 [170]
June 27 June 2007 Ristna 981.7 [171]
July 9 July 2009 Ristna 986.6 [172]
August 10 August 2005 Kihnu 985.0 [173]
September 14 September 2017 Vilsandi 981.4 [174]
October 21 October 2021 Vilsandi 966.7 [175]
November 23 November 2008 Tiirikoja 951.3 [176]
December 6 December 2013 Vilsandi 966.1 [177] 16 December 1982, Naissaar 947.6 hPa

Latvia

[edit]
  • Highest air pressure: 22–23 January 1907 Liepāja 1065.9 hPa

In the period 1960 to 2014, 16 December 1997 Daugavpils a value of 1055.8 hPa recorded.[178]

  • Low air pressure: 13 February 1962 Vidzeme Upland 932.9 hPa (probably a station level reading).

Lithuania

[edit]
  • Highest air pressure: December 1889 Vilnius 1058.5 hPa
  • Lowest air pressure: January 1931 Ukmergė and Dotnuva 951.6 hPa.

23 January 1907 1065.1 hPa.[12] Deutsche Seewarte gives morning readings on 23 January 1907 in Klaipėda (Memel) of 799.0 millimetres of mercury (1,065.2 hPa) and in Vilnius (Wilna) of 798.9 millimetres of mercury (1,065.1 hPa).[179] There is a mention in the Hungarian meteorological journal Időjarás of reaching 800.0 millimetres of mercury (1,066.6 hPa) in Vilnius (Wilna) during the exceptional January 1907 anticyclone, but in the other place the Vilnius value of 799.4 millimetres of mercury (1,065.8 hPa) is reported.[180] According to an article in the German-Austrian expert journal Meteorologische Zeitschrift, on 23 January 1907 at 7 hrs Vilnius (Wilna) reached 799.2 millimetres of mercury (1,065.5 hPa).[181]

Kaliningrad/Königsberg

[edit]
  • Highest air pressure: 23 January 1907 1064.7 hPa[12]

Western Europe

[edit]

Channel Islands

[edit]

Jersey

[edit]

1862–present

  • Highest air pressure: 29 January 1905, Jersey 1051.7 hPa.[3]
  • Lowest air pressure: 25 February 1989, Jersey 953.8 hPa.[64]

Guernsey

[edit]

Guernsey Airport 1960–present.[3]

  • Highest air pressure: 20 January 2020, 1049.1 hPa.[182]
Formerly 3 March 1990, 1047.7 hPa.
  • Lowest air pressure: 25 February 1989, 952.5 hPa.

Alderney

[edit]
  • Highest air pressure 20 January 2020, 1049.8 hPa.[182]

France

[edit]
Met Office Daily Weather Report pressure map 29 January 1905

Météo-France figures from 1951–present.[183]

Previously: 3 March 1990, Pointe de Chémoulin, Saint-Nazaire Loire-Atlantique 1048.9 hPa.[186]

though other listed figures predate Météo-France's records.[citation needed]

On 28 January 1905 values of 31.04 inches of mercury (1,051 hPa) in Biarritz, and 31.01 inches of mercury (1,050 hPa) in Brest are listed in the Met Office Daily Weather Report.[188] On the 29 January 1905, the atmospheric pressure reached a value of 1049.3 hPa in Paris.[189][190]

Monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure France
Month Date Location pressure hPa ref Notes
January 20 January 2020 Abbeville 1049.7
February *Possible 20th Century: February 15, 1934 Cap De La Hague 1,048.2 hPa.[191]
March 3 March 1990 Pointe de Chémoulin, Saint-Nazaire Loire-Atlantique 1048.9 hPa
May 13 May 2019 Dunkirk 1040.7 [192][193]
September 25 September 2018 Valenciennes 1040.0 [194] *Previously 19 September 1986 Dunkirk 1038.4 [195]
Monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure France
Month Date Location pressure hPa ref Notes
May 5 May 2004 Cap de la Hague 980.1 [196]
October 16 October 1987 Ushant 948 hPa.[197]

Belgium

[edit]

The Belgian Royal Meteorological Institute gives the national record values as:

  • Highest air pressure: 20 January 2020, Uccle 1048.3 hPa.[198]
Previously: 27 January 1932, Uccle 1048 hPa.[199]
Monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure Belgium (since 20 century)
Month Date Location pressure hPa ref Notes
January 20 January 2020 Uccle 1048.3
May 16 May 1943 Uccle 1039.5 [200]
June 6 June 1962 Uccle 1034.9 [201]
September 27 September 1906 Uccle 1037.9 [201]
October 23 October 1958 Uccle 1039.5 [201]
Monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure Belgium (since 20 century)
Month Date Location pressure hPa ref Notes
February 25 February 1989 Uccle 956.8 [201] *Alt On 25 February 1989 a value reported at Blankenberge of 954 hPa.[199][201]
August 24 August 1956 Uccle 980 [201]
September 11 September 1903 Uccle 976.8 [201]
October 10 October 1964 Uccle 971.0 [201]
November 29 November 1965 Uccle 967 [201]

Luxembourg

[edit]
Synoptic chart 28 December 2016 showing high pressure area Yörn over southern England and near continent.
Previously:27–28 December 2016, MeteoLux recorded the highest atmospheric pressures observed at the Luxembourg Findel Airport weather station since measurement began in 1947, a value of 1047.2 hPa was recorded twice (under the high pressure Yörn. The previous record to this was from February 15–16, 1959 at 1046.6 hPa.[203]
  • Lowest pressure: February 1989 Luxembourg Findel Airport, 959.8.[204]
Monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure Luxembourg (since 1947).
Month Date Location pressure hPa ref Notes
January 20 January 2020 Luxembourg Findel Airport 1048.0 [202] Previously 1989 1045.5 hPa.[205]
February February 1959 Luxembourg Findel Airport 1046.6 [204]
March March 1990 Luxembourg Findel Airport 1045.8 [206]
April April 1947 Luxembourg Findel Airport 1039.9 [207]
May 13 May 2019 Luxembourg Findel Airport 1037.5 [208]
June June 2005 Luxembourg Findel Airport 1036.3 [209]
July July 1969 Luxembourg Findel Airport 1031.2 [210]
August August 1949 Luxembourg Findel Airport 1033.5 [211]
September 25 September 2018 Luxembourg Findel Airport 1039.3 [212]
October October 1983 Luxembourg Findel Airport 1040.0 [213]
November November 2001 Luxembourg Findel Airport 1042.1 [214]
December 27–28 December 2016 Luxembourg Findel Airport 1047.2 Previously 1991 1044.0 hPa.[215]
Monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure Luxembourg (since 1947).
Month Date Location pressure hPa ref Notes
January January 2009 Luxembourg Findel Airport 967.6 [216]
February February 1989 Luxembourg Findel Airport 959.8 [204]
March March 1994 Luxembourg Findel Airport 968.6 [206]
April April 1962 Luxembourg Findel Airport 984.2 [207]
May May 2009 Luxembourg Findel Airport 983.2 [217]
June June 2009 Luxembourg Findel Airport 988.8 [209]
July July 1987 Luxembourg Findel Airport 993.7 [210]
August August 2008 Luxembourg Findel Airport 979.7 [211]
September September 1974 Luxembourg Findel Airport 988.5 [218]
October October 1990 Luxembourg Findel Airport 979.8 [213]
November November 1965 Luxembourg Findel Airport 974.6 [214]
December December 1976 Luxembourg Findel Airport 966.5 [219]

Netherlands

[edit]

The Dutch Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute lists the following as national records:

  • weergegevens.nl give a value on 23 January 1907 at Eelde of 1053.0 hPa.[222]

Netherlands monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure

[edit]
Monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure Netherlands based on KNMI hourly observations.
Month Date Location pressure hPa ref Notes
January 23 January 1907 Eelde 1053.0 [223] *Alt: 26 January 1932, De Bilt 1050.4 hPa.[224]
February 16 February 2008 Eelde 1048.1 [225] *Alt: 1046.7 hPa.[226]
March 6 March 1852 Utrecht 1046.9 [227]
April 10 April 1938 Vlissingen 1041.6 [228]
May 13 May 2019 Vlieland 1041.9 [229] *Previously 16 May 1943 Eelde, De Bilt and De Kooy 1040.2 hPa
June 6–7 June 1962 De Kooy 1038.3 [230] Alt. 7 June 1962 unknown location 1036.9.[227]
July 8 July 2013 and 10 July 1911 Hoorn and De Kooy 1034.6 [231]
August 13 August 1949 Maastricht 1034.1 [232]
September 25 September 2018 Maastricht 1040.2 [233] Previously:29 September 2015 Hoorn 1039.8 hPa.
October 22 October 1983 Rotterdam and Soesterberg 1041.7 [234]
November 20 November 1915 Eelde 1044.7 [235]
December 23 December 1962 Eelde 1050.2 [236]

Netherlands monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure

[edit]
Monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure Netherlands
Month Date Location pressure hPa ref Notes
January 23 January 2009 Hook of Holland 961.0 [237]
February 25 February 1989 Vlissingen 954.4 [237]
March 24 March 1986 Leeuwarden 963.5 [222]
April 1 April 1994 De Kooy 972.6 [222]
May 5 May 2000 De Bilt 983.5 [238] *Alt: 5 May 2004, Vlieland 982.3 hPa.[222]
June 27 June 1958 Vlissingen 988.0 [222]
July 10 July 2000 De Bilt 987.5 [239] *Alt: 10 July 2000, Hoorn (Terschelling) 984.0 hPa.[222]
August 27 August 1912 De Bilt 973.0 [222]
September 24 September 1927 De Kooy 974.8 [222]
October 27 October 1959 De Kooy 968.8 [222]
November 27 November 1983 Eelde, Drenthe 954.2
December 10 December 1965 Leeuwarden 961.5 [222]

Germany

[edit]

The German weather service (DWD) give the

Other record figures and locations are also presented:

  • 23 January 1907 Dahlem (Berlin) 1057.8 hPa.[242][243] It is claimed this is an incorrect correction to mslp and correct value is 1056.7 hPa.[244] (neither figure is higher than the DWD value)

Germany monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure

[edit]
Monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure Germany based on DWD CDC hourly station observations of air pressure at mean sea level, 1949–Present.[245] (tentative)
Month Date Location pressure hPa Altitude (m) ref Notes
January 23 January 1907 Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1060.8 National record.
February 15 February 1959 Mühldorf, Bavaria 1050 405.6
March 19 March 2022 Kiel lighthouse 1049.5 [246] Previously 4 March 1990 Garmisch Partenkirchen, Bavaria 1048.5.
April 21 April 2002 Greifswalder Oie, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1039.3 12 Based on Berlin record, Berlin only value 1040.1 hPa 4 April 1909.[247]
May 13 May 2019 Norderney, Lower Saxony 1041.1 11.47 Based on NL record.
June 7 June 1962 List on Sylt, Schleswig-Holstein 1037.8 24.7 Based on NL & DK.
July 16 July 2006 Waren (Müritz), Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1034.3 72.6 Based on Berlin.
August 4 August 1981 Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Rhineland-Palatinate 1038.3 163 Based on Berlin
September 25 September 2018 Zwiesel, Bavaria 1042.8 614.7 Based on NL and Lux.
October 18 October 1993 Parow Airport, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1042.8 4 Based on Berlin.
November 18 November 1985 Arkona, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1046.5 42 Based on DK, offshore same value at Kiel Leuchtturm. CRU Emulate data 11 November 1859 in Jena have a value of 1046.01 hPa.[248][note 1]
December 23 December 1963 Berlin Tempelhof Airport 1049.6 48

Central Europe

[edit]

Austria

[edit]
  • A high pressure on 16 January 1882 Vienna 1050.5 hPa, the highest there since 1775.[3]

The highest value is likely to have occurred during the 1907 high pressure event.[249] Deutsche Seewarte gives an evening reading on 23 January 1907 in Vienna of 790.7 millimetres of mercury (1,054.2 hPa).[179]

  • A low pressure could possibly be 2 or 3 Dec 1976 (Based on HU and CZ records) <970 hPa.

Czech Republic

[edit]

Hungary

[edit]

The Hungarian Meteorological Service (OMSZ) gives the following values:

According to an expert article in the Hungarian journal Pótfüzetek a Természettudományi Közlönyhöz, the highest reading in Budapest on 24 January 1907 was 793.1 millimetres of mercury (1,057.4 hPa) at 8 hrs.[253] A Hungarian meteorological journal Időjarás reports 793.0 millimetres of mercury (1,057.2 hPa) in Budapest on the same day.[180]

Italy

[edit]

Liechtenstein

[edit]

A private weather station in Balzers, southwest Liechtenstein reported on 28 December 2016 a value of 1046.4 hPa under the high named Yörn, described as a record by the Liechtensteiner Vaterland.[258]

Poland

[edit]
  • The Polish Institute of Meteorology and Water Management list a record high pressure (post-war) on 16 December 1997 with 1054.4 hPa recorded in Suwalki.[259]

It is likely 23 January 1907 saw a pressure of 1064.8 ± 0.5 mbar over Polish territory.[12] Deutsche Seewarte gives morning readings on 23 January 1907 in Nowy Port (Neufahrwasser) of 798.2 millimetres of mercury (1,064.2 hPa), in Darłowo (Rügenwalde) and Warsaw (Warschau) of 796.5 millimetres of mercury (1,061.9 hPa), in Świnoujście (Swinemünde) of 795.0 millimetres of mercury (1,059.9 hPa) and in Kraków (Krakau) of 794.2 millimetres of mercury (1,058.8 hPa).[179] According to an article in the German-Austrian expert journal Meteorologische Zeitschrift, on 23 January 1907 Suwalki reached 797.5 millimetres of mercury (1,063.2 hPa) and Warsaw (Warschau) 796.3 millimetres of mercury (1,061.6 hPa) at 7 hrs, while Nowy Port (Neufahrwasser) 797.9 millimetres of mercury (1,063.8 hPa) at 13 hrs.[181] In another article in the same journal, Rudzki reports the highest value in Kraków of 794.4 millimetres of mercury (1,059.1 hPa) on 23 January 1907 at 10 a.m.[181]

Other high pressures are reported as 1051.1 hPa January 22, 2006, 1050 hPa January 3, 1993 and 1048 hPa 10 December 1991.

  • The lowest post WWII value of 965.2 hPa is reported from February 26, 1989 in Szczecin and Łódź.[260]

Reanalysis data show a low record likely occurred on 17 January 1931 when a below 960 hPa low moved over the Baltic skirting the very north of today's Polish territory.[261]

Slovakia

[edit]

The Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute report:

  • Low air pressure (1961-2010): 3 December 1976 Boľkovce 970.2 hPa[264] (the lowest published value; though is not thought to be a correct absolute minimum)[262]

Slovenia

[edit]

The Slovenian Environment Agency (ARSO) tweeted that pressure on 20 January 2020 reached 1048 hPa, slightly below the values seen on January 24, 1907 and 24 December 1963.[265]

Switzerland

[edit]
Pressure over Europe 16 January 1882 (782.3 mmHg ~1043 hPa)
27 December 2016 during the high pressure Yörn Bischofszell reported a QFF value of 1048.3 hPa.[268][269] With the weather station at Zürichberg reporting its highest ever value since the station was established in 1949.[270]

Other high pressures in Switzerland are given as 3–4 March 1990 at Zurich Airport of >1047 hPa[271] and 29 January 1989 at Schaffhausen of 1047.2 hPa, which was the highest pressure in the country since the 1950s, when values on 15 February 1959 at Kloten reached 1047.1 hPa.[272][273] A high value of 1050.2 hPa at Bern on 17 January 1882 is proposed as having occurred (on an internet forum).[274][better source needed] Though values in MeteoSwiss annals are unreduced to MSLP.[275]

Southeast Europe

[edit]

Croatia

[edit]
On 21 January 2020 the Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service (DHMZ) tweeted a high pressure value at Kutjevo in eastern Croatia at 1050 hPa.[277]

Serbia

[edit]

Deutsche Seewarte gives a morning reading on 24 January 1907 in Belgrade of 791.2 millimetres of mercury (1,054.8 hPa).[179]

Romania

[edit]
  • A high air pressure on 24 January 1907 is reported at >1060 over Romania.[5]

Articles in expert journals Időjarás and Pótfüzetek a Természettudományi Közlönyhöz report 797.0 millimetres of mercury (1,062.6 hPa) on 24 January 1907 in Sibiu (Nagyszeben).[180][253] Deutsche Seewarte gives a morning Sibiu (Hermannstadt) reading on 24 January 1907 of 796.8 millimetres of mercury (1,062.3 hPa).[179]

Greece

[edit]
  • A high pressure: 24 January 1907 Athens 8 am daily reading 787.7 millimetres of mercury (1,050.2 hPa).[278]
  • A low pressure: 21–22 January 2004 Icaria 972 hPa.[279][280]

Eastern Europe

[edit]

Ukraine

[edit]

A reading of 798 millimetres of mercury (1,064 hPa) in Ternopil (Ternopol) on 24 January 1907 is reported by an expert article in the Hungarian journal Pótfüzetek a Természettudományi Közlönyhöz.[253] According to an article in the German-Austrian expert journal Meteorologische Zeitschrift, Lviv (Lemberg) reached 797.6 millimetres of mercury (1,063.4 hPa) on 23 January 1907 at 21 hrs.[181] Deutsche Seewarte gives morning readings on 23 January 1907 in Lviv (Lemberg) of 796.3 millimetres of mercury (1,061.6 hPa).[179]

Belarus

[edit]

Deutsche Seewarte gives a morning reading on 24 January 1907 in Pinsk of 795.2 mmHg (1060.2 hPa).[179]

Iberia

[edit]
Synoptic chart of high pressure Iberia 2015

Spain

[edit]
On 29 January 1905 Instituto Central Meteorológico report in Santander an evening reading of 788.5 millimetres of mercury (1,051.2 hPa).[284]

Balearic islands

[edit]
  • Highest air pressure: 9 January 2015, Ibiza Airport 1041.1 hPa.[286] The 9 January 2015 air pressure was 0.3 hPa more than the previous record from January 1983.[286]

Portugal

[edit]
  • Highest air pressure: 9 January 2015 Chaves and Bragança, Portugal 1050.3 hPa.[287][288] The first time values over 1050 hPa had been recorded in continental Portugal.[289]
  • A low air pressure: 15 February 1941 in Évora at 931 hPa is reported by one source, which also reports a minimum value of 937 hPa in Coimbra and 950 hPa in Lisbon during the passage of this low pressure.[290] The Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera give a value of 938.5 hPa at station level for Coimbra (not MSLP).[291] Other sources only give minimum values of around 950 hPa in Lisbon as the minimum during the passage of this low.[292][293] Garnier et al. (2018) state a pressure of 948.29 hPa recorded by the meteorological services on 15 February 1941, which is described as the lowest pressure recorded in the Algarve area since 1854.[294]

Notable non-tropical pressures over the North Atlantic

[edit]
Deep low SW of Iceland 14 December 1986, which, according to the German Weather Service, possibly reached a nadir of 912–913 hPa over the North Atlantic
See also: Explosive cyclogenesis and List of European windstorms

Notable atmospheric pressure reports from offshore and in the North Atlantic are:

  • High pressure, 28 January 2003 saw high of 1057 centred at 51° N, 27° W (approx. 1000km north of Azores).[3]

A lower value is reported from 27 to 28 February 1988 at 1053 hPa centred at approximately 53.5° N, 25.6° W.[3]

  • Low pressure, Two or three (possibly four) non-tropical areas of low pressure with central low pressure over the North Atlantic below 920 hPa have been reported, with a further unverified instance during the Night of the Big Wind (see above), these represent globally the lowest non-tropical large-scale synoptic values.
  • 13 January 1993 Braer Storm dropped 78 hPa in 24 hours,[64][295] to a central pressure out in the Atlantic at 62° N, 15° W of 914.0 hPa, and was likely the deepest cyclone on record for the North Atlantic, and very probably for any temperate latitude.[296]
  • 14–15 December 1986, The British Meteorological Office assessed the centre of a depression at about 916 hPa, the West German Meteorological Service enclosed the depression with a 915 hPa isobar, indicating a pressure possibly as low as 912–913 hPa.[297]

For comparison, the lowest Atlantic basin tropical cyclone low pressure is Hurricane Wilma in 2005, which holds the record at 882 hPa.[298](see list of most intense tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic).

Similarly low extra-tropical values elsewhere have only been documented near Antarctica, with 919 hPa observed at Casey Station on the Windmill Islands (just outside the Antarctic Circle) on August 8–9, 1976 at Vincennes Bay (66°17’S 110°31’E).[299] Though this value is considerably lower than any other on record and could conceivably be a fault with the recording instrument, though values are internally consistent with readings below 940 mb at this time.[160] A study published in Geophysical Research Letters in July 2023 on an extratropical cyclone in the Southern Ocean in October 2022 estimated that the cyclone reached a pressure of 899.91 hPa (26.574 inHg) while also estimate four other cyclones in the same region with pressures below or equal to 914 hPa (27.0 inHg).[300]

The two lowest extra-tropical pressures reported from the Pacific basin are the 8 November 2014 Bering Sea cyclone at 924 hPa (warnings for the low to reach 920 hPa were released by the Japan Meteorological Agency[301]),[302] and the 13 December 2015 North Pacific low at 924 hPa.[303] 31 December 2020 NWS OPC analysis of a low 52N 173E down to 921 hPa.[304][305]

North Atlantic low pressures below 940 hPa

[edit]

During a typical winter, one or perhaps two low pressure areas in the North Atlantic will deepen below 950 hPa, with pressures only deepening below 940 hPa on average once or twice per decade.[306] Before the satellite and weather model era, records (mostly from shipping) reported barometric pressures over the extratropical North Atlantic as going as low as 925 hPa, with values below 940 hPa being very rare occurrences.[307] The frequency of very deep depressions (central pressure below about 940 hPa) in the North Atlantic is thought to have increased significantly since the winter of 1982/83 to 1993.[296]

Table of North Atlantic low pressures below 940 hPa (incomplete)

[edit]
Date Location Notes Pressure hPa Ref.
1822, 8 February Reykjavik, Iceland Onshore reading 926.5 [14]
1824, 4 February Reykjavik, Iceland Onshore reading 924 [297]
1838, 28 November Limerick, Ireland Onshore reading 931.2 [297]
1839, 6 January Northwest of Scotland During the Night of the Big Wind low pressure may have reached a low of 914 hPa, though a value of 918 hPa is generally accepted. Though analysis of the land-based observed pressures indicate higher minima, around 931 hPa, and subsequently the depression's nadir at sea could be higher than proposed.[308] 918 [309]
1852, 21 January Reykjavik 937.7 [310]
1865, 31 December Butt of Lewis Lighthouse, Scotland A report of 27.63 inches of mercury (936 hPa) from Hoy, Orkney, which is not supported by observation from Cantick Head Lighthouse on South Walls. 937.7 [89]
1870, 5 February 49° N, 26° W The ship Neier (49° N, 26° W) reported and observation of 921.1 hPa, supported by an observation on the HMS Tarifa (51° N, 26° W) of 925.5 hPa. 921.1 [297]
1877, 11 November Monach Lighthouse, Outer Hebrides Onshore observation 939.7 [67]
1884, 26 January Ochtertyre, Perthshire Lowest land based observation in the UK. 26 January record observed low pressure Ireland for that month at Markree Castle, Sligo 936.6 hPa.[52][59] On 27 January 1884 Bergen in Norway reported an onshore observation of 939.7 hPa.[311] 925.6 [297]
1886, 8 December Belfast Land observation, the low probably reached values of around 924 hPa over Northern Ireland, lowest value reported on the island of Ireland. 927.2 [297]
1888, 23 December Reykjavik, Iceland 929 [312]
1895, 6 December Härnösand, Sweden 939.5 hPa was reported at Lungö Lighthouse (62° N, 18° E) on 6 December 1895.[313] 938.4 [126]
1907, 27 January Bergen Onshore observation 936 [93]
1907, 20 February East of the Shetland Islands Low brought record observed low pressure to Denmark and Norway.[93] (nadir ~934) 934 [314]
1914, 27 December Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland 929.0 [34]
1924, 26 December Grindavík, Reykjanes Iceland. 933.7 [315]
1925, 7–8 February Iceland Halaveðrið 935 [316]
1929, 2 December Stórhöfði peninsula, Heimaey Onshore observation (could be same system as 4 December 1929)[317] The reading could have been as low as 919.7 hPa.[34] 920 [14]
1929, 4 December Unknown Reported by the ship SS Westpool in an unknown location in the North Atlantic (could be same system as 2 December 1929).[317] 925.5 [297]
1933, 3 January Reykjavik, Iceland Onshore reading of a low thought to be filling. 931.4 hPa recorded at Akureyri, the lowest pressure measured there.[34] 927.2 [297]
1945, 19 December Between Iceland and Ireland Lowest onshore measurement reported from Valentia, Ireland at 948.6 hPa, estimated central minimum of 927 hPa. 927 [297]
1948, 2 February SW of Iceland 933 [318]
1949, 25 January Dalatangi lighthouse, Mjóifjörður, east Iceland Onshore report of 941 hPa with a central pressure offshore thought to be 940 hPa. 940 [319]
1952, 27 October 53° N, 18.5° W A vigorous development deepened around to a proposed low of 922 hPa, though the contemporary reports suggest 935–936 hPa as a more probable value. 935.5 [297]
1962, 16 January 56° N, 19° W Ocean Weather ship 'Lima' 931.1 [297]
1962, 13 February Vidzeme Upland, Latvia 932.9
1963, 19 October Iceland Onshore reading 938.4 hPa at Stórhöfði, Ex-Hurricane Flora. 935 [44]
1972, 7 January Near Ocean Weather ship Charlie 935 [320]
1974, 10–11 January 56° N, 22.5° W North west of Ireland, Met Éireann estimated the low deepened to a low of 936 hPa at 57° N, 21° W.[321] 934 [297]
1982, 8 February SW Iceland ~932. 934 hPa in Daily Weather Report.[322] 932 [320]
1982, 16 December Sundsvall 16 December an extreme low airpressure was identified in Sweden, centred on Sundsvall where recording instruments showed 939 hPa, nearly equalling the Swedish national record.[323] 940.1 according to SMHI.[313]Väike-Maarja, Estonia reported a station level value of 936.0 hPa.[162] 939
1982, 19–20 December 58.5° N, 15° W The 20th Century low pressure record onshore in the UK occurred on 20 December 1982 at Sule Skerry dropping as low as 936 hPa. 937.6 hPa was recorded at Stornoway on 20 December 1982 as the lowest barometric pressure observed anywhere in the British Isles since 1886. 931 [88]
1983, 5 January South of Iceland, 929.9 hPa reported from Stórhöfði, Vestmannaeyjar.[34] Could be the same low as mentioned in January 1983 by Brown (1995) at ~932 hPa.[320] 930 [297]
1983, 26 December South east of Greenland 936 [297]
1986, 14–15 December 61° N, 32° W The ship Uyir measured a pressure of 920.2 hPa south east of Greenland on December 15, 1986. The Met Office estimated a central pressure of 916 hPa. The West German weather Service estimated the low could have reached as low as 912–913 hPa. 916 [297][324][325]
1989, 4–5 January Offshore Nova Scotia "ERICA IOP4 storm" post-analysis suggested that the pressure fell to a possible low of to 928 hPa. This was the lowest pressure ever observed in an Atlantic extratropical cyclone south of 40 degrees latitude in the 20th century. 936 [326]
1989, 15 February Ocean weather station Mike, Norwegian sea 66° N, 2° E Pressure likely to have dropped to 935.5 hPa, as the recorder was not able to print the lowest pressure. 937.1 [311][327]
1989, 29 October CFS reanalysis chart, 921 hPa.[328] 926 [329]
1989, 24 December South west of Iceland Estimated at a little below 920 hPa. 929.5 hPa reported from Stórhöfði, Vestmannaeyjar.[34] 920 [64]
1990, 1 March Finland This value is not reported by the Finnish Meteorological Institute. 939.7 [317]
1992, 2 March Offshore of Newfoundland 926 [64]
1992, 23 November Offshore SE Iceland 938 [307][330]
1992, 29 November East of Cape Farewell, Greenland lee low 931.5 [331] 936 [307][330]
1993, 10 January 62° N, 15° W North Atlantic west of Faroe Islands Braer storm was the deepest cyclone on record for the North Atlantic, and very probably for any temperate latitude 912–915 hPa. Low claimed to have reached a nadir of 913, with 916 confirmed.[332] 914[333][334] 914 [296]
1999, 15–16 January South of Iceland Ship Dettifoss (P3BK4) reported 928 hPa. MeteoFrance publication 925 hPa.[197] 926 [335][336][337]
1999, 25 December Between Scotland and Norway A Central Forecasting Office, Bracknell analysis gave a lowest pressure of 938 hPa, based on reported pressures of 940 hPa over the North Sea. Buoy 63113 at 61°N 1.7°E reported a minimum pressure of 937.6 hpa at 1300 UTC 25 December.[338] 938 [339]
1999, 31 December 59° N, 35° W Formation of two sub 940 lows in 1999 book-ended the destructive Cyclone Lothar and Martin in Europe. 929 [338]
2003, 8 March Central Atlantic Named "Gordian" by the Free University of Berlin, analysed by them to have deepened below 940 hPa.[340] 924 [341]
2006, 10 December 62° N, 37° W Named "Xynthia" by the Free University of Berlin, who estimated central pressure below 930 hPa.[342] 928 [343]
2007, 12 December 928 [344]
2009, 23 January Between Iceland and Scotland Named "Hans" by the Free University of Berlin.[345] 938 [346]
2011, 10 February 56° N, 32° W Named "Paolini" by the Free University of Berlin.[347][348] 935 [349]
2013, 26 January Named "Jolle" by Free University of Berlin 932 [350][351][352]
2013, 24 December Cyclone Dirk, this was the lowest barometric pressure observed at any site in the British Isles, and the deepest depression to pass close to the British Isles, since 8 December 1886, 936.4 hPa at Stornoway was reported on minute observations at 12:29, with 936.8 hPa recorded at the 13:00 hourly observation.[306] At the southernmost tip of the Faroe Islands a low air pressure of 932.2 hPa was recorded on Christmas Eve at Akraberg lighthouse.[353] 927 [354][355]
2014, 5 January 51° N, 36° W Christina 934 [306]
2015, 5 December South of Iceland Desmond 939 [356][357]
2015, 29 December South east of Iceland Frank/Eckhardt.[358] 928 [359]
2016, 21 December SW of Jan Mayen (70° N, 13° W) Named Zarina by FUB. Low mimima likely over Arctic Ocean. ECMWF model estimated low down to 937 hPa.[360] 940 [361]
2017, 6 February 54° N, 30° W Named Niklas by FUB,[362] UKMO chart down to 929 hPa,[363] NWSOPC 932 hPa,[364][365] DMI 935 hPa.[366] 932 [367]
2017, 25 February Between Greenland and Iceland Named Udo by FUB,[368] 938 hPa UKMO analysis chart 06 UTC 25 Feb 2017.[369] 939 [367]
2018, 14 January Close to Jan Mayen Named Evi by FUB,[370] 935 hPa 1800 UTC 14 Jan 2018 UKMO Analysis chart,[371] 935
2018, 12 October West of Ireland Named Callum by UK and Irish Met Offices, Nevine by FUB,[372] 938 hPa 0000 UTC 12 Oct 2018.[373] Met Éireann forecasters commentary gave a value as low as 936 hPa.[374] 937 hPa.[44] Reported as the lowest early season pressure for an extratropical Atlantic storm since at least 1979 by Met Éireann.[375] 938
2019, 20 February 53° N, 33° W Named Julia by the Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera. NWS OPC analysis 934 hPa.[1]. UKMO 936 hPa.[376] 934 [377]
2020, 8 February 63° N, 37° W Named "Ruth" by the Free University of Berlin.[378] NWS "Greenland Bomb".[379] 930 [380]
2020, 14 February 59° N, 24° W Named "Uta" by the Free University of Berlin. 929 NWS[381] NWS "Iceland Bomb".[379] 933
2020, 15 February 63° N, 20° W Named "Dennis" by UKMO, "Victoria" by Free University of Berlin.[382] Onshore 932.3 hPa reported from Surtsey, Iceland.[383] UKMO 922 hPa. ECMWF 919 hPa.[384] 920 [381]
2020, 16 December NE of Newfoundland "Eva" FUB 938 [385]
2022, 6 January SE of Greenland "Barbara" FUB, UKMO 931 hPa. NWS forecast 928 hPa.[386] 931 [387]
2022, 7 February Between Iceland and Greenland "Sarai" FUB,[388] UKMO 930 hPa. NWS 928.[389] 930
2022, 14 March South of Greenland UKMO 929. 927.[390] Onshore locations in Greenland reported lows of 935.7 (or as low as 934.1).[391] 929
2022, 24 September Nova Scotia Post-tropical Cyclone Fiona, thought to be the lowest pressure observed in Canada. 931
2022, 4 November Post tropical Cyclone Martin 934 [392]
2024, 21 November "Bert"[393] FUB, 936

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c CRU Emulate data are adjusted to represent the 24 hour station mean.[51]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Oliver, John E., ed. (2008). Encyclopedia of world climatology (Reprinted with corrections. ed.). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. p. 361. ISBN 978-1402032646.
  2. ^ Olsson, Markus (1996). "Extrema lufttryck i Europa och Skandinavien 1881–1995" [Extreme air pressure in Europe and Scandinavia 1881–1995]. Masters Thesis (in Swedish). Lund University. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Burt, Stephen (February 2007). "The Highest of the Highs … Extremes of atmospheric pressure in the British Isles, Part 2 – the most intense anticyclones". Weather. 62 (2): 31–41. Bibcode:2007Wthr...62...31B. doi:10.1002/wea.35.
  4. ^ a b c d Müller, Mandy (24 January 2008). "Lebensgeschichte: Hochdruckgebiet EVI" (in German). Free University of Berlin. Retrieved 18 July 2015.[permanent dead link‍]
  5. ^ a b Hovmøller, Ernest (1986). "En næsten utrolig rekord". Vejret (in Danish). 26: 5–10. ISSN 0106-5025. Retrieved 1 November 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  6. ^ "Reanalysis 1956 02 16". wetterzentrale. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  7. ^ a b c Treinzen, Matthias (29 March 2012). "Lebensgeschichte Hochdruckgebiet DIETER" (in German). Free University Berlin. Retrieved 29 July 2015.[permanent dead link‍]
  8. ^ Andrews, James F. (1956). "The Weather and Circulation of February 1956". Monthly Weather Review. 84 (2): 66–74. Bibcode:1956MWRv...84...66A. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1956)084<0066:TWACOF>2.0.CO;2.
  9. ^ "Daily Weather Report: 16 February 1956". Met Office. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  10. ^ "Daily decoded synop report". Ogimet.
  11. ^ "Höga lufttryck- svenskt februarirekord" (in Swedish). SMHI. 1 February 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  12. ^ a b c d e Djaków, Piotr (29 August 2013). "Maksymalne ciśnienie w Polsce 23 stycznia 1907 (Aktualizacja!)" (in Polish). meteomodel.pl/BLOG. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  13. ^ Burt, Stephen (June 2008). "Intense anticyclone over north-west Russia, early January 2008". Weather. 63 (6): 174–176. Bibcode:2008Wthr...63..174B. doi:10.1002/wea.220. S2CID 122350841.
  14. ^ a b c d Jónsson, Trausti (4 October 2007). "Lægsti loftþrýstingur á Íslandi" (in Icelandic). Veðurstofa Íslands. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  15. ^ a b c Shields, Lisa; Denis, Fitzgerald (1989). "The 'Night of the Big Wind' in Ireland, 6–7 January 1839" (PDF). Irish Geography. 22 (1): 31–43. doi:10.1080/00750778909478784. S2CID 129732231. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
  16. ^ a b c Jónsson, Trausti (4 October 2007). "Hæsti loftþrýstingur á Íslandi" (in Icelandic). Veðurstofa Íslands. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  17. ^ a b Jónsson, Trausti (25 March 2020). "Óvenjulegur háþrýstingur? - trj.blog.is". trj.blog.is. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  18. ^ Ólafsson, Haraldur; Furger, Markus; Brümmer, Burghard (28 February 2007). "The weather and climate of Iceland". Meteorologische Zeitschrift. 16 (1): 5–8. Bibcode:2007MetZe..16....5O. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2007/0185.
  19. ^ a b Jónsson, Trausti (24 February 2019). "Af árinu 1892". trj.blog.is. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  20. ^ Jónsson, Trausti. "Nýtt háþrýstimet júnímánaðar - trj.blog.is". trj.blog.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  21. ^ Jónsson, Trausti (13 June 2009). "A new sea level pressure record for June in Iceland". icelandweather.blog.is. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  22. ^ Jónsson, Trausti. "Atlaga að loftþrýstimeti ágústmánaðar - trj.blog.is". trj.blog.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 1 September 2021.
  23. ^ "Tíðarfar í ágúst 2021". Veðurstofa Íslands (in Icelandic).
  24. ^ a b Jónsson, Trausti (27 October 2018). "Nýja októberháþrýstimetið". trj.blog.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 28 October 2018.
  25. ^ "Oktober 2018 - Kraftiga regn i Medelhavsområdet". www.smhi.se (in Swedish). 8 November 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  26. ^ Jónsson, Trausti (22 October 2018). "Atlaga að meti?". trj.blog.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  27. ^ "Hæsti loftþrýstingur októbermánaðar". RÚV (in Icelandic). 27 October 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
  28. ^ Jónsson, Trausti (20 September 2020). "Af árinu 1846 - trj.blog.is". trj.blog.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  29. ^ Jónsson, Trausti (6 December 2018). "Af árinu 1890 - trj.blog.is". trj.blog.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  30. ^ Trausti, Jónsson (4 February 2019). "Af árinu 1891". trj.blog.is. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
  31. ^ Jónsson, Trausti (28 March 2020). "Unusually high sea level pressure - icelandweather.blog.is". icelandweather.blog.is. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  32. ^ "Tíðarfar í mars 2020". Veðurstofa Íslands (in Icelandic). Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  33. ^ "Emulate, Stykkisholmur". Emulate. CRU. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  34. ^ a b c d e f Jónsson, Trausti (31 December 2015). "An unusually low pressure recorded in Iceland". Iceland weather blog. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  35. ^ Jónsson, Trausti (3 February 2020). "Enn á hann að sækja að". trj.blog.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  36. ^ @hungurdiskar (March 12, 2022). "The Labrador/Greenland low pressure: Unusual for the area - and the month of year. Similar to the lowest ever March sea level pressure measured in Iceland (in Icelandic - but with numbers and maps)" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  37. ^ Jónsson, Trausti (13 April 2019). "Óvenjudjúp lægð - miðað við árstíma - trj.blog.is". trj.blog.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  38. ^ Jónsson, Trausti (13 May 2020). "Óvenjudjúp lægð við Svalbarða - trj.blog.is". trj.blog.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  39. ^ Jónsson, Trausti (12 June 2018). "Liggja í loftinu". trj.blog.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  40. ^ @WorldClimateSvc (20 August 2020). "Last night's #StormEllen in Ireland brought the first sub-970mb MSLP to the British Isles in summer since at least 1979 (@CopernicusECMWF ERA5 data). The ERA5 North Atlantic and Northern Hemisphere summer record north of 45°N is 958.0 mb near Iceland on June 11, 1983" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  41. ^ Jónsson, Trausti (16 July 2020). "Lágur loftþrýstingur - miðað við árstíma - trj.blog.is". trj.blog.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  42. ^ Jónsson, Trausti (26 August 2019). "Haustlægð?". trj.blog.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  43. ^ Trausti, Jónsson (12 November 2018). "Af árinu 1906". trj.blog.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 13 November 2018.
  44. ^ a b c Jónsson, Trausti (11 October 2018). "Ekki oft". trj.blog.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  45. ^ "A new low pressure record for July in Iceland". Vedur.is. 23 July 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  46. ^ "Storico Record Nazionale di Pressione Bassa in Islanda. 972.4hPa il 22 luglio 2012!" (in Italian). 31 July 2012. Archived from the original on 25 September 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  47. ^ Jónsson, Trausti (17 December 2018). "Af árinu 1901". trj.blog.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  48. ^ "Tíðarfar í desember 2015" (in Icelandic). Veðurstofa Íslands. 4 January 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  49. ^ a b "Vejrekstremer på Færøerne" (in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. 9 September 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  50. ^ "Emulate, Torshavn". Emulate. Climatic Research Unit. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  51. ^ "Emulate".
  52. ^ a b c "Irish Weather Extremes". Met Éireann. July 2013. Archived from the original on 16 December 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  53. ^ a b c d e f g h "Weather Extreme Records for Ireland - Met Éireann - The Irish Meteorological Service". met.ie. Met Éireann. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  54. ^ "Provisional Report on New Atmospheric Pressure Records for Land and Sea - Met Éireann - The Irish Meteorological Service". www.met.ie. 30 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  55. ^ "Climate Statement for March 2020" (PDF). Met Éireann. April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  56. ^ Eden, Philip (July 2012). "May 2012. Cool and changeable first three weeks, then warm and sunny". Weather. 67 (7): i–iv. doi:10.1002/wea.1865. S2CID 123551889.
  57. ^ a b "Monthly Weather Bulletin September 2009" (PDF). Met Éireann. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  58. ^ "Past Weather Statements - September 2018". www.met.ie. Met Éireann. October 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  59. ^ a b "Monthly Weather Bulletin" (PDF). No. 263. Met Éireann. March 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  60. ^ Krummel, Jasmin (14 April 2008). "Tiefdruckgebiet JOHANNA". www.met.fu-berlin.de (in German). Free University of Berlin. Retrieved 26 March 2018.[permanent dead link‍]
  61. ^ @MetEireann (20 August 2020). "#StormEllen broke Mean Wind Speed (111 km/h) & MSL Pressure (966.4 hPa) records for August. As our climate continues to change we expect more weather records to be broken" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  62. ^ "Storm Ellen" (PDF). Met Éireann. 20 August 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  63. ^ Schöne, Andrea (16 November 2004). "Tief CAROLIN". www.met.fu-berlin.de (in German). Free University Berlin. Retrieved 26 March 2018.[permanent dead link‍]
  64. ^ a b c d e f Burt, Stephen (January 2007). "The Lowest of the Lows … extremes of barometric pressure in the British Isles, part 1 – the deepest depressions". Weather. 62 (1): 4–14. Bibcode:2007Wthr...62....4B. doi:10.1002/wea.20. S2CID 120748945.
  65. ^ a b "Barometric Depression of December 8th–9th". Symons's Monthly Meteorological Magazine. December 1886. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  66. ^ Amos, Jonathan (30 November 2017). "Huge weather rescue project under way". BBC News. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  67. ^ a b c "National Meteorological Library and ArchiveFact sheet 9 — Weather extremes" (PDF). Met Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  68. ^ a b @metoffice (29 March 2020). "We've seen a new #pressure record for #March today and it's one of the highest pressures we've measured in almost 100 years" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  69. ^ "Monthly Weather Report (March 1990)". Met Office. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  70. ^ a b Burt, Stephen (16 October 2020). "New British and Irish Isles late-winter extreme barometric pressure, 29 March 2020". Weather. 76 (3): 72–78. doi:10.1002/wea.3840.
  71. ^ @simonleewx (30 March 2020). "All credit for this goes to Stephen Burt - the Tynemouth record from 9 March 1953 for March maximum MSLP of 1048.6 hPa is erroneous. The original observations were corrected to 1043.6 hPa, so likely that 1048.6 hPa was reported through poor handwriting" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  72. ^ a b c d e "UKWeatherWorld forum:UK High & Low Pressure Records by Month". UKWeatherWorld. 31 May 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  73. ^ "UK: Highest June MSLP". exmetman. 8 June 2015. Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  74. ^ "August 2021 A very dull month for many". Weather. 76 (10). October 2021. doi:10.1002/wea.4082. ISSN 0043-1656. S2CID 247697716.
  75. ^ @eddy_weather (September 1, 2021). "Yet another #Stornoway weather record established yesterday! 1038.0hPa sea-level air pressure at 21z ranks as the highest ever recorded August air pressure in UK & Ireland (with thanks to S. Burt for notification)" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  76. ^ Burt, Stephen (1 July 2006). "Britain's highest atmospheric pressure on record is incorrect". Weather. 61 (7): 210–211. Bibcode:2006Wthr...61..210B. doi:10.1256/wea.40.06. S2CID 119485783.
  77. ^ a b @metoffice (19 January 2020). "So far Mumbles Head in Wales appears to have recorded the highest pressure during this current settled spell, with 1050.5 hPa earlier this evening" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  78. ^ a b Burt, Stephen (April 2020). "London's highest barometric pressure in over 300 years". Weather. 75 (4): 109–116. Bibcode:2020Wthr...75..109B. doi:10.1002/wea.3688. S2CID 218843549.
  79. ^ Amos, Jonathan (20 January 2020). "London breaks a high-pressure record". Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  80. ^ Burt, Stephen (21 January 2020). "London just broke a 300-year-old weather record – but you probably didn't even notice it". The Conversation. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  81. ^ "How unusual are deep lows in August?". xmetman. 8 August 2019. Archived from the original on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  82. ^ "DWS 1992 08 Met Office UA". digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  83. ^ @metoffie (November 2, 2023). "#StormCiarán has set a new record for the lowest mean sea level pressure recorded in England and Wales in November, with a value of 953.3 hPa in Plymouth and 958.5 hPa in St Athan. The previous record in England was 959.7 hPa, set in 1916 .The previous record in Wales was 962.7 hPa, set in 2010. The record for the UK remains unbroken, and was set in Scotland in 1877 with a value of 939.7 hPa" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  84. ^ "Stephen Burt on Storm Ciaran - University of Reading". www.reading.ac.uk. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  85. ^ Burt, Stephen. "Deep low, 24 December 2013". Climatological Observers Link. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  86. ^ Hewson, Tim (2001). "The North Sea storm of 30 October 2000". Weather. 56 (3): 115–116. Bibcode:2001Wthr...56..115H. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06547.x. S2CID 119744773.
  87. ^ "Storm caused by most intense low to cross the UK in September in 30 years". Met Office Blog. 26 September 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  88. ^ a b c Burt, S. D. (July 1983). "New UK 20Th Century Low Pressure Extreme". Weather. 38 (7): 209–213. Bibcode:1983Wthr...38..209B. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1983.tb03700.x.
  89. ^ a b c d "February 1884". Symons's Monthly Meteorological Magazine. February 1884. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
  90. ^ Graham, Eddie (24 December 2013). "Lowest pressure for 127 years recorded in Stornoway today (Confirmed) + Storm Videos". UHI-Mahara. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
  91. ^ Haeseler, Susanne; Bissolli, Peter; Daßler, Jan; Volker Zins, Volker; Kreis, Andrea (13 February 2020). "Orkantief SABINE löst am 9./10. Februar 2020 eine schwere Sturmlage über Europa aus" (PDF) (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  92. ^ "Daily Weather Report" (PDF). Met Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  93. ^ a b c d http://artikkel.yr.no/tidenes-trykk-1.12165870 Archived 2015-04-05 at the Wayback Machine Yr.no – Tidenes trykk
  94. ^ Pedersen, Kamilla (3 February 2012). "Rekordhøyt trykk i Europa". NRK (in Norwegian). Yr.no. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  95. ^ @Meteorologene (30 December 2015). "Bare 930 hPa i stormsenteret over Island i formiddag! (Norges laveste lufttrykk målte 936 hPa, i Bergen, 27.01.1907)" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  96. ^ Pedersen, Kamilla (11 November 2011). "Lavtrykk mot høytrykk" (in Norwegian). Yr.no.
  97. ^ Lie, Bernt (26 January 2015). "Vær og Vind - YR.NO-LUFTTRYKK: - Vær og vind korrigerer Norges laveste og høyeste lufttrykk - Powered by Proweb". www.verogvind.net. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  98. ^ "Sjekk værrekordene der du bor". NRK (in Norwegian). Yr.no. 1 December 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016. Norgesrekord: Laveste lufttrykk: 935.9hPa Målested: Bergen - Lungegårdshospitalet i Bergen, Hordaland Måletidspunkt: 27.01.1884
  99. ^ "Venter historisk lavtrykk". VG. 22 December 2004. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  100. ^ "Høytrykkrekord feirer 101 år - met.no". met.no. 23 January 2008. Archived from the original on 3 August 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  101. ^ "Stasjon Mike Meteorologie" (in Norwegian). Geophysics Institute University of Bergen. Archived from the original on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  102. ^ a b "Februari 2018 - Både milt och kallt". www.smhi.se. SMHI. 20 December 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  103. ^ Rommertveit, Astrid (6 October 2016). "Superhøytrykket fortsetter i neste uke". NRK (in Norwegian). Yr.no. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  104. ^ Toppe, Ronald (5 October 2016). "Her kan det bli 20 grader" (in Norwegian). TV 2. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  105. ^ "Rekordhøytrykk". Vær og vind (in Norwegian). 5 October 2016.
  106. ^ a b "Vejrekstremer i Danmark" (in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. 7 January 2020. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
  107. ^ Høgsholt, Danny (May 2017). "To stille vejrrekorder fylder 110 år" (PDF). Vejret (in Danish). 151 (2). Dansk Meteorologisk Selskab. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
  108. ^ Rasmussen, Michella (7 February 2014). "Scandinavia vejrrekorder". Retrieved 10 November 2015.[permanent dead link‍]
  109. ^ a b c d "Danish Meteorological Institute Ministry of Transport Technical Report PDF". Docplayer.dk. ISSN 1399-1388.
  110. ^ a b Brandt, Anders (7 February 2012). "Højeste lufttryk i Danmark i 27 år" (in Danish). TV2. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  111. ^ Zeitzen, Rune (19 March 2022). "Ny rekord – 142 år gammel martsrekord smadret i nat - TV 2". vejr.tv2.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  112. ^ "Tæt på 'usynlig' rekord - usædvanligt højt lufttryk over Danmark - TV 2". vejr.tv2.dk (in Danish). 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  113. ^ Christian, Lietzen (29 September 2015). "Europamestre i højtryk" (in Danish). DMI. Retrieved 29 September 2015.[permanent dead link‍]
  114. ^ Hogsholt, Danny (29 September 2015). "Tårnhøjt lufttryk over Danmark slår rekord" (in Danish). TV2. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  115. ^ "Trykket stiger - 139 år gammel vejrrekord falder i nat: DMI". www.dmi.dk (in Danish). DMI. 4 October 2016. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  116. ^ "Vejret arbejdede på højtryk i nat - og slog 139 år gammel rekord" (in Danish). TV2. 5 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  117. ^ "Analysis". Free University of Berlin. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  118. ^ Brandt, Anders (7 February 2012). "Højeste lufttryk i Danmark i 27 år" (in Danish). TV2. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  119. ^ Craig, Philip M.; Hawkins, Ed (4 June 2020). "Digitizing observations from the Met Office Daily Weather Reports for 1900–1910 using citizen scientist volunteers". Geoscience Data Journal. 7 (2): 116–134. Bibcode:2020GSDJ....7..116C. doi:10.1002/gdj3.93.
  120. ^ @SebastianTV2dk (March 19, 2022). "The record-breaking high (for March) over Denmark was the fourth highest pressure measured in Denmark - tied with 1962 Top 5 is now:1062.2 hPa (1907) 1056.1 hPa (1902) 1052.5 hPa (1985) 1051.6 hPa (1962) 1051.6 hPa (2022) Nationwide measurements of air pressure began in 1874" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  121. ^ "Laveste lufttryk over Danmark i fem år". vejr.tv2.dk (in Danish). 5 January 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  122. ^ @SebastianTV2dk (April 7, 2022). "Laveste lufttryk målt i april i DK er 966,0 hPa" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  123. ^ @SebastianTV2dk (April 8, 2022). "De 5 laveste lufftryk målt i april i DK er nu: 966,0 hPa (1876)" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  124. ^ "Lavtryk på vej mod Danmark kan blive det kraftigste i maj i 24 år - TV 2". vejr.tv2.dk (in Danish). 3 May 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  125. ^ Rosenørn, Stig (February 2000). "De kraftigste storme i det tyvende århundrade i Danmark" (PDF). Vejret (in Danish) (82): 15–18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
  126. ^ a b c "Lufttryck" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
  127. ^ a b "Svenska lufttrycksrekord" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
  128. ^ "Högsta uppmätta lufttryck i Sverige i januari" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  129. ^ "Högsta uppmätta lufttryck i Sverige i februari" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  130. ^ Hellström, Sverker (2 March 2018). "Summering av det mäktiga högtrycket". www.smhi.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  131. ^ "Högsta uppmätta lufttryck i Sverige i mars" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  132. ^ "Högsta uppmätta lufttryck i Sverige i april" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  133. ^ "Högsta uppmätta lufttryck i Sverige i maj" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  134. ^ "Svenska lufttrycksrekordet för maj fyller 130 år på söndag". www.smhi.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  135. ^ "Högsta uppmätta lufttryck i Sverige i juni" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  136. ^ "Högsta uppmätta lufttryck i Sverige i juli" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  137. ^ "Högsta uppmätta lufttryck i Sverige i augusti" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  138. ^ "Nytt svenskt lufttrycksrekord för september | SMHI" (in Swedish). www.smhi.se. 28 September 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
  139. ^ Lundgren, Misha (29 September 2015). "Ett mer än hundraårigt septemberrekord slaget" (in Swedish). SMHI. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
  140. ^ "Högsta uppmätta lufttryck i Sverige i september" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  141. ^ "Högsta uppmätta lufttryck i Sverige i oktober" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  142. ^ Cohen, Nitzan (7 October 2016). "Mäktigt högtryck ger höstväder". blogg.foreca.se (in Swedish). Foreca. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
  143. ^ "Nytt svenskt rekord för högsta lufttryck i oktober" (in Swedish). SMHI. 4 October 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  144. ^ "Högsta uppmätta lufttryck i Sverige i november" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  145. ^ "Högsta uppmätta lufttryck i Sverige i december" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  146. ^ "Lägsta uppmätta lufttryck i Sverige i januari" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  147. ^ "Lägsta uppmätta lufttryck i Sverige i februari" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  148. ^ "Lägsta uppmätta lufttryck i Sverige i mars" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  149. ^ "Lägsta uppmätta lufttryck i Sverige i april" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  150. ^ "Lägsta uppmätta lufttryck i Sverige i maj" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  151. ^ "Lägsta uppmätta lufttryck i Sverige i juni" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  152. ^ "Lägsta uppmätta lufttryck i Sverige i juli" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  153. ^ "Lägsta lufttrycket i juli på över 60 år". www.smhi.se. 2 July 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  154. ^ "Lägsta uppmätta lufttryck i Sverige i augusti" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  155. ^ "Lägsta uppmätta lufttryck i Sverige i september" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  156. ^ "Lägsta uppmätta lufttryck i Sverige i oktober" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  157. ^ "Lägsta uppmätta lufttryck i Sverige i november" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  158. ^ "Lägsta uppmätta lufttryck i Sverige i december" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  159. ^ a b Ilmatieteen laitos http://ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/saaennatyksia
  160. ^ a b c Burt, Christopher C. (20 November 2011). "World and U.S. Lowest Barometric Pressure Records". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  161. ^ "Uusi matalapaine-ennätys mitattiin Turussa Tulviva merivesi saarsi ruotsinlaivojen terminaalit". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). 28 February 1990. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  162. ^ a b c d "Air Pressure". Estonian Weather Service. 11 June 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  163. ^ a b c "Õhurõhk". Riigi Ilmateenistus (in Estonian). Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  164. ^ "20th Century Reanalysis of NOAA, 23 January 1907". wetterzentrale. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  165. ^ "Tidenes trykk". Yr.no. 25 January 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  166. ^ a b "Jaanuari ekstreemumid". ilm.pri.ee (in Estonian). Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  167. ^ a b "Veebruari ekstreemumid". ilm.pri.ee (in Estonian). Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  168. ^ a b "Märtsi ekstreemumid". ilm.pri.ee (in Estonian). Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  169. ^ a b "Aprilli ekstreemumid". ilm.pri.ee (in Estonian). Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  170. ^ a b "Mai ekstreemumid". ilm.pri.ee (in Estonian). Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  171. ^ a b "Juuni ekstreemumid". ilm.pri.ee (in Estonian). Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  172. ^ a b "Juuli ekstreemumid". ilm.pri.ee (in Estonian). Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  173. ^ a b "Augusti ekstreemumid". ilm.pri.ee (in Estonian). Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  174. ^ a b "Septembri ekstreemumid". ilm.pri.ee (in Estonian). Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  175. ^ a b "Oktoobri ekstreemumid". ilm.pri.ee (in Estonian). Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  176. ^ a b "Novembri ekstreemumid". ilm.pri.ee (in Estonian). Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  177. ^ a b "Detsembri ekstreemumid". ilm.pri.ee (in Estonian). Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  178. ^ "Gaidāms augstākais atmosfēras spiediens pedējo 3 gadu laikā". Laika apstākļi Latvijā un citur pasaulē (in Latvian). 14 March 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  179. ^ a b c d e f g Deutsche Seewarte, Wetterbericht von Deutsche Seewarte (in German), vol. 1907, Hamburg, retrieved 17 February 2020
  180. ^ a b c Fraunhoffer, Időjarás (PDF) (in Hungarian), vol. 1907, Budapest, retrieved 2 April 2020
  181. ^ a b c d Meteorologische Zeitschrift, (in German), vol. 1907, Braunschweig {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  182. ^ a b @Jersey_Met (20 January 2020). "What's this 'High Pressure' all about then?" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  183. ^ "Paramètres observés, La pression" (in French). Météo-France. Archived from the original on 7 May 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  184. ^ @meteofrance (20 January 2020). "Hautes pressions exceptionnelles. Après 1046,5 hPa déjà relevés ce 19 janv. à Gonneville (Manche), nouveau record aujourd'hui à Abbeville (Somme) avec 1049.7hPa record national, tous mois confondus" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  185. ^ "Anticyclone : nouveau record absolu de pression élevée en France !". www.meteofrance.fr (in French). 24 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  186. ^ a b "La pression atmosphérique" (in French). Météo-France. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  187. ^ Cornes, Richard C. (2010). Early Meteorological Data from London and Paris: Extending the North Atlantic Oscillation Series. Thesis submitted to the University of East Anglia. p. 87. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  188. ^ "Daily Weather Report". Met Office. 28 January 1905. Retrieved 9 February 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  189. ^ "Les chroniques météo de l'année 1905". meteo-paris.com. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  190. ^ "Bulletin Meteorologique de l'Algerie". unknown. 29 January 1905. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  191. ^ TOUMIT, Marie (20 January 2020). "Météo. Quatre questions sur les records de pression atmosphérique en Bretagne et en Normandie". Ouest-France.fr (in French). Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  192. ^ "Arrosage francilien, mistral récurrent". www.meteofrance.fr (in French). Météo-France. 13 May 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
  193. ^ @EKMeteo (13 May 2019). "EDIT : on me glisse dans l'oreillette que la pression serait montée jusqu'à une valeur record de 1040.7 hPa à #Dunkerque au pas de temps infra-horaire (vers 10h40 locales) ! Exceptionnel pour un mois de mai. #anticyclone" (Tweet) (in French) – via Twitter.
  194. ^ @meteofrance (26 September 2018). "L'anticyclone responsable du beau temps actuel est exceptionnellement puissant pour la saison : ce mardi, la pression atmosphérique a atteint un niveau jamais mesuré en France au cours d'un mois de #septembre!" (Tweet) (in French) – via Twitter.
  195. ^ @EKMeteo (26 September 2018). "Record national mensuel de pression atmosphérique élevée hier 25-09-2018 à 9h UTC : 1040.0 hPa à Valenciennes (puis 1039.9 hPa à Lille et Le Touquet) #anticyclone Le précédent record pour un mois de septembre en France était de 1038.4 hPa à Dunkerque le 19-09-1986" (Tweet) (in French) – via Twitter.
  196. ^ @EKMeteo (10 May 2019). "Mais on était encore assez loin du record mensuel de basse pression à l'échelle nationale pour un mois de mai, qui est a priori de 980,1 hPa à la Pointe de la Hague (Manche) le 5 mai 2004 (en tout cas record au pas de temps horaire et pour l'époque "moderne")" (Tweet) (in French) – via Twitter.
  197. ^ a b "Situations météorologiques particulières: Tempête d'hiver". MET MAR Météorologie maritime (in French). 183: 20. June 1999. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  198. ^ "IRM - Record de pression battu à Uccle". KMI (in French). 21 January 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  199. ^ a b c "Records". Royal Meteorological Institute. IRM. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
  200. ^ "Bilan climatologique mensuel mai 2019" (PDF) (in French). IRM. 1 June 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  201. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Luchtdruk - KMI". Weer KMI (in Flemish). Royal Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  202. ^ a b "MeteoLux enregistre deux records de pressions atmosphériques historiques (...) - MeteoLux - Portail Météo Luxembourg". www.meteolux.lu (in French). 20 January 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  203. ^ "MeteoLux enregistre un record de pression atmosphérique en dates du 27 et 28 (...) - MeteoLux - Portail Météo Luxembourg". meteolux.lu (in French). MeteoLux. 29 December 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  204. ^ a b c "Résumé mensuel du temps pour Février 2020" (PDF) (in French). MeteoLux. February 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  205. ^ "Résumé mensuel du temps pour Janvier 2019" (PDF) (in French). MeteoLux. January 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  206. ^ a b "Résumé mensuel du temps pour Mars 2020" (PDF) (in French). MeteoLux. March 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  207. ^ a b "Résumé mensuel du temps pour Avril 2020" (PDF) (in French). MeteoLux. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  208. ^ "MeteoLux verzeichnet einen Luftdruckrekord für einen Monat Mai - MeteoLux - Wetterportal Luxemburg". www.meteolux.lu (in German). 4 June 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  209. ^ a b "Résumé mensuel du temps pour Juin 2020" (PDF) (in French). MeteoLux. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  210. ^ a b "Résumé mensuel du temps pour Juillet 2019" (PDF) (in French). MeteoLux. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  211. ^ a b "Résumé mensuel du temps pour Août 2019" (PDF) (in French). MeteoLux. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  212. ^ "Deux nouveaux records pour un mois de septembre - MeteoLux - Portail Météo Luxembourg". www.meteolux.lu (in French). 3 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  213. ^ a b "Résumé mensuel du temps pour Octobre 2019" (PDF) (in French). MeteoLux. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  214. ^ a b "Résumé mensuel du temps pour Novembre 2019" (PDF) (in French). MeteoLux. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  215. ^ "Resume Mensuel du Temps de Decembre 2015" (PDF). Meteolux. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  216. ^ "Résumé mensuel du temps pour Janvier 2020" (PDF) (in French). MeteoLux. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  217. ^ "Résumé mensuel du temps pour Mai 2020" (PDF) (in French). MeteoLux. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  218. ^ "Résumé mensuel du temps pour Septembre 2019" (PDF) (in French). MeteoLux. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  219. ^ "Résumé mensuel du temps pour Décembre 2019" (PDF) (in French). MeteoLux. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  220. ^ a b de Haij, Marijn (1 March 2009). "Automatische validatie van druk- en windwaarnemingen op het KNMI - een verkenning" (PDF). KNMI internal report = intern rapport; IR 2009 - 03. KMNI. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  221. ^ "KNMI - Luchtdruk". www.knmi.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  222. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Jaarrecords van het weer van alle KNMI stations in Nederland". weergegevens.nl. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
  223. ^ "Maandrecords van het weer van KNMI stations in Nederland - De records van all stations van". www.wetterzentrale.de. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  224. ^ "KNMI - Uitzonderlijk hoge luchtdruk in Nederland". www.knmi.nl (in Dutch). 20 January 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  225. ^ "Maandrecords van het weer van KNMI stations in Nederland - De records van all stations van". www.wetterzentrale.de. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  226. ^ "Record de pression atmosphérique à De Bilt (Pays-Bas)". geoclimat.org (in French). KNMI via geoclimat.org. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  227. ^ a b "Maart 2003: hoogste luchtdruk in maart" (in Dutch). KMNI. 17 March 2003. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  228. ^ "Maandrecords van het weer van KNMI stations in Nederland - De records van all stations van". www.wetterzentrale.de. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  229. ^ "Maandrecords van het weer van KNMI stations in Nederland - De records van all stations van". www.wetterzentrale.de. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  230. ^ "Maandrecords van het weer van KNMI stations in Nederland - De records van all stations van". www.wetterzentrale.de. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  231. ^ "Maandrecords van het weer van KNMI stations in Nederland - De records van all stations van". www.wetterzentrale.de. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  232. ^ "Maandrecords van het weer van KNMI stations in Nederland - De records van all stations van". www.wetterzentrale.de. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  233. ^ "Maandrecords van het weer van KNMI stations in Nederland - De records van all stations van". www.wetterzentrale.de. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  234. ^ "Maandrecords van het weer van KNMI stations in Nederland - De records van all stations van". www.wetterzentrale.de. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  235. ^ "Maandrecords van het weer van KNMI stations in Nederland - De records van all stations van". www.wetterzentrale.de. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  236. ^ "Maandrecords van het weer van KNMI stations in Nederland - De records van all stations van". www.wetterzentrale.de. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  237. ^ a b "Uitzonderlijk lage barometerstanden". knmi.nl (in Dutch). KMNI. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  238. ^ "Luchtdrukrecord voor mei 2000". knmi.nl (in Dutch). KMNI. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  239. ^ "Twee zomerstormen in één week". wap.knmi.nl (in Dutch). KMNI. 23 July 2007. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
  240. ^ a b "Wetter und Klima - Deutscher Wetterdienst - Startseite". www.dwd.de.
  241. ^ a b "Thema des Tages - Wetterextreme in Deutschland und weltweit". www.dwd.de (in German). DWD. 16 February 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
  242. ^ "Extremwetterereignisse Wetterrekorde in Mitteleuropa". Welt der Synoptik. 11 June 2015. Archived from the original on 2 December 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  243. ^ "Wetterrekorde Deutschland und Weltweit". wetterprognose-wettervorhersage.de. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  244. ^ "Wetterzentrale Forum :: Allgemeine Meteorologie :: Die Rekorde für Deuschland sind beide falsch". www.wzforum.de.
  245. ^ "Climate Data Center". cdc.dwd.de. Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  246. ^ @DWD_presse (March 19, 2022). "Heute Morgen vor allem in Schleswig-Holstein zahlreiche Allzeitrekorde beim Luftdruck! Spitzenreiter bisher: Kiel Leuchtturm 1049,5 hPa Leck 1049,4 hPa List 1049,4 hPa Schönhagen 1049,1 hPa" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  247. ^ "Meteorologische Mittel- und Extremwerte von Berlin-Dahlem". www.met.fu-berlin.de. Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  248. ^ "emulate/landstation_mslp/corrected". Climatic Research Unit. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  249. ^ "Extrem hoher Luftdruck derzeit in Österreich - Wetter". Heute.at (in German). 20 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  250. ^ a b "Tlak vzduchu klesl nezvykle nízko, překonal i absolutní rekord" (in Czech). Meteopress. 26 October 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  251. ^ a b "Meteorologický slovník". slovnik.cmes.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  252. ^ a b "Éghajlat PAGE". owww.met.hu (in Hungarian). Országos Meteorológiai Szolgálat. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
  253. ^ a b c Róna Zs., A legmagasabb barométerállás Magyarországon (PDF) (in Hungarian), vol. 1907, Budapest
  254. ^ "L'andamento del clima a Torino dal Settecento a oggi". Dati Meteo Asti (in Italian). Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  255. ^ a b Mercalli, Luca; Di Napoli, Gennaro (2008). Il clima di Torino (in Italian). Società Meteorologica Subalpina. ISBN 978-8890302343.
  256. ^ Rossi, Marco (6 March 2009). "Record di pressione a confronto: 5 marzo 2009 nella "top five" dell'ultimo secolo" (in Italian). Meteogiornale. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  257. ^ "Vortice Polare prossimo all'Italia: pressione atmosferica di tempesta. Picco da record - Ricerca meteo su clima rigido". www.freddofili.it. 28 January 2015. Archived from the original on 9 September 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  258. ^ "Rekordhoher Luftdruck!". Vaterland online (in German). Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  259. ^ "W poniedziałek Polska w zasięgu REKORDOWO silnego wyżu" (PDF) (in Polish). IMGW-PIB. 18 January 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  260. ^ "BARDZO NISKIE CIŚNIENIE W ZAKOPANEM - Rekord Polski Pobity!" (in Polish). tatromaniak.pl/. 30 January 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  261. ^ "Michaś przyniósł najniższe ciśnienie nawet od 26 lat" (in Polish). twojapogoda.pl. 31 January 2015. Archived from the original on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  262. ^ a b Výberči, Dalibor; Faško, Pavol; Pecho, Jozef; Bochníček, Oliver; Csörgei, Tibor; Babin, Ľubomír (April 2020). "O extrémoch redukovaného tlaku vzduchu na Slovensku: najvyššie hodnoty" (PDF). Meteorologické zprávy (in Slovak). Vol. 73, no. 2. Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. pp. 39–45. Retrieved 22 May 2020.[permanent dead link‍]
  263. ^ "Aké je absolútne slovenské maximum redukovaného tlaku vzduchu?" (in Slovak). Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute. 15 April 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  264. ^ "Klimatický atlas Slovenska [Climate Atlas of Slovakia]". Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute. 2015. ISBN 978-80-88907-90-9.
  265. ^ @meteoSI (21 January 2020). "Pri nas so bile vrednosti okrog 1048 hPa. Še malo višje vrednosti so bile izmerjene 24. 12. 1963 in 24. 1. 1907" (Tweet) (in Slovenian) – via Twitter.
  266. ^ Šter, Blaž [@vremenolovec] (20 January 2020). "Čas za umerjanje višinomera. Zračni tlak je neobičajno visok, okrog 1047 hPa (reduciran na morski nivo). Rekordna vrednost je ~1050 hPa. Npr. v Ljubljani je zračni tlak takšen, kot poleti v Portorožu" (Tweet) (in Slovenian) – via Twitter.
  267. ^ "Über der Inversion mild und knochentrocken". www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch (in German). MeteoSchweiz. 10 December 2015. Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  268. ^ "Kalte Füsse! - MeteoSchweiz". www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch (in German). 20 January 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020.[permanent dead link‍]
  269. ^ "20161228 01 Pressure – Schweizer Sturmarchiv". www.sturmarchiv.ch (in German). Retrieved 22 November 2017.
  270. ^ "Luftdruck in Zürich in Rekordhöhe". www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch (in German). 28 December 2016. Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
  271. ^ Zogg, Jürg (26 December 2016). "Hammerhoch in der Altjahrswoche" (in German). Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  272. ^ "Hoch Yörn bringt Luftdruck wie seit Jahren nicht mehr". Der Bund (in German). 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  273. ^ "Schweizer Sturmforum • Thema anzeigen - Schweiz Wetter : Extreme & Rekorde". www.sturmforum.ch (in German). Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  274. ^ "High Pressure Dominated Middle Of January 1882". Netweather Community Forums.
  275. ^ "Annals 1882" (PDF). Annals of the Swiss Meteorological Central Institute. 1882. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  276. ^ POPADIĆ, RADE (21 January 2020). "Ekstremne-Vrijednosti velikom dijelu zemlje upravo se bilježi najviši tlak zraka u znanoj povijesti: Moguća izražena oseka | DALMACIJA DANAS - obala, otoci, Zagora. Najnovije vijesti iz Dalmacije" (in Croatian). Dalmacija Danas. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  277. ^ @DHMZ_HR (21 January 2020). "Dobro jutro! Ako ste se danas teško digli iz nemojte se čuditi ipak nas tlači više od 1045 hPa što je neubičajeno. Tako je u Kutjevu izmjeren tlak od 1050, Daruvaru 1049, Osijeku 1048 i Zagreb 1047 hPa" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  278. ^ "Daily Weather Report". Meteorological Report for the Year 1907. Issued by the Survey Department, Cairo. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  279. ^ "Το Βαρομετρικό Χαμηλό και ο Αντικυκλώνας – Hellenic Weather" (in Greek). hellenicweather.com. 18 July 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
  280. ^ Papadopoulos, Anastasios; Varlas, George (2020). "Weather Systems Affecting the Meteorological Conditions over the Aegean Sea". The Aegean Sea Environment. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Vol. 127. pp. 141–165. doi:10.1007/698_2020_657. ISBN 978-3-031-53796-7. S2CID 226473384.
  281. ^ "Records provisionales de altas presiones batidos el 9 de enero de 2015". tiempo.com. 11 January 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  282. ^ "Presión récord en muchos lugares de España en enero" (in Spanish). Levante. 27 January 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  283. ^ "Los 12 fenómenos naturales y meteorológicos del año". Noticias de El tiempo. 29 December 2015. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  284. ^ (España) (29 January 1905). "Boletín del Domingo 29 de Enero do 1905". Boletín meteorológico diario (1893-2007) (in Spanish). hdl:20.500.11765/6290. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  285. ^ Rubio, José Miguel Viñas (2001). "Los temporales de viento en la Península Ibérica Análisis meteorológico de la extraordinaria situación atmosférica de febrero de 1941". Gerencia de Riesgos y Seguros (Fundación MAPFRE). 74. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  286. ^ a b "AVANCE CLIMATOLÓGICO MENSUALENERO DE 2015 EN ILLES BALEARS" (PDF) (in Spanish). AEMET. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  287. ^ "Portugal registou extremo absoluto da pressão atmosférica no dia 9". Por Sul Informação. 14 January 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  288. ^ Salvado, Sandra; Piteira, Sara (15 January 2015). "Pressão atmosférica provoca cefaleias e mudanças de humor". RTP. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  289. ^ "Janeiro de 2015" (PDF). Boletim Climatológico Mensal. ISSN 2183-1076. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  290. ^ Taborda, João Paulo (2006). "O temporal de 3 a 6 de Dezembro de 1739 em Portugal - reconstituição a partir de fontes documentais descritivas". Finisterra (in Portuguese). XLI (82): 73–86. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
  291. ^ "IPMA - Detalhe noticia: CICLONE DE 1941" (in Portuguese). IPMA. 16 February 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  292. ^ de Freitas, Joana Gaspar; Dias, João Alveirinho (2 January 2013). "1941 windstorm effects on the Portuguese Coast. What lessons for the future?". Journal of Coastal Research. 65: 714–719. doi:10.2112/SI65-121. S2CID 129952992.
  293. ^ Muir-Wood, Robert (2011). "The 1941 February 15th Windstorm in the Iberian Peninsula" (PDF). Trébol. 56: 4–13. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
  294. ^ Garnier, E.; Ciavola, P.; Spencer, T.; Ferreira, O.; Armaroli, C.; McIvor, A. (April 2018). "Historical analysis of storm events: Case studies in France, England, Portugal and Italy". Coastal Engineering. 134: 10–23. doi:10.1016/j.coastaleng.2017.06.014. hdl:11392/2382846. S2CID 135031862.
  295. ^ Economou, Theodoros; Stephenson, David B.; Ferro, Christopher A. T. (December 2014). "Spatio-temporal modelling of extreme storms". The Annals of Applied Statistics. 8 (4): 2223–2246. arXiv:1501.06377. doi:10.1214/14-AOAS766. S2CID 28268034.
  296. ^ a b c Burt, Stephen (April 1993). "Another new North Atlantic low pressure record". Weather. 48 (4): 98–103. Bibcode:1993Wthr...48...98B. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1993.tb05854.x.
  297. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Burt, S. D. (February 1987). "A New North Atlantic Low Pressure Record" (PDF). Weather. 42 (2): 53–56. Bibcode:1987Wthr...42...53B. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1987.tb06919.x. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  298. ^ Richard J. Pasch; Eric S. Blake; Hugh D. Cobb III; David P. Roberts (January 12, 2006). "Hurricane Wilma Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
  299. ^ Cassardo, Claudio (23 January 2013). "Very low minima of extratropical cyclones in North Atlantic". Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  300. ^ Lin, Peiyi; Zhong, Rui; Yang, Qinghua; Clem, Kyle R.; Chen, Dake (28 July 2023). "A Record-Breaking Cyclone Over the Southern Ocean in 2022". Geophysical Research Letters. 50 (14). Bibcode:2023GeoRL..5004012L. doi:10.1029/2023GL104012.
  301. ^ "Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2014-11-08T06:00:00Z". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved November 8, 2014.
  302. ^ Halverson, Jeff (14 December 2015). "Bering Sea 'bomb' cyclone ties record for strongest winter storm in North Pacific". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  303. ^ Kells, James (27 April 2016). "December 2015 North Pacific Hurricane Force Low". NOAA. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  304. ^ @NWSOPC (31 December 2020). "Here is the surface analysis from 18 UTC. The strong low pressure center remains at 921 mb and continues to produce #hurricaneforce winds to 85 kts! The image also shows the warning received by mariners at sea. Waves up to 60 ft are expected" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  305. ^ Samenow, Jason; Freedman, Andrew (31 December 2020). "Bomb cyclone in northern Pacific Ocean breaks all-time records". Washington Post. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  306. ^ a b c Burt, Stephen (March 2014). "Britain's lowest barometric pressure since 1886". Weather. 69 (3): 79–81. Bibcode:2014Wthr...69...79B. doi:10.1002/wea.2285.
  307. ^ a b c Lamb, H.H. (2002). Climate, history and the modern world (2. ed.). London: Routledge. p. 390. ISBN 978-1-134-79838-4.
  308. ^ Burt, Stephen (1 January 2006). "Barometric pressure during the Irish storm of 6–7 January 1839". Weather. 61 (1): 22–27. Bibcode:2006Wthr...61...22B. doi:10.1256/wea.53.05. S2CID 122580558.
  309. ^ Sweeney, John (January 2000). "A three-century storm climatology for Dublin 1715–2000" (PDF). Irish Geography. 33 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1080/00750770009478595.
  310. ^ Jónsson, Trausti. "Af árinu 1852". trj.blog.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  311. ^ a b "Stasjon Mike" (in Norwegian). Geophysics Institute, University of Bergen. Archived from the original on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  312. ^ Jónsson, Trausti (30 August 2018). "Af árinu 1888". trj.blog.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  313. ^ a b "Lägsta uppmätta lufttryck i Sverige i december". www.smhi.se (in Swedish). 23 April 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  314. ^ "Danmarks laveste lufttryk fylder 100 år: DMI". dmi.dk. Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  315. ^ Jonsson, Trausti (15 August 2018). "Af árinu 1924". trj.blog.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  316. ^ Jónsson, Trausti. "Halaveðrið". trj.blog.is. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  317. ^ a b c "Extratropical low pressure (atm401, spring 2015 events NH extreme ETC)" (PDF). Albany.edu. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
  318. ^ Jónsson, Trausti. "Hugsað til ársins 1948 - trj.blog.is". trj.blog.is. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  319. ^ Tryggvason, E (1960). "Rapid pressure variations in Iceland" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 88: 256. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1960)088<0256:WNRPVI>2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
  320. ^ a b c Brown, Paul R. (October 1995). "The depths of the North Atlantic depressions" (PDF). Journal of Meteorology. 21 (202). Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  321. ^ "Storms of January 1974" (PDF). Met Éireann. May 1974. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  322. ^ "Daily Weather Report". Met Office. 8 February 1982. Retrieved 6 February 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  323. ^ Horisont årsbok 1982 (in Swedish). Bertmarks förlag. 1983.
  324. ^ "Great weather events: A record-breaking Atlantic weather system". Met Office. 11 August 2004. Archived from the original on August 11, 2004. Retrieved 29 May 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  325. ^ Masters, Jeff (26 January 2013). "Mighty North Atlantic low bombs to 930 mb | Dr. Jeff Masters' WunderBlog". www.wunderground.com. Wunderblog. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
  326. ^ Masters, Jeff (15 February 2006). "Flying into a record Nor'easter". Wunderblog. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  327. ^ "Polarfronts hjemmesider". www.misje.no (in Norwegian). Misje Rederi AS. Archived from the original on 2017-04-06. Retrieved 2016-06-19.
  328. ^ @mikarantane (21 October 2020). "Quick plot on minimum sea level pressure in the North Atlantic in the month of October in 1979-2019. The deepest storm seems to be a 921 hPa cyclone on 29-30 October 1989" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  329. ^ @WorldClimateService (12 October 2018). "The October CFSR record is 926mb from 29 Oct 1989. Interesting that 2018 just displaced 1989 in terms of record positive 12-month running average NAO index (CPC data)" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  330. ^ a b "Daily Weather Summary". Met Office. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
  331. ^ @SimonLeeWx (November 5, 2022). "Out of interest, the lowest pressure in this domain in 1959-2021 is 931.5 hPa at 06Z on 29 November 1992" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  332. ^ "Record low over the Atlantic". oiswww.eumetsat.org. Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  333. ^ Odell, Luke; Knippertz, Peter; Pickering, Steven; Parkes, Ben; Roberts, Alexander (April 2013). "The Braer storm revisited" (PDF). Weather. 68 (4): 105–111. Bibcode:2013Wthr...68..105O. doi:10.1002/wea.2097. S2CID 120025537.
  334. ^ McCallum, E.; Grahame, N. S. (April 1993). "The Braer storm - 10 January 1993". Weather. 48 (4): 103–107. Bibcode:1993Wthr...48..103M. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1993.tb05855.x.
  335. ^ Bancroft, George P. (August 1999). "Marine Weather Review North Atlantic Area December 1998 through March 1999" (PDF). Mariners Weather Log. 42 (2). Retrieved 30 May 2016.
  336. ^ "MSLP Analysis Met Office Fax 16 January 1999". Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  337. ^ Sävert, Thomas. "Winterstürme in Europa - Thomas Sävert Naturgewalten". www.naturgefahren.de (in German). Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  338. ^ a b "Mariners Weather Log" (PDF). Vol. 44, no. 1. NOAA. April 2000. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  339. ^ Brown, Paul R. (February 2000). "A brief note on the intense depressions of late December 1999 over Western Europe" (PDF). Journal of Meteorology. 25. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  340. ^ "Tiefdruckgebiet GORDIAN (getauft am 10.03.2003)". www.met.fu-berlin.de (in German). Free University of Berlin. Retrieved 22 July 2016.[permanent dead link‍]
  341. ^ Bancroft, George P. (December 2003). "MARINE WEATHER REVIEW - North Atlantic Area March to August 2003". Mariners Weather Log. 47. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  342. ^ "Das Tiefdruckgebiet Xynthia". www.met.fu-berlin.de (in German). Retrieved 22 July 2016.[permanent dead link‍]
  343. ^ "Mariners Weather Log Vol. 51, No. 1, April 2007". www.vos.noaa.gov. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  344. ^ Bancroft, George P. (April 2008). "Marine Weather Review—North Atlantic Area September through December 2007 Mariners Weather Log Vol. 52, No. 1, April 2008". vos.noaa.gov. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
  345. ^ "Analysis 23 01 2009". Free University Berlin. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  346. ^ "Depressie - KMI". Weer KMI (in Flemish). KMI. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  347. ^ "Analysis 11 February 2011". Free University of Berlin. Retrieved 8 February 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  348. ^ Wiese, Heiko. "Tiefdruckgebiet Paolini". www.met.fu-berlin.de. Retrieved 8 February 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  349. ^ "Marine Weather Review – North Atlantic Area January. through June 2011" (PDF). Mariners Weather Log. 55 (3). NOAA. December 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  350. ^ "Low-pressure area". blog.metoffice.gov.uk. Met Office News Blog. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
  351. ^ Masters, Jeff. "Mighty North Atlantic low bombs to 930 mb | Dr. Jeff Masters' WunderBlog". www.wunderground.com. Wunderground. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
  352. ^ "Tiefdruckgebiet JOLLE". www.met.fu-berlin.de. Retrieved 25 April 2016.[permanent dead link‍]
  353. ^ "Dramatiskt julväder i Sverige och övriga Europa". Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (in Swedish). 27 December 2013. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  354. ^ "Analysis 24/12/2013". NOAA. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  355. ^ "Winter storms, December 2013 to January 2014". Met Office. 12 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  356. ^ Ocean Prediction Center (2015). "East Atlantic Surface Analysis 00Z 5 December 2015". NOAA. Retrieved 30 December 2015.[permanent dead link‍]
  357. ^ Zogg, Jürg (8 December 2015). "Rekord-Hoch über der Schweiz, Orkantief über Island". Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF) (in German).
  358. ^ Ocean Prediction Center (2015). "East Atlantic Surface Analysis 06Z 30 December 2015". NOAA. Retrieved 5 January 2016.[permanent dead link‍]
  359. ^ "Storm Frank over the Northeast Atlantic Ocean « CIMSS Satellite Blog". cimss.ssec.wisc.edu. 30 December 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  360. ^ Jonsson, Trausti (21 December 2016). "Köld stroka að vestan - trj.blog.is" (in Icelandic). trj.blog.is. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  361. ^ Bancroft, George P. (August 2017). "Marine Weather Review – North Atlantic Area September to December 2016" (PDF). Mariners Weather Log. 61 (2). Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  362. ^ "Analysis 6 February 2017". Free University Berlin. Archived from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  363. ^ "00 UTC 6 February 2017". Met Office. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  364. ^ Maue, Ryan [@RyanMaue] (6 February 2017). "Lowest pressure was 932 mb according to @NWSOPC at 06z" (Tweet). Retrieved 6 February 2017 – via Twitter.
  365. ^ Reinhart, Brad [@BradReinhart] (8 January 2018). "Do you know how many hurricane force lows @NWSOPC deals with every year in the Atlantic? Come by poster #379 this afternoon to find out and learn more! #AMS2018" (Tweet). Retrieved 10 January 2018 – via Twitter.
  366. ^ @dmidk (6 February 2017). "Dybt lavtryk i Nordatlanten på ca. 935hPa holder sig fra Rigsfællesskabet, hvor #Færøerne har rekorden for laveste lufttryk på 930,3hPa" (Tweet) (in Danish) – via Twitter.
  367. ^ a b Bancroft, George P. (December 2017). "North Atlantic Area (January to April 2017)" (PDF). Mariners Weather Log. 61 (3). ISSN 0025-3367. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  368. ^ "Chart 25 Feb 2017". Adopt a Vortex, Free University of Berlin. www.met.fu-berlin.de. Retrieved 1 February 2018.[permanent dead link‍]
  369. ^ "UKMO analysis chart 25 Jan 2017". wetter3.de archive. UKMO. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  370. ^ "Analysis 15 January 2018". Free University Berlin. Retrieved 20 January 2018.[permanent dead link‍]
  371. ^ "1800 UTC 14 Jan 2018 Analysis chart". Met Office. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  372. ^ "Analysis 12 October 2018". Free University Berlin. Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  373. ^ "18101200 UKMet Analysis". archived by www.wetter3.de. Met Office. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  374. ^ "Forecaster's Commentary -Storm Callum". Met Éireann. 12 October 2018. Archived from the original on 12 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  375. ^ "Weather Summary for October 2018" (PDF). Met Éireann. 2 November 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  376. ^ "UKMO analysis chart 18 UTC 20 Feb 2019". www1.wetter3.de. UKMO. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  377. ^ Collins, Timothy (May 2019). "Story Map Series: 2018/19 North Atlantic Hurricane Force (HF) Wind Events". ICYMI OPC. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
  378. ^ "Analysis 7 February 2020". Adopt a Vortex. Archived from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  379. ^ a b Dolan, Deidre (6 March 2020). "Bombs Away! The North Atlantic's Cyclogenesis Frenzy, February 5-15, 2020". Satellite Liaison Blog. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  380. ^ @NWSOPC (7 February 2020). "A strong storm in the North Atlantic has reach 930 mb and is producing #hurricaneforce winds" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  381. ^ a b "North Atlantic Storminess – February 13-15, 2020". Satellite Liaison Blog. NWS. 16 February 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  382. ^ Schappert, Sebastian (17 February 2020). "Thema des Tages - "VICTORIA" rekordverdächtig?". www.dwd.de (in German). Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  383. ^ Jónsson, Trausti (15 February 2020). "Smáviðbætur varðandi veðrið í gær - trj.blog.is". trj.blog.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  384. ^ @RyanMaue (16 February 2020). "Final analyzed pressure of powerful North Atlantic #StormDennis was 919 mb from ECMWF 00z" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  385. ^ @JimCantore (16 December 2020). "Sub 940mb it is!! @NWSOPC" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  386. ^ @NWSOPC (January 4, 2022). "The OPC 48-hour surface forecast shows an intense 928 mb low developing to the SE of Greenland with winds increasing to 80 kt..." (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  387. ^ "Tiefdruckparade". www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch (in German). MeteoSchweiz. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  388. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  389. ^ Jónsson, Trausti. "Fáeinir punktar um illviðrið - trj.blog.is". trj.blog.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  390. ^ "Strongest low on Earth last weekend was a record-breaker in Canada". ca.news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 15 March 2022.[permanent dead link‍]
  391. ^ @Vejrkonsulenten (March 14, 2022). "Hvis målingen på 935,7 hPa består en kvalitetskontrol, er det ny rekord for det laveste målte lufttryk på #Grønland. Grafik lavet med DMI NINJO" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  392. ^ @SimonLeeWx (November 5, 2022). "Per UKMO analyses, Post-Tropical Cyclone Martin reached a minimum SLP of 934 hPa at 06Z on Friday (Nov 4)" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  393. ^ "Storm Bert named by Met Éireann (22nd – 24th November 2024) - Met Éireann - The Irish Meteorological Service". www.met.ie. Retrieved 2024-11-26.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=List_of_atmospheric_pressure_records_in_Europe&oldid=1262847092#Notable_non-tropical_pressures_over_the_North_Atlantic"