List of mammals of Portugal
This list shows the IUCN Red List status of the 93 mammal species occurring in Portugal. One of them is critically endangered, three are endangered, eleven are vulnerable, and one is near threatened. The following tags are used to highlight each species' status as assessed on the respective IUCN Red List published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature:
EX | Extinct | No reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. |
EW | Extinct in the wild | Known only to survive in captivity or as a naturalized populations well outside its previous range. |
CR | Critically endangered | The species is in imminent risk of extinction in the wild. |
EN | Endangered | The species is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. |
VU | Vulnerable | The species is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. |
NT | Near threatened | The species does not meet any of the criteria that would categorise it as risking extinction but it is likely to do so in the future. |
LC | Least concern | There are no current identifiable risks to the species. |
DD | Data deficient | There is inadequate information to make an assessment of the risks to this species. |
This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2019) |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Gartenschlaefer.jpg/220px-Gartenschlaefer.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Water.vole.arp.jpg/220px-Water.vole.arp.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Apodemus_sylvaticus_%28Sardinia%29.jpg/220px-Apodemus_sylvaticus_%28Sardinia%29.jpg)
Rodents make up the largest order of mammals, with over 40% of mammalian species. They have two incisors in the upper and lower jaw which grow continually and must be kept short by gnawing.
- Suborder: Sciurognathi
- Family: Sciuridae (squirrels)
- Subfamily: Sciurinae
- Genus: Sciurus
- Red squirrel, S. vulgaris LC[1]
- Genus: Sciurus
- Subfamily: Sciurinae
- Family: Gliridae (dormice)
- Subfamily: Leithiinae
- Genus: Eliomys
- Garden dormouse, E. quercinus NT[2]
- Genus: Eliomys
- Subfamily: Leithiinae
- Family: Cricetidae (hamsters, voles, lemmings)
- Subfamily: Arvicolinae
- Genus: Arvicola
- Southwestern water vole, A. sapidus VU[3]
- European water vole, A. amphibius LC[4]
- Genus: Microtus
- Cabrera's vole, M. cabrerae NT[5]
- Field vole, M. agrestis LC
- Mediterranean pine vole, M. duodecimcostatus LC
- Lusitanian pine vole, M. lusitanicus LC
- Genus: Arvicola
- Subfamily: Arvicolinae
- Family: Muridae (mice and rats)
- Subfamily: Murinae
- Genus: Apodemus
- Wood mouse, A. sylvaticus LC
- Genus: Mus
- House mouse, M. musculus LC
- Algerian mouse, M. spretus LC
- Genus: Rattus
- Genus: Apodemus
- Subfamily: Murinae
- Family: Sciuridae (squirrels)
Order: Lagomorpha (lagomorphs)
[edit]The lagomorphs comprise two families, Leporidae (hares and rabbits), and Ochotonidae (pikas). Though they can resemble rodents, and were classified as a superfamily in that order until the early 20th century, they have since been considered a separate order. They differ from rodents in a number of physical characteristics, such as having four incisors in the upper jaw rather than two.
- Family: Leporidae (rabbits, hares)
- Genus: Oryctolagus
- European rabbit, O. cuniculus EN[7]
- Genus: Lepus
- Granada hare, L. granatensis LC[8]
- Genus: Oryctolagus
Order: Erinaceomorpha (hedgehogs and gymnures)
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Igel01.jpg/220px-Igel01.jpg)
The order Erinaceomorpha contains a single family, Erinaceidae, which comprise the hedgehogs and gymnures. The hedgehogs are easily recognised by their spines while gymnures look more like large rats.
- Family: Erinaceidae (hedgehogs)
- Subfamily: Erinaceinae
- Genus: Erinaceus
- West European hedgehog, E. europaeus LC[9]
- Genus: Erinaceus
- Subfamily: Erinaceinae
Order: Soricomorpha (shrews, moles, and solenodons)
[edit]This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2019) |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gartenspitzmaus.jpg/220px-Gartenspitzmaus.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Galemys_pyrenaicus_01_by-dpc.jpg/220px-Galemys_pyrenaicus_01_by-dpc.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sorex_minutus.jpg/220px-Sorex_minutus.jpg)
The Soricomorpha are insectivorous mammals. The shrews and solenodons resemble mice while the moles are stout-bodied burrowers.
- Family: Soricidae (shrews)
- Subfamily: Crocidurinae
- Genus: Crocidura
- Greater white-toothed shrew, C. russula LC
- Lesser white-toothed shrew, C. suaveolens LC[10]
- Genus: Suncus
- Etruscan shrew, S. etruscus LC
- Genus: Crocidura
- Subfamily: Soricinae
- Tribe: Nectogalini
- Genus: Neomys
- Southern water shrew, N. anomalus LC
- Genus: Neomys
- Tribe: Soricini
- Genus: Sorex
- Iberian shrew, S. granarius LC
- Eurasian pygmy shrew, S. minutus LC
- Genus: Sorex
- Tribe: Nectogalini
- Subfamily: Crocidurinae
- Family: Talpidae (moles)
- Subfamily: Talpinae
- Tribe: Desmanini
- Genus: Galemys
- Pyrenean desman, G. pyrenaicus VU[11]
- Genus: Galemys
- Tribe: Talpini
- Genus: Talpa
- Iberian mole, T. occidentalis LC
- Genus: Talpa
- Tribe: Desmanini
- Subfamily: Talpinae
Order: Chiroptera (bats)
[edit]This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2019) |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Vespertilion_bechstein.jpg/220px-Vespertilion_bechstein.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Eptesicus_serotinus.jpg/220px-Eptesicus_serotinus.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nyctalus_leisleri.jpg/220px-Nyctalus_leisleri.jpg)
The bats' most distinguishing feature is that their forelimbs are developed as wings, making them the only mammals capable of flight. Bat species account for about 20% of all mammals.
- Family: Vespertilionidae
- Subfamily: Myotinae
- Genus: Myotis
- Bechstein's bat, M. bechsteini NT[12]
- Greater mouse-eared bat, M. myotis LC[13]
- Daubenton's bat, M. daubentonii LC[14]
- Geoffroy's bat, M. emarginatus LC[15]
- Escalera's bat, M. escalerai LC[16]
- Whiskered bat, M. mystacinus LC[17]
- Natterer's bat, M. nattereri LC[18]
- Genus: Myotis
- Subfamily: Vespertilioninae
- Genus: Barbastella
- Western barbastelle, B. barbastellus NT[19]
- Genus: Eptesicus
- Serotine bat, E. serotinus LC
- Genus: Nyctalus
- Greater noctule bat, N. lasiopterus NT[20]
- Lesser noctule, N. leisleri LC[21]
- Azores noctule, N. azoreum VU
- Genus: Pipistrellus
- Madeira pipistrelle, P. maderensis VU
- Genus: Plecotus
- Brown long-eared bat, P. auritus LC[22]
- Grey long-eared bat, P. austriacus LC
- Genus: Barbastella
- Subfamily: Myotinae
- Family: Miniopteridae
- Genus: Miniopterus
- Common bent-wing bat, M. schreibersii VU[23]
- Genus: Miniopterus
- Family: Molossidae
- Genus: Tadarida
- European free-tailed bat, T. teniotis LC[24]
- Genus: Tadarida
- Family: Rhinolophidae
- Subfamily: Rhinolophinae
- Genus: Rhinolophus
- Mediterranean horseshoe bat, R. euryale NT[25]
- Greater horseshoe bat, R. ferrumequinum LC[26]
- Lesser horseshoe bat, R. hipposideros LC[27]
- Mehely's horseshoe bat, R. mehelyi VU[28]
- Genus: Rhinolophus
- Subfamily: Rhinolophinae
This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2019) |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Rough_toothed_dolphin.jpg/220px-Rough_toothed_dolphin.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/White_beaked_dolphin.jpg/220px-White_beaked_dolphin.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/False_killer_whale_890002.jpg/220px-False_killer_whale_890002.jpg)
The order Cetacea includes whales, dolphins and porpoises. They are the mammals most fully adapted to aquatic life with a spindle-shaped nearly hairless body, protected by a thick layer of blubber, and forelimbs and tail modified to provide propulsion underwater.
- Suborder: Mysticeti
- Family: Balaenidae
- Genus: Eubalaena
- North Atlantic right whale, E. glacialis EN
- Genus: Eubalaena
- Family: Balaenopteridae
- Subfamily: Balaenopterinae
- Genus: Balaenoptera
- Fin whale, B. physalus EN
- Blue whale, B. musculus EN
- Genus: Balaenoptera
- Subfamily: Balaenopterinae
- Family: Balaenidae
- Suborder: Odontoceti
- Superfamily: Platanistoidea
- Family: Phocoenidae
- Genus: Phocoena
- Harbour porpoise, P. phocoena VU
- Genus: Phocoena
- Family: Physeteridae
- Genus: Physeter
- Sperm whale, P. macrocephalus VU
- Genus: Physeter
- Family: Kogiidae
- Genus: Kogia
- Pygmy sperm whale, K. breviceps DD[29]
- Dwarf sperm whale, K. sima LC
- Genus: Kogia
- Family: Ziphidae
- Genus: Ziphius
- Cuvier's beaked whale, Z. cavirostris DD
- Subfamily: Hyperoodontinae
- Genus: Hyperoodon
- Bottlenose whale, H. ampullatus DD
- Genus: Mesoplodon
- Sowerby's beaked whale, M. bidens DD
- Blainville's beaked whale, M. densirostris DD
- True's beaked whale, M. mirus DD
- Genus: Hyperoodon
- Genus: Ziphius
- Family: Delphinidae (marine dolphins)
- Genus: Lagenorhynchus
- White-beaked dolphin, Lagenorhynchus albirostris LC
- Genus: Leucopleurus
- Atlantic white-sided dolphin, Leucopleurus acutus LC
- Genus: Steno
- Rough-toothed dolphin, S. bredanensis DD
- Genus: Tursiops
- Bottlenose dolphin, T. truncatus DD
- Genus: Stenella
- Striped dolphin, S. coeruleoalba DD
- Atlantic spotted dolphin, S. frontalis DD
- Genus: Delphinus
- Short-beaked common dolphin, D. delphis VU
- Genus: Grampus
- Risso's dolphin, G. griseus DD
- Genus: Feresa
- Pygmy killer whale, F. attenuata DD
- Genus: Pseudorca
- False killer whale, P. crassidens LC
- Genus: Orcinus
- Orca O. orca DD
- Genus: Globicephala
- Short-finned pilot whale, G. macrorhynchus LC
- Long-finned pilot whale, G. melas LC
- Genus: Lagenorhynchus
- Family: Phocoenidae
- Superfamily: Platanistoidea
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Wildkatze_002.jpg/220px-Wildkatze_002.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Billy_monk_seal_2.jpg/220px-Billy_monk_seal_2.jpg)
There are over 260 species of carnivorans, the majority of which primarily eat meat. They have a characteristic skull shape and dentition.
- Suborder: Feliformia
- Family: Felidae (cats)
- Subfamily: Felinae
- Genus: Felis
- European wildcat, F. silvestris LC[30]
- Genus: Lynx
- Iberian lynx, L. pardinus EN reintroduced[31]
- Genus: Felis
- Subfamily: Felinae
- Family: Viverridae
- Subfamily: Viverrinae
- Genus: Genetta
- Common genet, G. genetta LC introduced[32]
- Genus: Genetta
- Subfamily: Viverrinae
- Family: Herpestidae
- Genus: Herpestes
- Egyptian mongoose, H. ichneumon LC[33]
- Genus: Herpestes
- Family: Felidae (cats)
- Suborder: Caniformia
- Family: Canidae (dogs and foxes)
- Family: Mustelidae (mustelids)
- Genus: Lutra
- European otter, L. lutra NT[36]
- Genus: Martes
- Beech marten, M. foina LC[37]
- European pine marten, M. martes LC[38]
- Genus: Meles
- European badger, M. meles LC[39]
- Genus: Mustela
- Stoat, M. erminea LC[40]
- Least weasel, M. nivalis LC[41]
- European polecat, M. putorius LC[42]
- Genus: Neogale
- American mink, N. vison LC introduced[43]
- Genus: Lutra
- Family: Phocidae (earless seals)
- Genus: Cystophora
- Hooded seal, C. cristata VU[44]
- Genus: Erignathus
- Bearded seal, Erignathus barbatus LC
- Genus: Monachus
- Mediterranean monk seal, M. monachus EN Madeira only[45]
- Genus: Phoca
- Common seal, P. vitulina LC
- Genus: Pusa
- Ringed seal, P. hispida LC
- Genus: Cystophora
Order: Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates)
[edit]This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2019) |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/RedDeerCaithness.jpg/220px-RedDeerCaithness.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Capreolus_capreolus_2_Jojo.jpg/220px-Capreolus_capreolus_2_Jojo.jpg)
The even-toed ungulates are ungulates whose weight is borne about equally by the third and fourth toes, rather than mostly or entirely by the third as in perissodactyls. There are about 220 artiodactyl species, including many that are of great economic importance to humans.
- Family: Cervidae
- Family: Bovidae
- Subfamily: Caprinae
- Genus: Capra
- Spanish ibex, C. pyrenaica LC reintroduced
- Portuguese ibex, C. p. lusitanica EX
- Western Spanish ibex, C. p. victoriae introduced
- Spanish ibex, C. pyrenaica LC reintroduced
- Genus: Capra
- Subfamily: Caprinae
- Family: Suidae
Locally extinct
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Cantabrian_brown_bear.jpg/220px-Cantabrian_brown_bear.jpg)
The following species are locally extinct in the country:
- Brown bear, Ursus arctos[50]
- Common noctule, Nyctalus noctula[51]
- Eurasian beaver, Castor fiber[52]
- Wild horse, Equus ferus[53][54][55]
See also
[edit]- List of chordate orders
- List of prehistoric mammals
- Lists of mammals by region
- Mammal classification
- List of mammals described in the 2000s
References
[edit]- ^ Amori, G.; Hutterer, R.; Kryštufek, B.; Yigit, N.; Mitsain, G. & Muñoz, L. J. P. (2010). "Sciurus vulgaris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T20025A9136220.
- ^ Bertolino, S.; Amori, G.; Henttonen, H.; Zagorodnyuk, I.; Zima, J.; Juškaitis, R.; Meinig, H. & Kryštufek, B. (2008). "Eliomys quercinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T7618A12835766.
- ^ Rigaux, P.; Vaslin, M.; Noblet, J. F.; Amori, G. & Muñoz, L. J. P. (2008). "Arvicola sapidus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T2150A9290712.
- ^ Batsaikhan, N.; Henttonen, H.; Meinig, H.; Shenbrot, G.; Bukhnikashvili, A.; Hutterer, R.; Kryštufek, B.; Yigit, N.; Mitsain, G. & Palomo, L. (2016). "Arvicola amphibius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T2149A115060819.
- ^ Fernandes, M.; Pita, R. & Mira, A. (2019). "Microtus cabrerae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T13418A90931498.
- ^ Kryštufek, B.; Palomo, L.J.; Hutterer, R.; Mitsain, G. & Yigit, N. (2015). "Rattus rattus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T19360A115148682.
- ^ Villafuerte, R.; Delibes-Mateos, M. (2019). "Oryctolagus cuniculus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41291A45189779.
- ^ Soriguer, R. & Carro, F. (2019). "Lepus granatensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41306A2953195. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41306A2953195.en.
- ^ Amori, G. (2016). "Erinaceus europaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T29650A2791303. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T29650A2791303.en.
- ^ Hutterer, R.; Amori, G.; Krystufek, B.; Yigit, N.; Mitsain, G.& Palomo, L.J. (2010). "Crocidura suaveolens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T29656A9511068.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Fernandes, M.; Herrero, J.; Aulagnier, S. & Amori, G. (2008). "Galemys pyrenaicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T8826A12934876.
- ^ Paunović, M. (2019). "Myotis bechsteinii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T14123A22053752.
- ^ Coroiu, I.; Juste, J. & Paunović, M. (2016). "Myotis myotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T14133A22051759.
- ^ Kruskop, S.V.; Godlevska, L.; Bücs, S.; Çoraman, E. & Gazaryan, S. (2020). "daubentonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T85342710A22054773.
- ^ Piraccini, R. (2016). "Myotis emarginatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T14129A22051191.
- ^ Ibáñez, C. & Juste, J. (2017). "Myotis escalerai". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T85733126A85733299.
- ^ Coroiu, I. (2016). "Myotis mystacinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T14134A22052250.
- ^ Gazaryan, S.; Kruskop, S.V. & Godlevska, L. (2020). "Myotis nattereri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T85733032A22052584.
- ^ Piraccini, R. (2016). "Barbastella barbastellus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T2553A22029285.
- ^ Hutson, A. M.; Alcaldé, J. T.; Juste, J.; Karataş, A.; Palmeirim, J. & Paunović, M. (2010). "Nyctalus lasiopterus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T14918A4471682.
- ^ Juste, J. & Paunović, M. (2016). "Nyctalus leisleri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T14919A22016159.
- ^ Gazaryan, S.; Kruskop, S.V. & Godlevska, L. (2021) [errata version of 2020 assessment]. "Plecotus auritus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T85535522A195861341.
- ^ Gazaryan, S.; Bücs, S. & Çoraman, E. (2021) [errata version of 2020 assessment]. "Miniopterus schreibersii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T81633057A19585652.
- ^ Benda, P. & Piraccini, R. (2016). "Tadarida teniotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21311A22114995.
- ^ Juste, J. & Alcaldé, J. (2016). "Rhinolophus euryale". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T19516A21971185.
- ^ Piraccini, R. (2016). "Rhinolophus ferrumequinum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T19517A21973253.
- ^ Taylor, P. (2016). "Rhinolophus hipposideros". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T19518A21972794.
- ^ Alcaldé, J.; Benda, P. & Juste, J. (2016). "Rhinolophus mehelyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T19519A21974380.
- ^ Taylor, B.L.; Baird, R.; Barlow, J.; Dawson, S.M.; Ford, J.K.B.; Mead, J.G.; Notarbartolo di Sciara, G.; Wade, P. & Pitman, R.L. (2012). "Kogia breviceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T11047A17692192. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T11047A17692192.en.
- ^ Gerngross, P.; Ambarli, H.; Angelici, F.M.; Anile, S.; Campbell, R.; Ferreras de Andres, P.; Gil-Sanchez, J.M.; Götz, M.; Jerosch, S.; Mengüllüoglu, D.; Monterosso, P. & Zlatanova, D. (2022). "Felis silvestris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T181049859A181050999. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T181049859A181050999.en. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
- ^ Rodríguez, A. & Calzada, J. (2015). "Lynx pardinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T12520A50655794.
- ^ Gaubert, P.; Carvalho, F.; Camps, D. & Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Genetta genetta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41698A45218636.
- ^ Do Linh San, E.; Maddock, A.H.; Gaubert, P. & Palomares, F. (2016). "Herpestes ichneumon". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41613A45207211.
- ^ Hoffmann, M. & Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2016). "Vulpes vulpes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T23062A46190249.
- ^ Boitani, L.; Phillips, M. & Jhala, Y. (2018). "Canis lupus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T3746A119623865.
- ^ Roos, A.; Loy, A.; de Silva, P.; Hajkova, P. & Zemanová, B. (2015). "Lutra lutra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T12419A21935287.
- ^ Abramov, A.V.; Kranz, A.; Herrero, J.; Krantz, A.; Choudhury, A. & Maran, T. (2016). "Martes foina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T29672A45202514.
- ^ Herrero, J.; Kranz, A.; Skumatov, D.; Abramov, A.V.; Maran, T. & Monakhov, V.G. (2016). "Martes martes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12848A45199169.
- ^ Kranz, A.; Abramov, A. V.; Herrero, J. & Maran, T. (2016). "Meles meles". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T29673A45203002.
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- ^ McDonald, R. A.; Abramov, A. V.; Stubbe, M.; Herrero, J.; Maran, T.; Tikhonov, A.; Cavallini, P.; Kranz, A.; Giannatos, G.; Kryštufek, B. & Reid, F. (2019). "Mustela nivalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T70207409A147993366.
- ^ Skumatov, D.; Abramov, A.V.; Herrero, J.; Kitchener, A.; Maran, T.; Kranz, A.; Sándor, A.; Stubbe, M.; Saveljev, A.; Savour-Soubelet, A.; Guinot-Ghestem, M.; Zuberogoitia, I.; Birks, J.D.S.; Weber, A.; Melisch, R. & Ruette, S. (2016). "Mustela putorius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41658A45214384.
- ^ Reid, F.; Schiaffini, M. & Schipper, J. (2016). "Neovison vison". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41661A45214988.
- ^ Kovacs, K. (2016). "Cystophora cristata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T6204A45225150.
- ^ Karamanlidis, A. & Dendrinos, P. (2015). "Monachus monachus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T13653A45227543.
- ^ Lovari, S.; Lorenzini, R.; Masseti, M.; Pereladova, O.; Carden, R.F.; Brook, S.M. & Mattioli, S. (2018). "Cervus elaphus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T55997072A142404453.
- ^ Masseti, M. & Mertzanidou, D. (2008). "Dama dama". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T42188A10656554.
- ^ Lovari, S.; Herrero, J.; Masseti, M.; Ambarli, H.; Lorenzini, R. & Giannatos, G. (2016). "Capreolus capreolus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42395A22161386.
- ^ Keuling, O. & Leus, K. (2019). "Sus scrofa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41775A44141833.
- ^ McLellan, B. N.; Proctor, M. F.; Huber, D. & Michel, S. (2017). "Ursus arctos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T41688A121229971.
- ^ Csorba, G. & Hutson, A.M. (2016). "Nyctalus noctula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T14920A22015682.
- ^ Batbold, J.; Batsaikhan, N.; Shar, S.; Hutterer, R.; Kryštufek, B.; Yigit, N.; Mitsain, G. & Palomo, L. (2016). "Castor fiber". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4007A115067136.
- ^ Nores, Carlos; Muñiz, Arturo Morales; Rodríguez, Laura Llorente; Bennett, E. Andrew; Geigl, Eva-María (2015). "The Iberian zebro: What kind of a beast was it?". Anthropozoologica. 50: 21–32. doi:10.5252/az2015n1a2. S2CID 55004515.
- ^ Pascual Barea, J. (2017). Equiferus hispanus o cebro ibérico: el caballo salvaje de la Península Ibérica desde la Antigüedad a época Moderna.
- ^ Pascual Barea, J. (2021). Equiferi y aquifolia: Cebros y acebos en la toponimia de la península ibérica.
External links
[edit]- "Animal Diversity Web". University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. 1995–2006. Retrieved 22 May 2007.