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List of heads of state and government who took their own lives

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A number of heads of state and heads of government have taken their own lives, either while in office or after leaving office. National leaders who take their own lives while in office generally do so because their leadership is somehow threatened – for instance, by a coup or an invading army. Some have done so under compulsion.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Heads of state

[edit]
Name State Year In
office?		 Method (Probable)
motive		 Ref.
Zhou Shang dynasty 1046 BC Yes Immolation Impending defeat by rebels under Jiang Ziya [1]
Zimri Israel 885 BC? Impending defeat by rebels under Omri [2]
Rusa I Urartu 714 BC Stabbing Defeat by Sargon II, looting of Musasir [3]
Midas Phrygia 676 BC? Poisoning Impending defeat by the Cimmerians [4]
Šamaš-šuma-ukin (disputed) Babylonia 648 BC Immolation Defeat by Ashurbanipal [5]
Cheng Chu 626 BC Hanging Palace coup by Prince Shangchen [6]
Sîn-šar-iškun (disputed) Assyria 612 BC Defeat by Nabopolassar [7]
Ling Chu 529 BC Hanging Palace coup by Duke Qiji of Cai [8]
Psamtik III Egypt 525 BC No Poisoning Defeated and deposed by the Achaemenid king Cambyses II [4]
Cleomenes I (disputed) Sparta 490 BC Yes Mutilation by sword Imprisonment on grounds of insanity [9]
Fuchai Wu 473 BC Hanging or slitting throat (disputed) Defeat by Goujian of Yue [10]
Chetaka Licchavi Republic 468 BC Drowning Defeat by Ajatashatru of Magadha [11]
Huai Qin 425 BC Compelled after palace coup [12]
Chandragupta Maurya (disputed) Maurya Empire 295 BC No Starvation (sallekhana) Piety [13]
Cleomenes III Sparta 219 BC Failure of revolt against Ptolemy IV [14]
Qin Er Shi Qin dynasty 207 BC Yes Compelled after palace coup by Zhao Gao [15]
Xiang Yu Chu 202 BC Slitting throat Defeat by Liu Bang at the Battle of Gaixia [16]
An Dương Vương Âu Lạc 179 BC Drowning Defeat by Zhao Tuo [17]
Quintus Fulvius Flaccus Roman Republic 172 BC No Hanging Depression after death of son [18]
Diaeus Achaean League 146 BC Yes Poisoning Defeat by Romans under Lucius Mummius [19][20]
Diodotus Tryphon (disputed) Seleucid Empire 138 BC Defeat by Antiochus VII Sidetes [21]
Gaius Papirius Carbo Roman Republic 119 BC No Poisoning Prosecution for treason [22]
Gnaeus Papirius Carbo Roman Republic 112 BC Prosecution for losing the Battle of Noreia [23]
Gaius Marius the Younger Roman Republic 82 BC Yes Defeat at the Battle of the Colline Gate and impending capture by Sulla [24]
Gaius Norbanus Roman Republic 82 BC No Threat of extradition from Rhodes after proscription by Sulla [25]
Mithridates VI Eupator Pontus 63 BC Yes Stabbed by bodyguard on command after failed poisoning Impending defeat by rebellion [26]
Ptolemy of Cyprus Cyprus 58 BC Poisoning Threat of Roman annexation [27]
Juba I Numidia 46 BC Duel as part of suicide pact with Marcus Petreius Impending defeat by Julius Caesar after the Battle of Thapsus [19]
Mark Antony Roman Republic 30 BC No Stabbing Defeat by Octavian at the Battle of Alexandria [28]
Cleopatra VII Philopator Ptolemaic Kingdom 30 BC Yes Poisoning Death of Mark Antony and defeat by Octavian [29]
Nero Roman Empire 68 Stabbing (assisted by Epaphroditus) Impending overthrow [19]
Otho Roman Empire 69 Stabbing Impending defeat by Vitellius [30]
Decebalus Dacia 106 Slitting throat Defeat by Trajan [31]
Uthiyan Cheralathan Chera dynasty 130? Starvation (vaṭakkiruttal) Defeat by Karikala at the Battle of Venni [32]
Gordian I Roman Empire 238 Hanging Death of son and co-emperor Gordian II at the Battle of Carthage [33]
Sun Liang Eastern Wu 260 No Accused of plotting to assassinate successor after deposition [34]
Bongsang Goguryeo 300 Yes Hanging Palace coup owing to popular unrest [35]
Maximian Roman Empire 310 No Failure of rebellion against Constantine I [36]
Diocletian (disputed) Roman Empire 312? Starvation Fear of reprisal by Constantine I [37]
Li Qi Cheng Han 338 Hanging Palace coup and deposition by Li Shou [38]
Lü Shao Later Liang 400 Yes Palace coup by Lü Zuan [39]
Juqu Mujian Northern Liang 447 No Compelled by Taiwu of Northern Wei on suspicion of plotting rebellion [40]
Yujiulü Anagui Rouran Khaganate 552 Yes Defeat by Turkic rebellion led by Bumin Qaghan [41]
Gao Wei Northern Qi 577? No Compelled by Wu of Northern Zhou on suspicion of plotting rebellion [42]
Kōbun Japan 672 Yes Strangulation Defeat by Prince Ōama in Jinshin War [43][44]
Huigang Silla 838 Hanging Impending defeat by rebels under Kim Myeong [45]
Zhangxin Qaghan Uyghur Khaganate 839 Defeat by Zhuyue Chixin [46]
Zhu Yougui Later Liang 913 Palace coup by Zhu Youzhen [47]
Zhu Youzhen Later Liang 923 Impending defeat by Later Tang [48]
Gyeongae Silla 927 Compelled after defeat by Kyŏn Hwŏn [49]
Li Congke Later Tang 937 Immolation Impending defeat by Taizong of Liao [50]
Marasimha II Western Ganga dynasty 975 No Starvation (sallekhana) Failure against Siyaka and Tailapa II, piety [51]
Indra IV Rashtrakuta 982 Collapse of Rashtrakuta, failure against Tailapa II, piety [51]
Jayapala Hindu Shahis 1001 Immolation Defeat by Mahmud of Ghazni and abdication [52]
Someshvara I Western Chalukya Empire 1068 Yes Drowning Defeat by Virarajendra Chola and illness [53]
Ananta Lohara dynasty 1081 No Stabbing Breakdown of relationship with son and successor Kalaśa after abdication [54]
Zhang Bangchang Da Chu 1127 Hanging Compelled by Gaozong of Song after abdication [55]
Aizong Jin dynasty 1234 Yes Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty [56]
Prataparudra Kakatiya dynasty 1323 Defeat and capture by the Delhi Sultanate [57]
Bayezid I Ottoman Empire 1403 No Defeat and imprisonment by Timur [58]
Tezozomoctli Cuauhtitlan 1430 Yes Poisoning Defeat in the Tepanec War [59]
Hasan Ali Qara Qoyunlu 1469 Defeat by Uzun Hasan [60]
Moquihuix (disputed) Tlatelolco 1473 Jumped off pyramid Defeat by Aztecs in the Battle of Tlatelolco [61]
Lê Cung Hoàng Lê dynasty 1527 No Hanging Compelled after palace coup by Mạc Đăng Dung [62]
Muzaffar Shah III Gujarat 1592 Slitting throat Capture by Mughal forces after failed rebellion
Chongzhen Emperor Ming dynasty 1644 Yes Hanging or suffocation (disputed) Impending defeat by rebels under Li Zicheng [63]
Lê Duy Phường Lê dynasty 1735 No Hanging Compelled after palace coup by Trịnh Giang [62]
Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve  France 1794 Gunshot Impending arrest after proscription [64]
Philippe Rühl  France 1795 Stabbing Prosecution after failure of Prairial uprising [65]
Louis-Joseph Charlier  France 1797 Gunshot Mental breakdown [66]
Osei Kwame Panyin Ashanti Empire 1803 Poisoning or strangulation (disputed) Deposition by Konadu Yaadom [67]
Henri Christophe Haiti 1820 Yes Gunshot Poor health, impending overthrow [68]
Juan Larrea  Argentina 1847 No Gunshot or slitting throat (disputed) Business failure [69][70]
Anson Jones  Texas 1858 Gunshot Political failure [71]
Talal bin Abdullah Al Rashid  Jabal Shammar 1868 Yes Ill-health [72]
Tewodros II  Ethiopia 1868 Defeated by the British Expedition to Abyssinia [73]
Abdulaziz (disputed)  Ottoman Empire 1876 No Arms cut by scissors Forced abdication [74]
Fridolin Anderwert   Switzerland 1880 Yes Gunshot Adverse press coverage, depression, exhaustion [75]
José Manuel Balmaceda  Chile 1891 No Defeat in the Chilean Civil War of 1891 [76]
Nikolay Chkheidze  Georgia 1926 Slitting throat Depression over the Bolsheviks' conquest of Georgia [77][78]
Germán Busch  Bolivia 1939 Yes Gunshot Political frustration, depression [79]
Otto Strandman  Estonia 1941 No Impending arrest by NKVD [80][81]
Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski  Poland 1942 Jumped off a building Defeat of Poland and political frustration in exile [82]
Adolf Hitler  Germany 1945 Yes Gunshot Pending defeat in the European theatre of World War II [83]
Nguyen Van Thinh  French Cochinchina 1946 Hanging Political failure [84]
Omer Nishani (disputed)  Albania 1954 No Gunshot Poor health, political failure [85][86]
Getúlio Vargas  Brazil 1954 Yes Opposition from the military [87]
Salvador Allende  Chile 1973 Military coup [88][89][90]
Chivu Stoica  Romania 1975 No Out of favour with leadership of the Romanian Communist Party [91]
Carlos Prío Socarrás (disputed)  Cuba 1977 Faced questioning by the House Select Committee on Assassinations [92][93]
Antonio Guzmán Fernández  Dominican Republic 1982 Yes Corruption allegations [94][95]
Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado  Cuba 1983 No Poor health, bereavement [96]
Lazarus Salii  Palau 1988 Yes Corruption allegations [97]
Zviad Gamsakhurdia (disputed)  Georgia 1993 No Defeat in the Georgian Civil War [98][99]
Dipendra  Nepal 2001 Yes Unknown: had just killed nine family members [100]
Carlos Roberto Reina  Honduras 2003 No Ill-health [101]
Milan Babić  Serbian Krajina 2006 Hanging Imprisonment over war crimes [102]
Roh Moo-hyun  South Korea 2009 Jumped off a cliff Corruption allegations [103]
Alan García Pérez  Peru 2019 Gunshot Allegations of corruption [104]

Heads of government

[edit]
Name Country Year In
office		 Method Probable
motive		 Reference
Hurshid Pasha  Ottoman Empire 1822 Yes Poison Defeat in the Greek War of Independence and execution threat [105]
Bhimsen Thapa  Nepal 1839 No Slit throat with a kukri Disgrace of third wife [106]
Abdul Muhsin al-Sa'dun  Iraq 1929 Yes Gunshot Political frustration [107][108]
Iosif Adamovich  Byelorussian SSR 1937 No Being taken to Moscow under arrest [109]
Walery Sławek  Poland 1939 Political failure [110][111]
Pál Teleki  Hungary 1941 Yes Distress over entry of German troops into Hungary [112][113]
Alexandros Koryzis  Greece 1941 German invasion of Greece [114]
Joseph Goebbels  Germany 1945 No Gunshot or cyanide Defeat in European theatre of World War II [115][116]
Fumimaro Konoe  Japan 1945 Cyanide Accused of war crimes [117]
Milan Nedić (disputed)  Serbia 1946 Jumped from prison window Imprisonment after defeat in World War II [118]
Johannes Vares (disputed)  Estonia 1946 Gunshot Disillusion with Soviet system [119][120]
Tawfik Abu Al-Huda  Jordan 1956 Hanging Dying of cancer[121] [122][123]
John McEwen  Australia 1980 Starvation (refused food) Ill-health [124][125]
Mehmet Shehu (disputed)  Albania 1981 Yes Gunshot Nervous breakdown [126][127]
Hailu Yimenu  Ethiopia 1991 or 1993 No Avoiding capture by the EPRDF [128][129]
Pierre Bérégovoy  France 1993 Gunshot Depression and being investigated [130]
Mahmoud Zuabi  Syria 2000 Allegations of corruption [131]
Alan García Pérez  Peru 2019 Allegations of corruption [104]
Dries van Agt  Netherlands 2024 No Assisted suicide Poor health [132]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  92. ^ Kathleen Tracy (2010). We Visit Cuba. Mitchell Lane Publishers, Incorporated. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-61228-039-4.
  93. ^ Richard Belzer; David Wayne (June 2016). Hit List: An In-Depth Investigation into the Mysterious Deaths of Witnesses to the JFK Assassination. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 240. ISBN 978-1-62636-284-0.
  94. ^ Pablo González Casanova (1993). Latin America Today. United Nations University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-92-808-0819-3.
  95. ^ John E. Jessup (1998). An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945-1996. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-313-28112-9.
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  99. ^ Christoph Zurcher (September 2009). The Post-Soviet Wars: Rebellion, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationhood in the Caucasus. NYU Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8147-9724-2.
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  105. ^ George Georgiades Arnakis; Wayne S. Vucinich (1969). The Near East in modern times. Pemberton Press. p. 157.
  106. ^ Acharya, Baburam (2012), Acharya, Shri Krishna (ed.), Janaral Bhimsen Thapa : Yinko Utthan Tatha Pattan (in Nepali), Kathmandu: Education Book House, p. 164, ISBN 9789937241748
  107. ^ Allawi, Ali A. (2014). Faisal I of Iraq. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 512. ISBN 9780300127324.
  108. ^ Tripp, Charles (2002). A History of Iraq (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 0-521-82148-7.
  109. ^ "Index Aa-Ag|Adamovich, Iosif Aleksandrovich". rulers.org. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  110. ^ Włodzimierz Kalicki: 2 kwietnia 1939. Stary browning. Gazeta Wyborcza, 2 April 2006.
  111. ^ Ivan T. Berend (2001). Decades of Crisis: Central and Eastern Europe Before World War II. University of California Press. p. 317. ISBN 978-0-520-22901-3.
  112. ^ Horthy, Miklós; Simon, Andrew L. "The Annotated Memoirs of Admiral Milklós Horthy, Regent of Hungary". Ilona Bowden. Archived from the original on 2010-01-04. Retrieved 2017-10-30.
  113. ^ András Bán (2004). Hungarian-British Diplomacy, 1938-1941: The Attempt to Maintain Relations. Psychology Press. pp. 142–3. ISBN 978-0-7146-8565-6.
  114. ^ Antony Beevor (2011). Crete: The Battle and the Resistance. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-84854-635-6.
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  116. ^ Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945. London: Viking-Penguin Books. p. 381. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5.
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  119. ^ Laar, M. (1992). War in the Woods: Estonia's Struggle for Survival, 1944-1956. Howells House. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-929590-08-0.
  120. ^ Alexander Shtromas (2003). Totalitarianism and the Prospects for World Order: Closing the Door on the Twentieth Century. Lexington Books. p. 283. ISBN 978-0-7391-0534-4.
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