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List of former equipment of the Iraqi Ground Forces

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The following is a list of former equipment used by the Iraqi Ground Forces. For a list of current equipment, please see List of current equipment of the Iraqi Ground Forces.

For a list of Former Iraqi Air Force equipment, please see Former Iraqi Air Force equipment.

Pre-1958 equipment

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Small arms

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Handguns

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Country of Name Country of Origin
Webley Revolver  United Kingdom

Submachine guns

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Country of Name Country of Origin
Sterling L2A3  United Kingdom

Rifles

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Name Country of origin
Lee–Enfield  United Kingdom

Light machine guns

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Name Country of origin
Bren light machine gun  United Kingdom
Lewis gun  United Kingdom

Rocket launchers

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Country of Name Country of Origin
M20 Super Bazooka  United States


Tanks and tankettes

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Name Country of origin
L3/35  Kingdom of Italy
M.13/40  Kingdom of Italy
Cruiser A15 Crusader Mk I  United Kingdom
Light Tank Mk VI  United Kingdom
M24 Chaffee  United States
Churchill Mk VII  United Kingdom
Centurion Mk 5/1  United Kingdom

SPG

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Name Country of origin
15 cm sFH 13/1 (Sf) Geschützwagen Lorraine Schlepper (f)  France
 Nazi Germany

Аrmored cars

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Name Country of origin
Vickers Crossley Armoured Car  United Kingdom
Indian Pattern Wheeled Carrier  United Kingdom
Unknown armored car  Kingdom of Iraq
Crossley India Pattern  United Kingdom
Daimler Armored Car  United Kingdom
Humber Armoured Car  United Kingdom
Ferret Mk 1/1  United Kingdom

Cars

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Country of Name Country of Origin
Land Rover Series I LWB  United Kingdom
Dodge Power Wagon W100  United States
Willys M38  United States
DUKW  United States
Austin Champ  United Kingdom

Trucks

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Country of Name Country of Origin
Chevrolet C15  United States
White/ Corbitt Model 666  United States
AEC Militant Mk.1  United Kingdom

Tractors

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Name Country of origin
M4 high-speed tractor  United States
Ford FGT  United States
Diamond T-980  United States
Thornycroft Antar MK.2  United Kingdom

Engineering vehicles

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Country of Name Country of Origin
British made folding boat carrier based on unknown truck  United Kingdom

Howitzers

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Country of Name Country of Origin
QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer  United Kingdom
Ordnance QF 18-pounder Mark IV  United Kingdom
Ordnance QF 18-pounder Mk I  United Kingdom
Ordnance QF 18-pounder Mk II  United Kingdom
QF 25-pounder field gun Mk I  United Kingdom
QF 25-pounder field gun Mk II  United Kingdom
Ordnance BL 5.5-inch  United Kingdom
M115 howitzer  United States

AA guns

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Name Country of origin
Bofors 40 mm gun  United Kingdom

Mortars

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Country of Name Country of Origin
Ordnance ML 3-inch mortar  United Kingdom

1958–2003 equipment

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Small arms

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Handguns

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Name Country of Origin Caliber Notes
TT-33[1][2]  Soviet Union 7.62×25mm Tokarev
Type 51[3]  China 7.62×25mm Tokarev Chinese copy of the Tokarev TT.
Makarov PM[1]  Soviet Union 9×18mm Makarov
Beretta M1951[4]  Italy 9×19mm Parabellum
Tariq pistol[4]  Iraq 9×19mm Parabellum Licensed copy of the Beretta M1951.
Browning Hi-Power[5]  Belgium 9×19mm Parabellum
CZ-75[5]  Czechoslovakia 9×19mm Parabellum

Submachine guns

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Name Country of Origin Caliber Notes
M84  Yugoslavia .32 ACP Yugoslav copy of the Škorpion vz. 61 built under license.[6]

Assault rifles

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Name Country of Origin Caliber Notes
AK-47[2]  Soviet Union 7.62×39mm
AKM[2]  Soviet Union 7.62×39mm
MPi-KMS-72[7][page needed]  East Germany 7.62×39mm
AK-63[7][page needed]  Hungary 7.62×39mm
Type 56  China 7.62×39mm
vz. 58  Czechoslovakia 7.62×39mm
PM md. 63/65[8]  Romania 7.62×39mm
Zastava M70  Yugoslavia 7.62×39mm M70AB folding stock variant used.[6]
Tabuk 7.62mm assault rifle  Iraq 7.62×39mm Locally produced copy of the AKM, it can fire rifle grenades.[6][9][10]
Tabuk 5.56mm assault rifle  Iraq 5.56×45mm NATO Locally produced copy of the AKM or AKMS, presumed to fire the M193 cartridge.[11]

Rifles

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Name Country of origin Caliber Notes
SKS[5]  Soviet Union 7.62×39mm
Zastava M59/66[12]  Yugoslavia 7.62×39mm

Machine guns

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Name Country of origin Type Caliber Notes
RPD[2]  Soviet Union Light machine gun 7.62×39mm
RPK[13]  Soviet Union Light machine gun 7.62×39mm
Zastava M72[14]  Yugoslavia Light machine gun 7.62×39mm
Al-Quds[13]  Iraq Light machine gun 7.62×39mm Locally produced copy of the Zastava M72.[14]
SG-43 Goryunov  Soviet Union Medium machine gun 7.62×54mmR SGM variant used.[5]
PK machine gun[7][page needed][15]  Soviet Union General-purpose machine gun 7.62×54mmR
FN MAG[5][7][page needed]  Belgium General-purpose machine gun 7.62×51mm NATO
AA-52[7][page needed]  France General-purpose machine gun 7.62×51mm NATO
DShK[5]  Soviet Union Heavy machine gun 12.7×108mm DShK 1938 and 38/46 models used.[16]
KPV[2]  Soviet Union Heavy machine gun 14.5×114mm

Sniper rifles

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Name Country of Origin Caliber Notes
Dragunov SVD[5]  Soviet Union 7.62×54mmR
Al-Kadisa[17]  Iraq 7.62×54mmR Locally produced copy of the SVD.[5]
Tabuk[18]  Iraq 7.62×39mm Licensed copy of the Zastava M70B1.[14]

Hand grenades

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Name Country of Origin Type Notes
RG-42[19]  Soviet Union Fragmentation grenade
F1[19]  Soviet Union Fragmentation grenade
RGD-5[19]  Soviet Union Fragmentation grenade
RGO-78[19]  Bulgaria Fragmentation grenade Bulgarian copy of the RGD-5.
RKG-3[19]  Soviet Union Anti-tank grenade
No. 2 Grenade[19]  Egypt Offensive grenade Egyptian copy of the Czechoslovak RG-4 grenade.

Rocket launchers

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Name Country of Origin Notes
RPG-7[2][20]  Soviet Union
Al-Nassira  Iraq Locally produced copy of the RPG-7.[21][22]

Grenade launchers

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Name Country of origin
GP-25  Soviet Union
AGS-17  Soviet Union[5]

Recoilless guns

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Name Country of origin
SPG-9[20]  Soviet Union
M40A1[20]  United States

Anti-tank missiles

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Name Country of origin Type Notes
AT-1 Snapper[20]  Soviet Union MCLOS
AT-2 Swatter[20]  Soviet Union MCLOS
AT-3 Sagger[20]  Soviet Union MCLOS
AT-4 Spigot[5]  Soviet Union SACLOS
HOT ATGM[20]  France
 West Germany 		SACLOS
MILAN[20]  France
 West Germany 		SACLOS
SS.11[23]  France MCLOS
M47 Dragon  United States SACLOS Captured from Iran.[24]

Man-portable air-defense systems

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Name Country of origin
SA-7 Grail[25]  Soviet Union
SA-14 Gremlin[25]  Soviet Union
SA-16 Gimlet[25]  Soviet Union
HN-5A[25]  China

Mortars

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Name Country of origin Caliber Notes
M70 commando mortar[26]  Yugoslavia 60 mm
Al-Jaleel 60 mm Commando Mortar  Iraq 60 mm Locally produced copy of the M70.[26]
Al-Jaleel 60 mm[27]  Iraq 60 mm
M-37M[2]  Soviet Union 82 mm
Al-Jaleel 82 mm[28]  Iraq 82 mm
120-PM-43 mortar[2]  Soviet Union 120 mm
Al-Jaleel 120mm[29]  Iraq 120 mm
M1943[2]  Soviet Union 160 mm
M-240[23]  Soviet Union 240 mm

Towed artillery

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Name Country of origin Number Caliber Type Notes
M116 howitzer[30]  United States 75 mm Mountain gun
D-44[31]  Soviet Union 85 mm Field gun
Ordnance QF 25-pounder[32]  United Kingdom 88 mm Gun-howitzer
OTO Melara Mod 56[33]  Italy 105 mm Mountain gun
M-56 Howitzer[34]  Yugoslavia 105 mm Howitzer
D-74[33]  Soviet Union 122 mm Field gun
D-30[33]  Soviet Union 861[23] 122 mm Howitzer
M-30[33]  Soviet Union 30[23] 122 mm Field gun
M-46[33]  Soviet Union 772[23] 130 mm Field gun
Type 56-I[33]  China 130 mm Field gun Chinese copy of the M-46.
M1937[33]  Soviet Union 50[23] 152 mm Gun-howitzer
D-1[33]  Soviet Union 250[23] 152 mm Howitzer
2A36 Giatsint-B  Soviet Union 180[23] 152 mm Field gun
Type 83  China 50[23] 152 mm Howitzer
G5  South Africa 100[33] 155 mm Howitzer
GHN-45  Canada 200[33] 155 mm Howitzer Illegally transferred to Iraq via Jordan.[23]
M114[33]  United States 155 mm Howitzer Captured from Iran.[35]
Type 63  China 100[23] 107 mm Multiple rocket launcher

Anti-tank guns

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Name Country of origin Caliber Notes
D-48[36]  Soviet Union 85 mm
MT-12[36]  Soviet Union 100 mm 100 delivered by the Soviet Union.[23]
M1977[37]  Romania 100 mm

Anti-aircraft artillery

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Name Country of origin Number Caliber Type Notes
ZPU  Soviet Union 14.5×114mm Towed anti-aircraft gun ZPU-1, ZPU-2, and ZPU-4 variants used.[25]
Zastava M55  Yugoslavia 20 mm Towed anti-aircraft gun M75 variant also used.[38]
ZU-23-2  Soviet Union 23 mm Towed anti-aircraft gun [25]
Oerlikon GDF  Switzerland 35 mm Towed anti-aircraft gun Captured from Kuwait, used with the Skyguard fire control system.[39]
61-K  Soviet Union
 China 		250[25] 37 mm Towed anti-aircraft gun Chinese Type 55 also used.[40]
AZP S-60  Soviet Union
 China 		500[25] 57 mm Towed anti-aircraft gun Chinese Type 59 also used.[40]
52-K  Soviet Union 200 85 mm Towed anti-aircraft gun Used with the Fire Can radar.[25]
KS-19  Soviet Union 200[25] 100 mm Towed anti-aircraft gun
KS-30  Soviet Union 200[25] 130 mm Towed anti-aircraft gun
ZSU-23-4  Soviet Union 200+[25] 23 mm Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun
M53/59 Praga[38]  Czechoslovakia 30 mm Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun
ZSU-57-2  Soviet Union 100+[25] 57 mm Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun

Tanks

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Name Country of origin Type Number Variant Notes
PT-76  Soviet Union Light tank 100[33]
T-34  Soviet Union Medium tank 175 T-34/85 [23]
T-54  Soviet Union　 Main battle tank 300[23]
T-55  Soviet Union
 Poland
 Czechoslovakia 		Main battle tank 1,400[23]
T-55 Enigma  Iraq Main battle tank Local upgrade of the T-55. Designated as the Al-Najm or Al-Faw.[41]
TR-580  Romania Main battle tank 150 Transferred by Egypt.[23]
Type 59 tank  China Main battle tank 1,000[23]
Type 69 tank  China Main battle tank 1,500 Type 69-I
Type 69-II 		[23]
Type 69-II Enigma  Iraq Main battle tank Local upgrade of the Type 69-II. Designated as the Al-Najm or Al-Faw[41]
T-62  Soviet Union
 Czechoslovakia 		Main battle tank 2,850[23]
T-72  Soviet Union
 Poland
 Czechoslovakia 		Main battle tank 550[23] - 1,038[42] T-72B
T-72M
T-72M1
Lion of Babylon (tank)  Iraq Main battle tank Locally assembled T-72M1 using Polish knock-down kits, none were built according to Polish officials.[42]
Chieftain  United Kingdom Main battle tank 30[33] Mk 3
Mk 5 		Captured from Iran, most were given to Jordan.[23]
M47 Patton[33]  United States Main battle tank M47M Captured from Iran, most were given to Jordan.[23]
M60 tank[33]  United States Main battle tank M60A1 Captured from Iran, some were given to Jordan.[23]

Tank destroyers

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Name Country of origin Number Notes
SU-100  Soviet Union 250[23]
9P133  Soviet Union 100[23] Armed with Sagger missiles.
9P148  Soviet Union Armed with Konkurs missiles.
VCR/TH  France 100[33] Armed with HOT missiles.[43]

Reconnaissance vehicles

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Name Country of origin Type Number Variant Notes
BRDM-2  Soviet Union Scout car 250[23]
D-442 FUG[33]  Hungary Scout car 200 D-944 PSzH [23]
MOWAG Roland[33]  Switzerland Scout car
EE-3 Jararaca  Brazil Scout car 300[33]
Panhard AML  France Armored car 300[33] AML-60
AML-90
Panhard ERC  France Armored car 50 ERC-90 Sagaie [23]
EE-9 Cascavel  Brazil Armored car 200[23]

Armoured fighting vehicles

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Name Country of origin Type Number Variant Notes
BMP-1[23]  Soviet Union
 Czechoslovakia 		Infantry fighting vehicle 1,000[33] BVP-1
Saddam II  Iraq Infantry fighting vehicle Locally upgraded BMP-1, used by Republican Guard units.[44]
BMP-2  Soviet Union
 Czechoslovakia 		Infantry fighting vehicle 200[23] BVP-2
BMD-1  Soviet Union Infantry fighting vehicle 25[23]
AMX-10P  France Infantry fighting vehicle 45 Includes AMX-10 VLA and AMX-10 VFA command post versions.[23]
BTR-152[33]  Soviet Union Armoured personnel carrier 200[23]
BTR-50[33]  Soviet Union Armoured personnel carrier 250[23]
BTR-60[33]  Soviet Union Armoured personnel carrier 250[23] BTR-60PB
MT-LB  Soviet Union
 Poland 		Armoured personnel carrier 750 Some were modified into mortar carriers.[23]
OT-62 TOPAS[33]  Czechoslovakia
 Poland 		Armoured personnel carrier 100[23] OT-62A
OT-64 SKOT[33]  Czechoslovakia
 Poland 		Armoured personnel carrier 200[23] OT-64A
M113  United States Armoured personnel carrier M113A1[33] Captured from Iran, some were given to Jordan.[23]
Panhard M3  France Armoured personnel carrier 200 M3 VTT
M3 VAT 		Includes 5 M3 VAT armoured recovery vehicles.[23]
EE-11 Urutu[33]  Brazil Armoured personnel carrier 200[23]
Type 63  China Armoured personnel carrier 650 Type YW701 Includes some command post vehicles.[23]
Walid  Egypt Armoured personnel carrier 100 Status uncertain.[23]

Self-propelled artillery

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Name Country of origin Type Number Caliber Variant Notes
2S1 Gvozdika[33]  Soviet Union Self-propelled gun 150[23] 122 mm
2S3 Akatsiya[33]  Soviet Union Self-propelled gun 150[23] 152 mm
AMX 30 AuF1  France Self-propelled gun 85[33] 155 mm CGT
M109 howitzer[33]  United States Self-propelled gun 155 mm M109A1
M109A2 		Captured from Iran and Kuwait.[45]
M-1978 Koksan  North Korea Self-propelled gun 170 mm Captured from Iran.[46]
BM-21 Grad[33]  Soviet Union
 Egypt 		Multiple rocket launcher 1,060[23] 122 mm BM-21
RL-21
Katyusha  Soviet Union Multiple rocket launcher 132 mm BM-13-16[33]
ASTROS II[33]  Brazil
 Iraq 		Multiple rocket launcher 67-260 127 mm
180 mm
300 mm 		SS-40
SS-60
Sajeel 		Produced under license as the Sajeel.[23]
M-87 Orkan  Yugoslavia Multiple rocket launcher 2[23] 262 mm

Engineering vehicles

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Name Country of origin Type Notes
T-54/55 ARV[47]  Soviet Union Armoured recovery vehicle
Type 653[47]  China Armoured recovery vehicle
Chieftain ARV[47]  United Kingdom Armoured recovery vehicle Captured from Iran.
Engesa E-11[47]  Brazil Repair and recovery vehicle
BAT-M[48]  Soviet Union Military engineering vehicle
MDK[48]  Soviet Union Excavator
TMK-2 [uk][48]  Soviet Union Trencher
IMR  Soviet Union Obstacle clearing vehicle Based on the T-55 tank chassis.[48]
KMT-4/6  Soviet Union Mine plow One KMT-6 was assigned per tank platoon, depending on supplies.[49]
KMT-5  Soviet Union Mine roller One KMT-5 was assigned per tank company, depending on supplies.[49]
UR-77[49]  Soviet Union Mine-clearing line charge
MTU-20[50]  Soviet Union Bridgelayer
MT-55  Czechoslovakia Bridgelayer Used by armored units.[50]
BLG-60[50]  East Germany Bridgelayer 24+ in service in 1991.[47]
TMM[50]  Soviet Union Pontoon bridge
PMP[50]  Soviet Union Pontoon bridge
GSP[50]  Soviet Union Amphibious ferry
PTS[50]  Soviet Union Amphibious transport

Ground surveillance radars

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Name Country of origin
SNAR-2  China
SNAR-10  Soviet Union

Tactical ballistic missiles based on SCUD and Luna

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Country of Name Country of Origin
FROG-7  Soviet Union
Al-Raad (mod. 9M21 rocket)  Ba'athist Iraq
Scud-B  Soviet Union
Al-Hussein  Ba'athist Iraq
Al Hijarah  Ba'athist Iraq
Al Abbas  Ba'athist Iraq
Al-Tammuz  Ba'athist Iraq
Al-Abid  Ba'athist Iraq

Conversion rocket 5Я23, 5В27Д, 2К12, Р-15/HY-2 to surface to surface missiles

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Name Country of origin Description
Al Fahd 300  Ba'athist Iraq Conversions of the S-75
Al Fahd 500  Ba'athist Iraq Conversions of the S-75, did not go operational
Al-Barq  Ba'athist Iraq Modification of S-125
Al-Kasir  Ba'athist Iraq Modification of 2K12
Modified Р-15/HY-2  Ba'athist Iraq for use as surface to surface missiles

Iraqi liquid-propellant ballistic missiles

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Name Country of origin
Ababeel-100  Ba'athist Iraq
Al-Samoud  Ba'athist Iraq
Al-Samoud 2  Ba'athist Iraq

Iraqi solid-propellant ballistic missiles

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Name Country of origin
BADR-2000  Ba'athist Iraq
Ababil-100  Ba'athist Iraq

Anti-ship missile

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Name Country of origin
HY-2  China
P-15  Soviet Union

Radar systems

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Name Country of origin
P-12  Soviet Union
P-14  Soviet Union
P-15  Soviet Union
P-18  Soviet Union
P-19  Soviet Union
P-37  Soviet Union
P-40  Soviet Union
ПРВ-11  Soviet Union
ПРВ-16Б  Soviet Union
РПК-1 ВАЗА  Soviet Union
СНР-75M  Soviet Union
СНР-125M  Soviet Union
1S91  Soviet Union
РСБН-4Н  Soviet Union
Panhard M3 VSB  France
Type-403  China
Type-572  China

Light utility vehicles

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Name Country of origin
Land Rover[47]  United Kingdom
GAZ-69[51]  Soviet Union
UAZ-469B[47]  Soviet Union

Trucks

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Country of Name Country of origin
GAZ-63[51]  Soviet Union
GAZ-66[47][52]  Soviet Union
MAZ-543[52]  Soviet Union
Ural-375D[47]  Soviet Union
ZIL-157[53]  Soviet Union
ZIL-135[52]  Soviet Union
IFA W50[47][52]  East Germany
IFA L60[47]  East Germany
Unimog[47]  West Germany
Scania[47]  Sweden
Berliet GBC 8KT[47]  France

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Cullen, Tony; Foss, Christopher F., eds. (1 March 1992). Jane's Land-based Air Defence 1992-93 (5 ed.). Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-0979-3.
  • Gander, Terry J.; Cutshaw, Charles Q., eds. (1 February 2002). Jane's Infantry Weapons, 2002-2003 (28th ed.). Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2434-5.
  • Foss, Christopher F., ed. (1991). Jane's Military Vehicles and Logistics 1991-92. Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-0950-2.
  • Hogg, Ian V., ed. (1 January 1988). Jane's Infantry Weapons, 1988-89. Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-0857-4.
  • International Institute for Strategic Studies (1989). The military balance, 1989-1990. London: Brassey's. ISBN 978-0080375694.
  • McNab, Chris (20 January 2022). Armies of the Iran–Iraq War 1980–88. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-4558-0.
  • National Training Center (1 January 1991). The Iraqi Army: Organization and Tactics. Paladin Press. ISBN 978-0-87364-632-1.
  • Tucker, Spencer C. (20 August 2014). Persian Gulf War Encyclopedia: A Political, Social, and Military History. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-1-61069-416-2.
  • U.S. Army Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center (1991). How They Fight Desert Shield: Order of Battle Handbook : Friendly Forces. U.S. Army Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  • Marine Corps Intelligence Activity (1998). Iraq Country Handbook (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  • Zaloga, Steven J. (15 March 2011). M1 Abrams vs T-72 Ural: Operation Desert Storm 1991. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-84908-091-0.
  • Zaloga, Steven J. (26 October 2023). Tanks at the Iron Curtain 1975–90: The ultimate generation of Cold War heavy armor. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-1-4728-5382-0.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b National Training Center 1991, p. 5.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hogg 1988, p. 769.
  3. ^ Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-1.
  4. ^ a b Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-3.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gander & Cutshaw 2002, p. 2570.
  6. ^ a b c McNab 2022, p. 50.
  7. ^ a b c d e Ezell, Edward Clinton (1 November 1988). Small Arms Today - 2nd Edition (2nd ed.). Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-2280-3.
  8. ^ "AKM, Romanian". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  9. ^ Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-7.
  10. ^ Gander & Cutshaw 2002, pp. 2568−2569.
  11. ^ Gander & Cutshaw 2002, pp. 2566−2567.
  12. ^ Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-5.
  13. ^ a b Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-12.
  14. ^ a b c McNab 2022, p. 57.
  15. ^ Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-14.
  16. ^ Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-15.
  17. ^ Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-11.
  18. ^ Gander & Cutshaw 2002, pp. 2562−2563.
  19. ^ a b c d e f Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-18.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h National Training Center 1991, p. 126.
  21. ^ Gander & Cutshaw 2002, pp. 2558–2559.
  22. ^ "al Nasirah & RPG7". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw "Trade Registers". SIPRI Arms Transfers Database. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  24. ^ Tucker 2014, p. 29.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Cullen & Foss 1992, p. 300.
  26. ^ a b Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-17.
  27. ^ Gander & Cutshaw 2002, pp. 2556−2557.
  28. ^ Gander & Cutshaw 2002, pp. 2554−2555.
  29. ^ Gander & Cutshaw 2002, pp. 2552−2553.
  30. ^ Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-61.
  31. ^ Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-62.
  32. ^ Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-63.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai IISS 1989, p. 101.
  34. ^ Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-65.
  35. ^ U.S. Army Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center 1991, p. 81.
  36. ^ a b Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-51.
  37. ^ Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-52.
  38. ^ a b National Training Center 1991, p. 132.
  39. ^ National Training Center 1991, p. 133.
  40. ^ a b National Training Center 1991, pp. 132–133.
  41. ^ a b Zaloga 2023, pp. 84–85.
  42. ^ a b Zaloga 2011, p. 24.
  43. ^ Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-60.
  44. ^ Tucker 2014, p. 61.
  45. ^ U.S. Army Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center 1991, p. 82.
  46. ^ Foss, Christopher F., ed. (2002). Jane's Armour and Artillery. Jane's Information Group. p. 638. ISBN 978-0-7106-2425-3.
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  48. ^ a b c d National Training Center 1991, p. 149.
  49. ^ a b c National Training Center 1991, p. 151.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g National Training Center 1991, p. 150.
  51. ^ a b National Training Center 1991, p. 7.
  52. ^ a b c d Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. 155.
  53. ^ National Training Center 1991, p. 178.
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