List of doping cases in cycling: Difference between revisions
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==1800s== |
==1800s== |
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===1886=== |
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In 1886 an English cyclist is popularly reputed to have died after drinking a blend of [[cocaine]], [[caffeine]] and [[strychnine]], supposedly in the [[Bordeaux–Paris]] race. This was included in the 1997 [[International Olympic Committee]] study on the ''Historical Evolution of |
In 1886 an English cyclist is popularly reputed to have died after drinking a blend of [[cocaine]], [[caffeine]] and [[strychnine]], supposedly in the [[Bordeaux–Paris]] race. This was included in the 1997 [[International Olympic Committee]] study on the ''Historical Evolution of licking my parrot's pee pee'', and listed as the presumed first death due to doping during a competition. The report did allow that in this period it was common practice, and not illegal.<ref name="Vittozzi">{{cite web|url=http://www.ioa.org.gr/books/reports/1997/1997_068.pdf |title=Historical Evolution of Doping Phenomenon by Lorella Vittozzi (ITA) |publisher=Ioa.org.gr |date= |accessdate=2012-07-17}}</ref> This is alternatively reported as [[trimethyl]] poisoning.<ref name="Wadler 01">{{cite web|url=http://www.law.duke.edu/sportscenter/wadler.pdf |title=Doping in Sport: From Strychnine to Genetic Enhancement, It’s a Moving Target, by Gary I. Wadler, M.D., FACP, FACSM, FACPM, FCP. Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2012-07-17}}</ref> However, the main [[Bordeaux–Paris]] race did not start until 1891, and the cyclist who supposedly died in 1886, [[Arthur Linton]], actually finished second in 1896 and died a few weeks later, reportedly from a combination of drug induced exhaustion and [[typhoid fever]].<ref name="Rosen 01">{{cite web|url=http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Dope/Daniel-M-Rosen/e/9780313345203/?itm=3 |title=Synopsis of ''Dope: A History of Performance Enhancement in Sports from the Nineteenth Century to Today''|first= Daniel M.|last=Rosen |publisher=Search.barnesandnoble.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-17}}</ref> Linton was managed by the notorious [[Choppy Warburton]] - See 1896 below.<ref name="Times Stewart 1">{{cite news| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/graham_stewart/article700837.ece| title=Speed freaks who raced to an early grave| publisher=The Times| date=5 August 2006 | location=London | accessdate=8 May 2010}}</ref> The story may be apocryphal. And he said when he was busted "Everyday I'm doping my blood" |
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===1896=== |
===1896=== |
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Revision as of 03:11, 6 August 2012
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Hi, I'm a Parrot and I've doped my blood that much that I can type on Wikipedia
The following is an incomplete list of doping cases and recurring accusations of doping in professional cycling, where doping means "use of physiological substances or abnormal method to obtain an artificial increase of performance".[1] It is neither a 'list of shame' nor a list of illegality, as the first laws weren't passed until 1965 and their implementation is an ongoing developing process. Thus the list contains doping incidents, those who have tested positive for illegal performance-enhancing drugs, prohibited recreational drugs or have been suspended by a sporting body for failure to submit to mandatory drug testing. It also contains and clarifies cases where subsequent evidence and explanation has shown the parties to be innocent of illegal practice.
In 1963 the Council of Europe gave a definition of doping.
"Doping means to make use of physiological substances in immoderate quantity or abnormal method from healthy people whose only aim is to obtain an artificial increase of the performance during the competition".[1] or ...
"The administration of or use by a competing athlete of any substance foreign to the body or any physiologic substance taken in abnormal quantity or taken by an abnormal route of entry into the body with the sole intention of increasing in an artificial and unfair manner his/her performance in competition. When necessity demands medical treatment with any substance which, because of its nature, dosage, or application is able to boost the athlete's performance in competition in an artificial and unfair manner, this too is regarded as doping.".[2]
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| 1886 | ||||||||||
| 1896 | 1897 | |||||||||
| 1904 | ||||||||||
| 1911 | ||||||||||
| 1924 | ||||||||||
| 1930 | ||||||||||
| 1949 | ||||||||||
| 1955 | 1956 | 1958 | 1959 | |||||||
| 1960 | 1962 | 1964 | 1965 | 1966 | 1967 | 1969 | ||||
| 1972 | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | |||
| 1980 | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | |||
| 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | |
| 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | |
| 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | ||||||||
| See also — External links | ||||||||||
1800s
1886
In 1886 an English cyclist is popularly reputed to have died after drinking a blend of cocaine, caffeine and strychnine, supposedly in the Bordeaux–Paris race. This was included in the 1997 International Olympic Committee study on the Historical Evolution of licking my parrot's pee pee, and listed as the presumed first death due to doping during a competition. The report did allow that in this period it was common practice, and not illegal.[1] This is alternatively reported as trimethyl poisoning.[2] However, the main Bordeaux–Paris race did not start until 1891, and the cyclist who supposedly died in 1886, Arthur Linton, actually finished second in 1896 and died a few weeks later, reportedly from a combination of drug induced exhaustion and typhoid fever.[3] Linton was managed by the notorious Choppy Warburton - See 1896 below.[4] The story may be apocryphal. And he said when he was busted "Everyday I'm doping my blood"
1896
- Arthur Linton from Aberdare in Wales died aged 24 of 'exhaustion and typhoid fever' a few weeks after finishing second in the Bordeaux–Paris race and a race at Catford. Linton was managed by the notorious Choppy Warburton,[4] whose success was questioned, with claims that he drugged his charges.[5] Jimmy Michael is said to have accused Warburton of poisoning him, before he was taken to court for libel.[6] Rudiger Rabenstein claims that Arthur Linton was "massively doped" for the 1896 Bordeaux–Paris.[7] The British and French cycling union announced that Michael would be banned, even though there was no rule at that time against doping. In the end, Michael was not banned, but he left to ride in the United States.[8]
Nitroglycerine was used to stimulate the heart after cardiac attacks and was credited with improving riders' breathing.[9] Riders suffered hallucinations from the exhaustion and perhaps the drugs. The American champion Marshall Taylor refused to continue a New York race, saying: "I cannot go on with safety, for there is a man chasing me around the ring with a knife in his hand."[10]
1897
- Choppy Warburton of Haslingden, England died aged 52. He was described by the Lancashire Family History Society:
"Choppy has been firmly identified as the instigator of drug-taking in the sport [cycling] in the 19th century."[11]
Warburton was banned from the sport after unproven claims of massive doping in the 1896 Bordeaux–Paris. His activities may have contributed to the early deaths of Arthur Linton, Tom Linton and Jimmy Michael.[12][13]
1900s
1904
- Jimmy Michael of Wales, world cycling champion, died aged 27, en voyage to New York. The cause of death was noted as delirium tremens, probably brought on by drinking.[14] Michael was managed by the notorious Choppy Warburton[4] whose success was questioned, with claims that he drugged his charges. Michael was reported to have taken a potion and within a few laps collapsed on the track, picked himself up and then in a daze, set off in the wrong direction.[5] Michael is said to have accused Warburton of poisoning him, before he was taken to court for libel.[6]
1910s
1911
- Paul Duboc of France was doped/poisoned during the Tour de France. He was favourite but collapsed in a ditch in the Pyrenees after drinking from a spiked/poisoned bottle, allegedly given by a rival team manager. He finished in second place.
1920s
1924
- Henri Pélissier, Francis Pélissier, Charles Pélissier of France. In 1924, following their abandon of the Tour de France, the first real drug scandal arose when the Pélissier brothers gave an extraordinary interview to journalist Albert Londres. They said that they used strychnine, cocaine, chloroform, aspirin, "horse ointment" and others drugs to keep going. The story was published in 'Le Petit Parisien' under the title 'Les Forçats de la Route' ('The Convicts of the Road'). Francis is reported as saying "In short, we run on dynamite." Henri is reported as saying "Do you know how we keep going? Look, this is cocaine, chloroform, too. And pills? You want to see pills? Here are three boxes - We run on dynamite." Francis Pélissier said much later: "Londres was a famous reporter but he didn't know about cycling. We kidded him a bit with our cocaine and our pills." Even so, the Tour de France in 1924 was no picnic.[15][16][17][18] See Doping at the Tour de France - The Convicts of the Road.
1930s
1930
The acceptance of drug-taking in the Tour de France was so complete by 1930 that the rule book, distributed by Henri Desgrange, reminded riders that drugs would not be provided by the organisers.[19]
1940s
1949
- Fausto Coppi of Italy admitted in a television interview (date unknown) that he used 'la Bomba' as there was no alternative if you wanted to remain competitive. This referred to amphetamines, which had been developed for military use during World War II to keep aircrew, merchant seamen and submariners awake, alert and energetic. After the war they found a ready market among endurance sportsmen.[17] Coppi also said, "One day I will take the wrong pill and pedal backward."[20] He also joked on camera that he only took drugs when absolutely necessary, which is nearly always.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1mf5eEG0nRUC&pg=PA193&lpg=PA193&dq
- ^ a b c "Historical Evolution of Doping Phenomenon by Lorella Vittozzi (ITA)" (PDF). Ioa.org.gr. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
- ^ a b "Doping in Sport: From Strychnine to Genetic Enhancement, It's a Moving Target, by Gary I. Wadler, M.D., FACP, FACSM, FACPM, FCP. Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-07-17.
- ^ Rosen, Daniel M. "Synopsis of ''Dope: A History of Performance Enhancement in Sports from the Nineteenth Century to Today''". Search.barnesandnoble.com. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
- ^ a b c "Speed freaks who raced to an early grave". London: The Times. 5 August 2006. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
- ^ a b "Cheating and drugs in sport". BBC. 14 October 2003.
- ^ a b ""Choppy" Warburton Dead" (PDF). New York Times. 19 December 1897.
- ^ Odd, Nicholas and van der Plas, Rob (ed) (1998), Cycle History
- ^ Haan, Rob de (25 August 2010). "Mysterieuze brouwsels" (in Dutch). Nusport.
- ^ Novich, Max M., Abbotempo, UK, 1964
- ^ Bearings, US, 24 December 1896, cited Ritchie, Andrew, Major Taylor, Bicycle Books, US, 1988
- ^ "Book Review: 'Choppy' Warburton". Lancashire Family History Society.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Cyclers' News, 28 July 1896
- ^ History Today, UK, vol 50
- ^ "Library Service Heritage Trail - Aberaman". Rhondda Cynon Taff.
- ^ Woodland, Les: Yellow Jersey Guide to the Tour de France, Yellow Jersey, London, 2007
- ^ De Mondenard, Dr Jean-Pierre: Dopage, l'imposture des performances, Chiron, France, 2000
- ^ a b Association of British Cycling Coaches (ABCC), Drugs and the Tour De France by Ramin Minovi[dead link]
- ^ 1 Guardian, July 2003, Science, If this year's Tour de France is 100% clean... ...then that will certainly be a first. By Matt Seaton and David Adam[dead link]
- ^ Maso, Benji:Zweet van de Goden, Holland
- ^ Bil Gilbert (1969-06-30). "Something Extra On The Ball". Sports Illustrated magazine. Retrieved 2012-07-17.