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Clock towers in Turkey

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Safranbolu Clock Tower, the first clock tower built in Anatolia

The clock tower tradition first started in the 13th century Europe, and spread to the territory of the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th century[1][2] and the first clock tower found today in Turkey was erected in 1797 in the Anatolian town of Safranbolu.[3] Starting from the time of Mehmed the Conqueror, the Ottoman high class had used mechanical clocks, but the concept of a clock tower in the Ottoman Empire and the Anatolian region was introduced to the public much later compared to some countries in Europe, about which numerous comments and theories have been offered.[3] While Abdülhak Adnan Adıvar attributes this to the concern that müezzins and timekeepers would have lost their importance, Bernard Lewis argues that the clock, like the printing press, might have caused cracks in the Islamic social fabric.[4] Şule Gürbüz states that mechanical clocks do not necessarily show the correct time sometimes and the clock towers did not become widespread due to this error margin, as the timekeepers could calculate the time for prayer precisely.[4] Numerous clock towers were built with the edicts published on Abdul Hamid II's 25th anniversary of ascension to the throne, and these edicts are considered an important threshold for the spread of the clock towers.[4][5][6] Before Abdul Hamid II's reign, Ziya Pasha built many such towers during his governorship in Adana and Amasya.[4]

The clock towers, which represented the central authority, were built in the center of the cities in which they were located, as in the examples of Antalya Clock Tower and İzmit Clock Tower.[4][7][8] Bilecik Clock Tower, Bolu Clock Tower, Göynük Clock Tower, Kastamonu Clock Tower, Mudurnu Clock Tower, Sivrihisar Clock Tower, Bursa Tophane Clock Tower and Istanbul Tophane Clock Tower are built in a location or hillside overlooking the city.[7][9] There are also clock towers, which are part of a building such as the Şişli Etfal Hospital Clock Tower, as well as those located within a complex, such as the Yıldız Clock Tower.[4][7] In addition, Ali Çetinkaya Station Clock Tower, Alsancak Station Clock Tower, Ayvalık Clock Tower, Bergama Clock Tower, Gümüşhacıköy Clock Tower, Mersin Clock Tower, Merzifon American College Clock Tower, Sivas Gendarme Barracks Clock Tower, Şirinyer American College Clock Tower and Diyarbakır Hamidiye Clock Fountain are among the towers made to be compatible with the structure in which they are placed.[7] Niğde Clock Tower, Sinop Clock Tower and Zile Clock Tower are examples of clock towers rising above historical castles.[7] Hacı Pasha Clock Tower, which was created by adding a clock to an old factory chimney, and Tepsi Minaret, which was created by adding a clock to a minaret, are among the towers that were later turned into a clock tower.[7] In addition, Çiçek Pasajı Front Clock, Galatasaray High School Roof Clock, Haydarpaşa Station Roof Clock and Sainte-Pulchérie French High School Roof Clock, which do not have a tower structure but are located at a high point of the building, are also usually included in the category of clock towers.

Most clock towers are made of stone, but there are also wooden towers such as Gerede Clock Tower and Mudurnu Clock Tower.[7] Although some towers such as Dolmabahçe Clock Tower, Istanbul University Clock Towers and İzmir Clock Tower are important works with their own aesthetic appearance, most clock towers are structures that are in harmony with their surroundings despite being high or showy and built in accordance with the general characteristics of Islamic architecture.[7]

In functional terms, besides showing the time, there are clock towers used as watchtowers like Samsun Clock Tower, as well as clock towers equipped with barometers and thermometers, as in the case of Dolmabahçe Clock Tower.[4] Kayseri Clock Tower, Muğla Clock Tower, and Tokat Clock Tower are also used as temporary timekeeping locations for religious purposes, while many clock towers such as Çanakkale Clock Tower have a fountain on the base. Göynük Clock Tower, Manisa Clock Tower and Tepsi Minaret operate only with the alarm system without a dial.[4][7][10]

Although there are many clock towers today, the number of towers that have had a remarkable quality is one hundred and twenty six. The city with the most clock towers is Istanbul with twenty towers, followed by İzmir with seven towers. As for the region, the Central Anatolia Region is the region with the highest number of clock towers.[7] Twenty-three out of a hundred and twenty six towers are not standing today. Out of the demolished ones, eleven new clock towers were erected at the same spot of their original predecessors, and four were moved to a different spot or reconstructed at a different spot.

Architecture and mechanism of clock towers in Turkey

[edit]

Clock towers dated to the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century and the newer clock towers made based on these examples generally consist of pedestal, trunk and mansion sections.[7][6] There is a room in the base section and a staircase leading up to the trunk, a Z-shaped or spiral staircase in the trunk, and a clock machine in the upper section.[7][6]

There is a small clock on the machine and this clock is connected up with a shaft.[6] The shaft that provides the movement of the hour and minute hands on the dial also activates the clapper of the bell, if any exists.[6][10] The weights, which are wound on the two rollers between the wheels of the machine and located at the ends of the two steel ropes, go up and down to ensure that the clock is set up and works properly.[10][11] While the rope attached to the first reel enables the clock to work, the rope and weight attached to the second reel enables the rammer to hit the bell.[10] The bell on the top of the mansion is covered with a dome or a cone and there are openings around the bell so that the sound reaches far.[10]

The clocks are produced to ring based on the numerical number of each hour, although some just ring once regardless of what hour it is.[10] Some clocks also ring every 30 minutes.[10] Others ring twice at the start of each hour, with the ringings being one to two minutes apart.[10] In order for them to continue working properly, clocks are checked every fifteen days or once a month depending on their features.[10]

The timing system for the clock towers, which was set according to the adhan hours, was changed to show the normal timing system with the Law on 24-Hour Division of the Day issued in 1925.[10][9] With the Law on the Use of International Numbers in 1928, the clocks expressed in Eastern Arabic numerals on the dials were replaced to show Arabic and Roman numerals, and in some cases both the old and new numerals were used on the dials.[10]

List of clock towers

[edit]

Key

[edit]
Red Demolished
Blue Rebuilt in the same spot after demolition
Green Rebuilt or moved to a different spot after demolition

List

[edit]
# Name Location Constructed Notes Reference(s)
1 Adapazarı Clock Tower Adapazarı, Sakarya 1882 [12]
2 Akçakoca Clock Tower Akçakoca, Düzce 1954 [13]
3 Akdeniz University Olbia Cultural Center Clock Tower Konyaaltı, Antalya 1999 [14][15][16]
4 Alaca Clock Tower Alaca, Çorum 2001 [17][18]
5 Ali Çetinkaya Station Clock Tower Afyonkarahisar, Afyonkarahisar 1939 [19][20]
6 Alsancak Station Clock Tower Konak, İzmir 1890 [not 1] [21][22][23]
7 Altınoluk Central Mosque Clock Tower Edremit, Balıkesir 1885 [not 2] [24][25]
8 Amasya Clock Tower Amasya, Amasya 2002 [not 3] [26][27][28][29]
9 Ankara Clock Tower Altındağ, Ankara 1884 [30][31][32][33]
10 Antalya Clock Tower Muratpaşa, Antalya Unknown [not 4] [34][35][36][37]
11 Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo Directorate Building Clock Tower Yenimahalle, Ankara 1926 [38]
12 Church of Agia Fotini Clock Tower Konak, İzmir 1892 [not 5] [39][40][41][42]
13 Ayios Konstantinos and Ayia Eleni Church Clock Tower Beyoğlu, Istanbul 1861 [43]
14 Ayvalık Clock Tower Ayvalık, Balıkesir 1870 [44][45][36][46]
15 Bahadın Clock Tower Sorgun, Yozgat Unknown [47]
16 Bakırköy Psychiatric Hospital Clock Tower Bakırköy, Istanbul 1914 [not 6] [48][49][50]
17 Balıkesir Clock Tower Karesi, Balıkesir 1901 [not 7] [51][52][53][54][55]
18 Balıklı Greek Hospital Clock Tower Zeytinburnu, Istanbul 1893 [56]
19 Bartın Clock Tower Bartın, Bartın Unknown [57]
20 Batman Clock Tower Batman, Batman 2003 [58][59]
21 Bayburt Clock Tower Bayburt, Bayburt 1924 [60][61][53][62][63]
22 Bayramyeri Clock Tower Konak, İzmir 1955 [64][65]
23 Bergama Clock Tower Bergama, İzmir 1865 [66][67][68]
24 Beypazarı Clock Tower Beypazarı, Ankara 1920 [not 8] [57]
25 Bilecik Clock Tower Bilecik, Bilecik 1907 [69][70][68][71][72]
26 Boğaziçi University Albert Long Hall Cultural Center Front Clock Beşiktaş, Istanbul 1892 [not 9] [73][74][56]
27 Bolu Clock Tower Bolu, Bolu 1989 [not 10] [75][76][28]
28 Borsa Junction Clock Tower Nevşehir, Nevşehir 1987 [77]
29 Boyabat Clock Tower Boyabat, Sinop 1983 [not 11] [78][18][79][80]
30 Bozcaada Clock Tower Bozcaada, Çanakkale 1867 [not 12] [81][82]
31 Burdur Clock Tower Burdur, Burdur 1937 [not 13] [83][84][85][33][63]
32 Büyük Saat Seyhan, Adana 1882 [86][87][88][89][90]
33 Büyükada Clock Tower Adalar, Istanbul 1923 [not 14] [91][92][93]
34 Çanakkale Clock Tower Çanakkale, Çanakkale 1896 [94][95][96][72][97]
35 Çankırı Clock Tower Çankırı, Çankırı 1901 [not 15] [98][99][96][100]
36 Çatalca Government House Clock Tower Çatalca, Istanbul Unknown [not 16] [101][102]
37 Çelebi Mehmet Madrasa Clock Tower Merzifon, Amasya 1866 [103][104]
38 Çerikli Clock Tower Delice, Kırıkkale 1991 [105][78][106]
39 Çınarcık Clock Tower Çınarcık, Yalova 2005 [107][108]
40 Çiçek Pasajı Front Clock Beyoğlu, Istanbul 1876 [109][56]
41 Çorum Clock Tower Çorum, Çorum 1894 [not 17] [110][111][112][113][114][115]
42 Dolmabahçe Clock Tower Beşiktaş, Istanbul 1894 [116][117][118][119]
43 Düzce Clock Tower Düzce, Düzce 2009 [not 18] [120]
44 Edirne Clock Tower Edirne, Edirne 1886 [not 19] [121][122][123]
45 Erbaa Clock Tower Erbaa, Tokat 1902 [124]
46 Erzincan Military Middle School Clock Tower Erzincan, Erzincan 1892 [not 20] [125][124][123]
47 Erzincan Fourth Army Document Cellar Clock Tower Merkez, Erzincan 1892 [not 21] [124][123]
48 Esenli Clock Tower Merkez, Yozgat 1994 [78]
49 Eskişehir Clock Tower Odunpazarı, Eskişehir Unknown [not 22] [126][127]
50 Fuar Clock Tower Konak, İzmir 1938 [128]
51 Galatasaray High School Roof Clock Beyoğlu, Istanbul 1908 [not 23] [129]
52 Gelibolu Clock Tower Gelibolu, Çanakkale 1901 [not 24] [130][131][123]
53 Gerede Clock Tower Gerede, Bolu 1882 [132][133][134][115]
54 Gerze Clock Tower Gerze, Sinop Unknown [not 25] [77][106][79][135]
55 Göynük Clock Tower Göynük, Bolu 1923 [136][137][134][115]
56 Gümüşhacıköy Clock Tower Gümüşhacıköy, Amasya 2009 [not 26] [138][139][140][63][103]
57 Hacı Pasha Clock Tower Silifke, Mersin 2007 [not 27] [141]
58 Hamidiye Clock Fountain Yenişehir, Diyarbakır Unknown [not 28] [142][143][28][144]
59 Hamidiye Clock Fountain Yozgat, Yozgat 1901 [not 29] [145][146][147][148]
60 Havza Clock Tower Havza, Samsun Unknown [not 30] [130][131][123][79][149]
61 Haydarpaşa Station Roof Clock Kadıköy, Istanbul 1908 [150]
62 İskenderun Justice Palace Clock Tower İskenderun, Hatay 1925 [151][152][140]
63 Istanbul University Clock Towers Fatih, Istanbul 1865 [153]
64 İzmir Clock Tower Konak, İzmir 1901 [154][155][156][157]
65 İzmit Clock Tower İzmit, Kocaeli 1903 [158][159][160]
66 Karabük Clock Tower Karabük, Karabük 1987 [77][106]
67 Karaman Clock Tower Karaman, Karaman 2009 [161]
68 Kars Public Education Center Clock Tower Kars, Kars 2003 [162]
69 Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital Kasımpaşa Building Clock Tower Beyoğlu, Istanbul Unknown [not 31] [163][164][165]
70 Kastamonu Command Building Clock Tower Kastamonu, Kastamonu Unknown [not 32] [40][41]
71 Kastamonu Clock Tower Kastamonu, Kastamonu 1885 [166][167][168][72][169]
72 Kayseri Clock Tower Melikgazi, Kayseri 1907 [170][171][168][115]
73 Kemer Clock Tower Kemer, Antalya 2006 [172]
74 Konya Clock Tower Karatay, Konya 1872 [not 33] [173][41][33][174]
75 Kumkapı Clock Tower Fatih, Istanbul Unknown [not 34] [40]
76 Kurtalan Clock Tower Kurtalan, Siirt 1999 [175][176]
77 Kuşadası Clock Tower Kuşadası, Aydın 1996 [177][178]
78 Küre Clock Tower Küre, Kastamonu Unknown [not 35] [173]
79 Kütahya Clock Tower Kütahya, Kütahya 2006 [not 36] [179][180][41]
80 Ladik Clock Tower Ladik, Samsun 1889 [181][182][183][63]
81 Maden Clock Tower Maden, Elazığ 1898 [184][185][186][187]
82 Manisa Clock Tower Şehzadeler, Manisa 1975 [not 37] [188][189][190][191]
83 Mardin Clock Tower Artuklu, Mardin 2003 [not 38] [192]
84 Marmara University School of Medicine Clock Towers Kadıköy, Istanbul 1900 [193][194]
85 Mecitözü Clock Tower Mecitözü, Çorum 1899 [12][190]
86 Mehmet Akif Ersoy Museum House Clock Tower Altındağ, Ankara 2008 [195][196]
87 Mersin Clock Tower Akdeniz, Mersin 1898 [not 39] [197][198][183]
88 Anatolia College in Merzifon Clock Tower Merzifon, Amasya 1919 [199][200][201][103]
89 Merzifon Clock Tower Merzifon, Amasya 1866 [202][203][201][72][204]
90 Mudurnu Clock Tower Mudurnu, Bolu 1964 [not 40] [205][206][63][207]
91 Muğla Clock Tower Menteşe, Muğla 1885 [208][209][210][211]
92 Niğde Clock Tower Niğde, Niğde 1866 [212][213][214][115]
93 Ondokuzmayıs Clock Tower Ondokuzmayıs, Samsun 1987 [77]
94 Osmaniye Clock Tower Osmaniye, Osmaniye 1999 [215]
95 Panagia Evangelistria Church Clock Tower Beyoğlu, Istanbul 1893 [216][56][217]
96 Safranbolu Clock Tower Safranbolu, Karabük 1797 [218][219][220][72][221]
97 Sainte-Pulchérie French High School Roof Clock Beyoğlu, Istanbul 1890 [222]
98 Samsun Clock Tower İlkadım, Samsun 2001 [not 41] [223][224][225]
99 Siirt Clock Tower Siirt, Siirt 1975 [not 42] [226][227][225][63]
100 Sinop Clock Tower Sinop, Sinop 1901 [228][229][220]
101 Sirkeci Station Clock Towers Fatih, Istanbul 1890 [230][231][93][232]
102 Sivas Clock Tower Sivas, Sivas 1803 [not 43] [12][225][233][234][235]
103 Sivas Gendarmerie Barracks Clock Tower Sivas, Sivas 1908 [236]
104 Sivrihisar Clock Tower Sivrihisar, Eskişehir 1900 [237][238][239][240][241]
105 Sungurlu Clock Tower Sungurlu, Çorum 1891 [not 44] [242][243][239][115]
106 Şanlıurfa Clock Tower Eyyübiye, Şanlıurfa Unknown [not 45] [244][245][246][247]
107 Şefaatli Clock Tower Şefaatli, Yozgat 1986 [248][106]
108 Şehitler Clock Tower Niksar, Tokat 2008 [249][250]
109 Şirinyer American College Clock Tower Buca, İzmir 1912 [251][252][160][253]
110 Etfal Hospital Clock Tower Şişli, Istanbul 1907 [254][255][256][257]
111 Tarsus Clock Tower Tarsus, Mersin, Mersin 1893 [258][259][246][115]
112 Tekirdağ Clock Tower Süleymanpaşa, Tekirdağ Unknown [not 46] [12][18]
113 Tepsi Minaret Yakutiye, Erzurum Unknown [not 47] [260][261][112][33][115][262]
114 Tokat Clock Tower Tokat, Tokat 1902 [263][264][246][115]
115 Tophane Clock Tower Beyoğlu, Istanbul 1849 [265][266][140][267]
116 Tophane Clock Tower Osmangazi, Bursa 1905 [268][269][85]
117 Trabzon Clock Tower Ortahisar, Trabzon 1863 [not 48] [270][12]
118 Turgutlu Clock Tower Turgutlu, Manisa Unknown [not 49] [271]
119 Ürgüp Clock Tower Ürgüp, Nevşehir 2006 [272]
120 Vezirköprü Clock Tower Vezirköprü, Samsun 1959 [not 50] [273][274][275][63]
121 Yenişehir Clock Tower Yenişehir, Bursa 1936 [not 51] [276][277][275][115]
122 Yerköy Clock Tower Yerköy, Yozgat 1986 [278][106]
123 Yeşilli Clock Tower Yeşilli, Mardin Unknown [not 52] [279][144]
124 Yıldız Clock Tower Beşiktaş, Istanbul 1890 [280][281][282]
125 Yozgat Clock Tower Yozgat, Yozgat 1908 [not 53] [283][284][275][63]
126 Yüreğir Clock Tower Yüreğir, Adana 2008 [285]
127 Zile Clock Tower Zile, Tokat 1875 [not 54] [286][287][147][63]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The clock in the tower was built in 1890, and it is estimated that the tower was built in the same year.
  2. ^ The clock tower erected in the old settlement of Altınoluk got demolished over time.
  3. ^ The original tower, built in 1865, was destroyed in 1940 when it was damaged during the earthquake in 1938, and the existing building was built in 2002, based on the original structure.
  4. ^ The exact construction date of the clock tower, which is thought to have been built on the 25th anniversary of Abdul Hamid II's ascension to the throne, and dates back to the 19th century, is uncertain.
  5. ^ The tower and the church, built with clocks mounted on the bell tower in 1793, are not standing today. The church building, which operates today with the same name, is a newer structure.
  6. ^ The tower went under the ground during the 1999 İzmit earthquake
  7. ^ The original tower, built in 1827, was destroyed during the earthquake in 1897, and the existing building was built in 1901.
  8. ^ The clock tower erected at the entrance of Sulu Han got demolished over time.
  9. ^ The clock tower was formed in 1892, after a clock was added on the front side of the existing building, originally built in 1862.
  10. ^ Although the exact date is not known, the original tower built before 1810 at the western end of the fortress was destroyed and the existing tower was erected in the park next to Yıldırım Bayezid Mosque in 1989.
  11. ^ Although there is no information about the tower in the archives of Boyabat Municipality, Samsun Cultural Heritage Preservation Regional Board Directorate and Sinop Provincial Culture and Tourism Directorate, it is suggested by some civilian sources that it was built between 1982 and 1983
  12. ^ The clock tower was formed by adding a clock to the bell tower of the Church of the Virgin Mary.
  13. ^ The original tower, built in 1830 or 1836, was destroyed during the earthquake in 1914, and the existing building was built in 1937.
  14. ^ While Meltem Cansever stated that the tower was erected in 1923, Hakkı Acun estimates that it was erected in 1912 together with Bostancı Pier.
  15. ^ The first clock tower at the point where the tower is located was built in 1869, and the existing clock tower, erected in 1901, was moved to its current location in 1948. The fate of the first clock tower is uncertain.
  16. ^ The government house, which is now used as the district gendarmerie command, was built in 1823 and it is thought that the tower was added to the building with the use of it as a government residence starting in 1940.
  17. ^ The tower was built in 1894 according to Çorum Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism and Meltem Cansever, or in 1896 according to Hakkı Acun.
  18. ^ The original tower, which was erected near Cedidiye Avenue in 1901, was destroyed during the fire in 1925, and the existing building was built in Anıtpark Square in 2009.
  19. ^ The tower, built in 1886 on the Macedonian sign of Edirne Castle, which was built in the period of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, was damaged greatly after a fire. It was rebuilt in December 1893 at the same point, and it was destroyed again on 6 July 1953. Only the tower base remains today.
  20. ^ The tower was destroyed by the 1939 or 1940 earthquake.
  21. ^ The tower was destroyed in 1939.
  22. ^ Although the exact date of construction is unknown, the upper part of the tower, which dated to the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, was destroyed by the earthquake of 1928. The ruined tower was completely destroyed during the restoration of the Kursunlu Mosque in the following years, and the chimney of the imaret near the caravanserai was raised here in the 1940s.
  23. ^ The renovation of the building, which was damaged during the fire in 1870, was completed in 1908 and the clock is thought to have been added during these renovations.
  24. ^ It is estimated that the tower was destroyed during the Gallipoli campaign.
  25. ^ Although there is no information about the tower in the archives of Gerze Municipality, Samsun Cultural Heritage Preservation Regional Board Directorate and Sinop Provincial Culture and Tourism Directorate, it is estimated that it was built between 1980 and 1981. Today, there is a model of a Gerze rooster at the point where the tower was once standing.
  26. ^ After the original tower built in 1900 was destroyed during the earthquake in 1943, another wooden tower was built in the same place in 1948, even though this tower was demolished in 1971, and the tower that replaced it was also demolished later. The tower that stands there today was erected in 2009.
  27. ^ The building, which was built as the chimney of the Hacı Pasha Flour Factory in 1896, was restored in 2007 and turned into a clock tower.
  28. ^ Although it is thought that it was built with Hamidiye Industrial School in 1900 in honor of the 25th anniversary of Abdul Hamid II's ascension to the throne, the exact date of construction is uncertain. It is estimated that it was destroyed within the first years of the Republic's establishment.
  29. ^ The tower was built in 1899 according to Meltem Cansever, 1900 according to Yozgat Provincial Culture and Tourism Directorate, and 1901 according to Hakkı Acun.
  30. ^ Since there is no information about the tower in the archives of Samsun Provincial Culture and Tourism Directorate and Samsun Cultural Heritage Preservation Regional Board Directorate, the construction and demolition dates are unknown.
  31. ^ Although it is known that the building was completed in 1838 and the original clock was made in 1859, the exact date of construction of the tower is unknown.
  32. ^ Although it is thought that it was built on the 25th anniversary of Abdul Hamid II's ascension to the throne, the exact date of construction is uncertain.
  33. ^ The clock tower was built during the renovation of the building, which was originally built as a chapel during the Byzantine Empire but later turned into a mosque. It was demolished in 1921.
  34. ^ Although it is thought that it was built on the 25th anniversary of Abdul Hamid II's acension to the throne, the exact date of construction and the date of demolition are uncertain.
  35. ^ The tower was destroyed as a result of the fire in 1886.
  36. ^ The original tower, built in the 1880s, was demolished in the early 1970s. The existing structure was built in 2005 and 2006, based on the original building.
  37. ^ The original tower, formed with the clock added in 1672 on the northern door protrusion of the Great Mosque of Manisa (completed in 1366), was destroyed after sixty years, and the existing building was built in 1975 in front of the crown gate of the mosque.
  38. ^ The original tower, built in 1902, was demolished as part of the road works in 1930, and the existing building was built in 2003, based on the original structure.
  39. ^ The clock tower was created by adding a clock to the tower of the St. Anthony Latin Catholic Church.
  40. ^ The original tower built in 1891 was destroyed during the fire in 1900. Although another tower was built at the same spot in 1905, this tower was also damaged during a fire in 1964 and was repaired the same year.
  41. ^ The original tower built in 1886 was destroyed during the earthquake in 1944. Even though another tower was built in the same spot in 1977, this tower was also destroyed and the new building was built in 2001, remaining true to the original structure.
  42. ^ The original tower built in 1905 was demolished and the existing building was built in 1975.
  43. ^ The tower was built in 1803 according to Sivas Cultural Heritage Protection Regional Board Directorate registration information and İbrahim Olcaytu or 1814 according to Ömer Demirel. It was demolished in 1944.
  44. ^ While Meltem Cansever states that the tower was erected in 1891 or 1892, Hakkı Acun states that it was erected in 1891.
  45. ^ The clock tower was formed when the clock was added to the minaret of the Great Mosque of Şanlıurfa (completed in 1175), in a period between 1927-1945.
  46. ^ Although the exact date of construction is unknown, it is estimated that it was built at the end of the 19th century. It was demolished in 1912.
  47. ^ Although the minaret structure was completed between 1124 and 1132, the exact date of completion is unknown, but it was used as a clock tower before 1843.
  48. ^ The clock tower was formed by adding a clock to the bell tower of the Ayos Grigoryos Church. It was destroyed in the 1940s.
  49. ^ Although the exact date of construction is unknown, it is known that it was built in the early 2000s.
  50. ^ The original tower, built in 1908, was largely damaged during the earthquake in 1943, and was restored in 1959, based on the original.
  51. ^ It was built in 1936 after the original tower built in 1906 was heavily damaged during Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922).
  52. ^ Since there is no information about the tower in the archives of the Diyarbakır Cultural Heritage Preservation Regional Board Directorate, the construction date remains unknown.
  53. ^ It was built in 1897 according to some sources.
  54. ^ The clock tower was formed with the clock added in 1875 to the minaret built in 1336.

References

[edit]
Inline citations
  1. ^ Acun 1994, p. 5.
  2. ^ Acun 2011, p. 6.
  3. ^ a b Cansever 2009, p. 9.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Cansever 2009, p. 10.
  5. ^ Acun 1994, p. 6.
  6. ^ a b c d e Acun 2011, p. 7.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Cansever 2009, p. 11.
  8. ^ Acun 2011, p. 5.
  9. ^ a b Halaç, Hicran Hanım; Özdemir İlhan, Sibel (October 2014). "Kentsel Simge Olarak Saat Kuleleri: II. Abdülhamid Han Dönemi Saat Kulelerinin İstanbul Dışı Türkiye Coğrafyasında Dağılımları ve Bir Tipoloji Denemesi". NWSA: Humanities. 9 (4). E-Journal of New World Sciences Academy: 190–200. doi:10.12739/NWSA.2014.9.4.4C0189. ISSN 1308-7320. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Acun 2011, p. 8.
  11. ^ Meyer, Wolfgang (1971). Topkapı Sarayı Müzesindeki Saatlerin Kataloğu. Istanbul: Ümit Basımevi.
  12. ^ a b c d e Acun 2011, p. 104.
  13. ^ Cansever 2009, p. 90.
  14. ^ Cansever 2009, p. 42.
  15. ^ "Akdeniz Üniversitesi Olbia Sosyal Özeği". arkiv.com.tr. 23 June 2008. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
  16. ^ "Ağa Han Ödülü, Olbia Kültür Merkezi'ne". hurriyet.com.tr. 6 November 2001. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
  17. ^ Cansever 2009, p. 82.
  18. ^ a b c Acun 1994, p. 45.
  19. ^ Cansever 2009, p. 24.
  20. ^ Erkan, İlker; Haştemoğlu, Hasan Şehmuz (November–December 2013). "Anadolu'da Modern Bir İstasyon Binası: Ali Çetinkaya İstasyonu". Mimarlık (374). Mimarlar Odası.
  21. ^ Cansever 2009, p. 142.
  22. ^ Levi, Eti Akyüz (November–December 2009). "Alsancak Garı: 150 yıldır uzakları yakın kılıyor". İzmir Kültür ve Turizm (2). Renkli Kalem: 102–108.
  23. ^ "İzmir'in simgesi Konak saat kulesi ama..." yeniasir.com.tr. 1 November 2011. Archived from the original on 25 February 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
  24. ^ Acun 2011, p. 92.
  25. ^ Acun 2011, p. 93.
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Sources
  • Acun, Hakkı (1994), Anadolu Saat Kuleleri, Ankara: Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Yayınları, ISBN 9751606306
  • Acun, Hakkı (2011), Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Saat Kuleleri, Ankara: Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Yayınları, ISBN 9789751623706
  • Cansever, Meltem (June 2009), Türkiye'nin Kültür Mirası 100 Saat Kulesi, Istanbul: NTV Yayınları, ISBN 9786055813239

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