Universal Monsters
Universal Classic Monsters | |
---|---|
![]() Official franchise logo | |
Production company | |
Distributed by | Universal Pictures |
Release date | 1913-present |
Country | United States |
The Universal Monsters (also known as Universal Classic Monsters and Universal Studios Monsters) media franchise includes characters based on a series of horror films produced by Universal Pictures and released between 1913-1956.
While the early installments were initially created as stand-alone films based on published novels, their financial and critical success resulted in various cross-over releases. Following the positive response to various viewings of these movies via television redistribution which began airing in the 1950s, the studio began developing the characters for other media. In the 1990s, it became priority for Universal to promote their catalogue with official packaging that presented the movies with the official franchise title. Through a number of VHS editions, their popularity continued into contemporary entertainment. This included additional development through modern-filmmaking adaptations such as Stephen Sommers' The Mummy (1999) and Van Helsing (2004).
Modern analyses describes the titular characters as "pop culture icons".[1]
History
[edit]Universal's early horror films were adaptations of work from familiar authors and texts to give their films a prestige appeal. These included Dracula (1931), whose success led to the production of other works such as Frankenstein (1931).[2][3] Frankenstein's ending was changed by studio head Carl Laemmle Jr., who wanted Universal to be able deploy key characters from the film into subsequent Universal productions.[3] Following the release of other Universal films such as The Mummy (1932) and Bride of Frankenstein (1935) there was a dry spell of horror films.[4][5][6][7] Universal only returned to the style following a successful theatrical re-release of Dracula and Frankenstein which led to new works starting with Son of Frankenstein (1939).[4][5][6]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Abbott_costello_frankenstein.jpg/220px-Abbott_costello_frankenstein.jpg)
Universal would only introduce a few new monsters in the 1940s, with the most famous being Lon Chaney Jr. as The Wolf Man.[8] The decade had Universal's horror output include many remakes and sequels, with films often directly reusing old sets, footage, and narratives to replicate moments in their earlier horror productions.[9]
Universal's first transmedia properties were from the 1940s and 1950s with the films Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943), House of Frankenstein (1944) and Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948).[10] In these films, the monsters from the studio's earlier films "team up" against various characters. Author Megan De Bruin-Molé suggested that the Universal Classic Monsters films exist as a loose mash-up, which allowed for Dracula to exist and be watched separately from Frankenstein but allowed their characters to be systemically and consistently brought together and developed in other films and media.[11] These productions made were often crossovers and sequels, such as Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943), House of Frankenstein and several occurrences in comedy films of Abbott and Costello meeting the monster starting with Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein and ending with Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy (1955).[11][12] De Bruin-Molé wrote that this approach from Universal was for commercial marketing terms, as it would establish the company as the "real" home of horror and that their films contain a world where potentially all monsters may dwell.[13] The sole new monster movies Universal produced in the 1950s were the Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954) and The Mummy (1959) which was co-produced with the British Hammer Film Productions.[14]
Towards the 1960s the Universal monsters grew beyond film and became more consistently transmedial. Initially, this began in 1957 when Universal struck a ten-year television deal with Screen Gems to distribute 52 of their own titles.[14] These television screenings and the films being included on Mel Jass' Mel's Matinee Movie (1958-1979) would also prove to be popular, with Stephen Sommers, director of The Mummy (1999), stating that his introduction to the series was on Jass's program.[15] Universal became part of Music Corporation of America (MCA) in 1962. By 1964, Universal Studios tours would eventually include appearances from Frankenstein's monster.[16] Several products based on the characters from Universal's film series were released, ranging from plastic model kits, Halloween masks, figures, plush dolls, toys, drinking glasses, coloring books and postage stamps. While some of these objects bare similarity to the actors who portray them, others are more generic interpretations.[17] Other mediums featured the Universal monsters in tandem, such as Bobby "Boris" Pickett's 1962 popular song "Monster Mash" and the television series The Munsters (1964) which was based on the Universal characters likeness.[16]
In 1990, Universal was part of a merger between Matsushita, now known as Panasonic, and several other corporations. Between 1991 and 1995, Universal released VHS home video editions from their catalogue of horror films. This was the first time these films were packed together as "Classic Monster" line with a newly designed logo.[16] Prior to this home video series, the Universal films that featured multiple monsters were called "Super-Shocker[s]" or "monster rallies".[18] Louis Feola was the head of Worldwide Home Video for Universal Studios said the most important thing was the packaging of their sales, and that it "probably our single biggest priority and has been for a number of years", and that it was key to make the series of films "look like a line".[19][20] He added in a 1999 interview that creating the series was to "reinvigorate and re-market" the Universal catalog, specifically with their series of Dracula, Frankenstein, The Invisible Man, The Phantom of the Opera, The Wolf Man, and The Mummy.[20]
The 1990s also saw a trend in the merchandising of Universal Monsters material as part of a trend for the decade of recycling and reinventing old material from the past.[16] This led to the release of Stephen Sommer's The Mummy (1999) and a "monster rally"-styled film with Van Helsing (2004).[21] Merchandizing of the characters in formats such as clothing and board games has continued into the 21st century.[22][23] The franchise will be featured in the Dark Universe portion of Universal's upcoming Orlando theme park, Universal Epic Universe.[24]
Films
[edit]Classic era
[edit]Film | U.S. release date | Director(s) | Screenwriter(s) | Story by | Producer(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde | March 6, 1913 | Herbert Brenon | Carl Laemmle | ||
The Hunchback of Notre Dame | September 2, 1923 | Wallace Worsley | Edward T. Lowe, Jr. & Perley Poore Sheehan | ||
The Phantom of the Opera | November 15, 1925 | Rupert Julian and Lon Chaney and Edward Sedgwick and Ernst Laemmle & Frank McCormick | Walter Anthony, Elliott J. Clawson, Bernard McConville, Frank M. McCormack, Tom Reed, Raymond L. Schrock, Jasper Spearing & Richard Wallace | ||
Dracula | February 14, 1931 | Tod Browning | Garrett Fort | Tod Browning and Carl Laemmle, Jr. | |
Drácula | April 24, 1931 | George Melford | Baltasar Fernández Cué and Garret Fort | Garret Fort | Carl Laemmle Jr. and Paul Kohner |
Frankenstein | November 21, 1931 | James Whale | Francis Edward Faragoh & Garrett Fort | John L. Balderston | Carl Laemmle Jr. |
The Mummy | December 22, 1932 | Karl Freund | John L. Balderston | Nina Wilcox Putnam & Richard Schayer | |
The Invisible Man | November 13, 1933 | James Whale | R. C. Sherriff | ||
The Bride of Frankenstein | April 20, 1935 | James Whale | William Hurlbut | William Hurlbut & John L. Balderston | |
Werewolf of London | May 13, 1935 | Stuart Walker | John Colton, Robert Harris, Harvey Gates, Edmund Pearson, James Mulhauser & Aben Kandel | Robert Harris | Stanley Bergerman |
Dracula's Daughter | May 11, 1936 | Lambert Hillyer | Garrett Fort | Oliver Jeffries | E. M. Asher |
Son of Frankenstein | January 13, 1939 | Rowland V. Lee | Wyllis Cooper | Rowland V. Lee | |
The Invisible Man Returns | January 12, 1940 | Joe May | Kurt Siodmak & Lester Cole | Curt Siodmak & Joe May | Ken Goldsmith |
The Mummy's Hand | September 20, 1940 | Christy Cabanne | Griffin Jay and Maxwell Shane | Ben Pivar | |
The Invisible Woman | December 27, 1940 | A. Edward Sutherland | Robert Lees, Frederic I. Rinaldo & Gertrude Purcell | Curt Siodmak & Joe May | Burt Kelly |
The Wolf Man | December 12, 1941 | George Waggner | Curt Siodmak | George Waggner | |
The Ghost of Frankenstein | March 13, 1942 | Erle C. Kenton | W. Scott Darling | Eric Taylor | |
Invisible Agent | August 7, 1942 | Edwin L. Marin | Curtis Siodmak | Frank Lloyd | |
The Mummy's Tomb | October 23, 1942 | Harold Young | Griffin Jay & Henry Sucher | Neil P. Varnick | Ben Pivar |
Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man | March 5, 1943 | Roy William Neill | Curt Siodmak | George Waggner | |
Phantom of the Opera | August 27, 1943 | Arthur Lubin | Samuel Hoffenstein & Eric Taylor | John Jacoby | |
Son of Dracula | November 5, 1943 | Robert Siodmak | Eric Taylor | Curtis Siodmak | Ford Beebe and Donald H. Brown |
The Mummy's Ghost | July 7, 1944 | Reginald LeBorg | Griffin Jay, Henry Sucher & Brenda Weisberg | Griffin Jay & Henry Sucher | Ben Pivar |
The Invisible Man's Revenge | July 12, 1944 | Ford Beebe | Bertram Millhauser | Ford Beebe | |
House of Frankenstein | December 1, 1944 | Erle C. Kenton | Edward T. Lowe | Curt Siodmak | Paul Malvern |
The Mummy's Curse | December 22, 1944 | Leslie Goodwins | Bernard Schubert | Leon Abrams & Dwight V. Babcock | Oliver Drake |
House of Dracula | December 7, 1945 | Eric C. Kenton | Edward T. Lowe | Dwight V. Babcock & George Bricker | Paul Malvern |
She-Wolf of London | May 17, 1946 | Jean Yarbrough | George Bricker | Dwight V. Babcock | Ben Pivar |
Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein | June 15, 1948 | Charles T. Barton | Robert Lees, Frederic I. Rinaldo & John Grant | Robert Arthur | |
Abbott and Costello Meet the Invisible Man | March 7, 1951 | Charles Lamont | Robert Lees, Frederic I. Rinaldo & John Grant | Hugh Wedlock Jr. & Howard Snyder | Howard Christie |
Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde | August 1, 1953 | Charles Lamont | Lee Loeb & John Grant | Sidney Fields & Grant Garrett | |
Creature from the Black Lagoon | March 5, 1954 | Jack Arnold | Harry Essex & Arthur Ross | Maurice Zimm | William Alland |
Revenge of the Creature | March 30, 1955 | Jack Arnold | Martin Berkeley | William Alland | William Alland |
Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy | June 23, 1955 | Charles Lamont | John Grant | Lee Loeb | Howard Christie |
The Creature Walks Among Us | April 26, 1956 | John Sherwood | Arthur Ross | William Alland |
Modern era
[edit]Film | U.S. release date | Director(s) | Screenwriter(s) | Story by | Producer(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dracula | July 13, 1979 | John Badham | W. D. Richter | Marvin Mirisch and Walter Mirisch | |
The Mummy | May 7, 1999 | Stephen Sommers | Stephen Sommers and Lloyd Fonvielle & Kevin Jarre |
Sean Daniel and James Jacks | |
The Mummy Returns | May 4, 2001 | Stephen Sommers | |||
The Scorpion King | April 19, 2002 | Chuck Russell | William Osborne & David Hayter and Stephen Sommers |
Stephen Sommers & Jonathan Hales | Sean Daniel, James Jacks, Kevin Misher and Stephen Sommers |
Van Helsing | April 7, 2004 | Stephen Sommers | Stephen Sommers and Bob Ducsay | ||
The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor | August 1, 2008 | Rob Cohen | Alfred Gough & Miles Millar | Sean Daniel, James Jacks, Stephen Sommers and Bob Ducsay | |
The Scorpion King 2: Rise of a Warrior | August 19, 2008 | Russell Mulcahy | Randall McCormick | Sean Daniel and James Jacks | |
The Wolfman | February 12, 2010 | Joe Johnston | Andrew Kevin Walker & David Self | Sean Daniel, Scott Stuber, Benicio del Toro and Rick Yorn | |
The Scorpion King 3: Battle for Redemption | January 10, 2012 | Roel Reiné | Brendan Cowles & Shane Kuhn | Randall McCormick | Leslie Belzberg |
Dracula Untold | October 10, 2014 | Gary Shore | Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless | Michael De Luca | |
The Scorpion King 4: Quest for Power | January 6, 2015 | Mike Elliott | Michael D. Weiss | Mike Elliott and Ogden Gavanski | |
The Mummy | July 9, 2017 | Alex Kurtzman | David Koepp and Christopher McQuarrie and Dylan Kussman |
Jon Spaihts and Alex Kurtzman & Jenny Lumet |
Alex Kurtzman, Chris Morgan, Sean Daniel and Sarah Bradshaw |
The Scorpion King: Book of Souls | October 23, 2018 | Don Michael Paul | David Alton Hedges & Frank DeJohn | Mike Elliott | |
The Invisible Man | February 28, 2020 | Leigh Whannell | Jason Blum and Kylie du Fresne | ||
Renfield | April 14, 2023 | Chris McKay | Ryan Ridley | Robert Kirkman | Chris McKay, Samantha Nisenboim, Bryan Furst, Sean Furst, Robert Kirkman and David Alpert |
The Last Voyage of the Demeter | August 11, 2023 | André Øvredal | Bragi Schut Jr. & Zak Olkewicz | Bragi Schut Jr. | Bradley J. Fischer, Mike Medavoy and Arnold W. Messer |
Abigail | April 19, 2024 | Matt Bettinelli-Olpin & Tyler Gillett | Stephen Shields & Guy Busick | William Sherak, James Vanderbilt, Paul Neinstein, Tripp Vinson and Chad Villella | |
Wolf Man | January 17, 2025 | Leigh Whannell | Leigh Whannell & Corbett Tuck and Lauren Schuker Blum & Rebecca Angelo |
Jason Blum |
Main cast and characters
[edit]This table includes the Universal Monster characters and their respective actors for each movie in the franchise. Additional characters include recurring primary characters of the Universal Studios Monsters franchise.
Notes
[edit]- ^ Baggot portrayed the character in the silent movie, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1913).
- ^ Karloff portrayed the character in Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1953).
- ^ Chaney portrayed the character in the silent movie, The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923).
- ^ Chaney portrayed the character in the silent movie, The Phantom of the Opera (1925) where the character is named Erik.
- ^ Rains portrayed the character in the remake, Phantom of the Opera (1943) where the character is named Erique Claudin.
- ^ Lugosi portrayed the character in Dracula (1931).
- ^ Villar portrayed the character in the Spanish-language version of the movie, Drácula (1931) where the character is named Conde Drácula[28]
- ^ Carradine portrayed the character in House of Frankenstein (1944), and House of Dracula (1945).
- ^ Lugosi reprised the role in Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948).
- ^ Karloff portrayed the character in Frankenstein (1931), The Bride of Frankenstein (1935), and Son of Frankenstein (1939).
- ^ Chaney Jr. portrayed the character in The Ghost of Frankenstein (1942).
- ^ Lugosi portrayed the character in Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943).
- ^ Strange portrayed the character in House of Frankenstein (1944), House of Dracula (1945), and Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948).
- ^ Karloff portrayed the character in The Mummy (1932).
- ^ Rains portrayed the character in The Invisible Man (1933).
- ^ Lanchester portrayed the character in The Bride of Frankenstein (1935).
- ^ Hull portrayed the character in Werewolf of London (1935).
- ^ Holden portrayed the character in Dracula's Daughter (1936).
- ^ Price portrayed the character in The Invisible Man Returns (1940); he later reprised the role in Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948).
- ^ Tyler portrayed the character in The Mummy's Hand (1940).
- ^ Chaney Jr. portrayed the character in The Mummy's Tomb (1942), The Mummy's Ghost (1944), and The Mummy's Curse (1944).
- ^ Bruce portrayed the character in The Invisible Woman (1940).
- ^ Chaney Jr. portrayed the character in The Wolf Man (1941), Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943), House of Frankenstein (1944), House of Dracula (1945), and Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948).
- ^ Hall portrayed the character in Invisible Agent (1942).
- ^ Chaney Jr. portrayed the character in Son of Dracula (1943).
- ^ Hall played another character in The Invisible Man's Revenge (1944).
- ^ Lockhart portrayed the character in She-Wolf of London (1946).
- ^ Chapman portrayed the character in Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954); Ricou Browning served as the underwater stunt double.
- ^ Hennesy portrayed the character in Revenge of the Creature (1955), while Browning once again served as the underwater stunt double.
- ^ Megowan portrayed the character in The Creature Walks Among Us (1956), while Browning again served as the underwater stunt double.
- ^ Parker portrayed the character in Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy (1955).
- ^ Clive portrayed the character in Frankenstein (1931), and The Bride of Frankenstein (1935).
- ^ Lugosi portrayed the character in Son of Frankenstein (1939), and The Ghost of Frankenstein (1942).
- ^ Van Sloan portrayed the character in Dracula (1931), and Dracula's Daughter (1936).
- ^ Arozamena portrayed the character in Spanish-language version of the movie, Drácula (1931).
Other media
[edit]Home video releases
[edit]- ^ a b Although originally produced and released by Paramount Pictures, Universal obtained the rights to the film in 1958 and branded it with Universal Studios Monsters in its 1991 home video release.[45]
Literature
[edit]Novels
[edit]Title | Author | Publication Date | Publisher | Notes | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Return of the Wolfman | Jeff Rovin | January 1, 1999 | Berkley Boulevard Books | — | [120] |
Universal Monsters - Dracula: Return of Evil | Larry Mike Garmon | August 3, 2006 | Scholastic, Incorporated | Part of Larry Mike Garmon's Universal Monsters series | [121] |
Universal Monsters - The Wolf Man: Blood Moon Rising | August 6, 2006 | [122] | |||
Universal Monsters - Frankenstein: Anatomy of Terror | March 24, 2009 | [123] | |||
Universal Monsters - The Mummy: Book of the Dead | February 1, 2002 | [124] | |||
Universal Monsters - Creature from the Black Lagoon: Blackwater Horror | March 24, 2009 | [125] | |||
Universal Monsters - Bride of Frankenstein: Vow of Vengeance | September 1, 2009 | [126] | |||
Dracula: Asylum | Paul Witcover | April 12, 2006 | Dark Horse Comics | — | [127] |
Frankenstein: The Shadow of Frankenstein | Stefan Petrucha | July 26, 2006 | — | [128] | |
Creature from the Black Lagoon: Time's Black Lagoon | Paul Di Filippo | August 23, 2006 | — | [129] | |
The Mummy: Dark Resurrection | Michael Paine | October 3, 2007 | — | [130] | |
The Wolf Man: Hunter's Moon | Michael Jan Friedman | October 3, 2007 | — | [131] | |
The Bride of Frankenstein: Pandora's Bride | Elizabeth Hand | December 5, 2007 | — | [132] |
Comics
[edit]Title | Creatives | Publication Date | Publisher | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Writer | Artist(s) | Editor | Designer | Premiere date | Finale date | ||
Universal Monsters: Frankenstein[133] | Den Beauvais | Den Beauvais | Dan Thorsland | Scott Tice | May 1, 1993 | Dark Horse Comics | |
Universal Monsters: Creature from the Black Lagoon[134] | Steve Moncuse | Arthur Adams (Penciller, Cover); Terry Austin (Inker); Lois Buhalis (Letterer); Matt Hollingsworth (Colorist); Terry Austin (Cover) | Dan Thorsland | Scott Tice | August 1, 1993 | ||
Universal Monsters: Dracula[135] | Dan Vado | Jonathon D. Smith (Artist, Cover); Clem Robins (Letterer) | Dan Thorsland | Scott Tice | October 1, 1993 | ||
Universal Monsters: The Mummy[136] | Dan Jolley | Tony Harris (Artist, Cover); Lois Buhalis (Letterer); Matt Hollingsworth (Colorist) | Dan Thorsland | Scott Tice | November 1, 1993 | ||
Universal Monsters: Cavalcade of Horror[137] | Collection edition of Universal Monsters releases by Dark Horse; Eric Powell (Cover) | January 11, 2006 | |||||
Universal Monsters: Dracula[138][139] | 1–4 | James Tynion IV | Martin Simmonds | October 25, 2023 | January 24, 2024 | Skybound Entertainment | |
Universal Monsters: Creature from the Black Lagoon Lives![140] | Dan Watters Ram V |
Matthew Roberts | Dave Stewart | April 24, 2024 | July 24, 2024 | ||
Universal Monsters: Frankenstein[141] | Michael Walsh | Toni Marie Griiffin | August 28, 2024 | TBA |
References
[edit]- ^ Jones 2012.
- ^ Mank 1981, p. 13.
- ^ a b De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 5.
- ^ a b c Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 63.
- ^ a b c Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 120.
- ^ a b Chibnall & Petley 2002, p. 59.
- ^ Worland 2007, p. 68.
- ^ De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 8.
- ^ De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 12.
- ^ De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 3.
- ^ a b De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 6.
- ^ De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 9.
- ^ De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 11.
- ^ a b De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 13.
- ^ De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 14.
- ^ a b c d De Bruin-Molé 2022, pp. 14–15.
- ^ Rue Morgue 2015, p. 110.
- ^ De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 4.
- ^ McCullaugh 1992, p. 63.
- ^ a b Bessman 1999.
- ^ De Bruin-Molé 2022, pp. 15–16.
- ^ "Unique Vintage Launches Universal Monsters Collection". Licesnse Global. August 19, 2020.
- ^ Kondrad, Jeremy (July 10, 2019). "Universal Monsters Ravensburger Game Horrified Coming August 1st". Bleedingcool. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
- ^ Stella, Alicia (26 December 2022). "Everything We Know About Epic Universe - Universal Monsters". Theme Park Stop.
- ^ Fink, Richard & Amanda Minchin (February 1, 2024). "Dark Universe: All the Canceled Films Planned". MovieWeb. Retrieved August 14, 2024.
- ^ Damaske, Damion (August 5, 2021). "Meet the original Dark Universe monsters!". JoBlo. Retrieved August 14, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g Frasure, Kevin (June 10, 2022). "Top 10 Classic Universal Monster Movies as Rated by Rotten Tomatoes". Collider. Retrieved August 14, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Crow, David (October 28, 2023). "All Universal Monsters Movies Ranked". Den of Geek. Retrieved August 14, 2024.
- ^ a b Dracula (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ a b Dracula (DVD). Universal Studios Home Video. 1999.
- ^ a b c d e Dracula: The Legacy Collection (DVD). Universal Studios Home Video. 2004.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Universal Classic Monsters: The Essential Collection (Blu-ray). Universal Pictures Home Entertainment. 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Universal Classic Monsters: Complete 30-Film Collection (Blu-ray). Universal Pictures Home Entertainment. 2018.
- ^ Rhodes 2014, p. 245.
- ^ Rhodes 2014, p. 282.
- ^ Frankenstein (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ Frankenstein (DVD). Universal Studios Home Video. 1999.
- ^ a b c d e Frankenstein: The Legacy Collection (DVD). Universal Studios Home Video. 2004.
- ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 38.
- ^ Murders in the Rue Morgue (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ Mank 2010, p. 105.
- ^ The Mummy (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ The Mummy (DVD). Universal Studios Home Video. 1999.
- ^ a b c d e The Mummy: The Legacy Collection (DVD). Universal Studios Home Video. 2004.
- ^ McDougal, Dennis (2001). The Last Mogul: Lew Wasserman, MCA, and the Hidden History of Hollywood (pp. 231–232). Da Capo Press.
- ^ Island of Lost Souls (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ "At the Theatres This Week". Arizona Daily Star. December 18, 1932. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ The Invisible Man (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ The Invisible Man (DVD). Universal Studios Home Video. 1999.
- ^ a b c d e The Invisible Man: The Legacy Collection (DVD). Universal Studios Home Video. 2004.
- ^ a b Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 78.
- ^ The Black Cat (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ Bride of Frankenstein (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ Bride of Frankenstein (DVD). Universal Studios Home Video. 1999.
- ^ Werewolf of London (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ a b c d The Wolf Man: The Legacy Collection (DVD). Universal Studios Home Video. 2004.
- ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 129.
- ^ The Raven (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 138.
- ^ Dracula's Daughter (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 162.
- ^ Son of Frankenstein (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 182.
- ^ Tower of London (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 200.
- ^ The Invisible Man Returns (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 207.
- ^ The Mummy's Hand (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 229.
- ^ The Invisible Woman (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 237.
- ^ The Monster and the Girl (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ "The Monster and the Girl". American Film Institute. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
- ^ Man-Made Monster (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 241.
- ^ The Wolf Man (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ The Wolf Man (DVD). Universal Studios Home Video. 1999.
- ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 261.
- ^ The Ghost of Frankenstein (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 275.
- ^ Invisible Agent (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 294.
- ^ The Mummy's Tomb (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 305.
- ^ Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 322.
- ^ Captive Wild Woman (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 337.
- ^ Phantom of the Opera (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ Phantom of the Opera (DVD). Universal Studios Home Video. 1999.
- ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 345.
- ^ Son of Dracula (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ Kiss 2019, p. 95.
- ^ The Mad Ghoul (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 373.
- ^ The Invisible Man's Revenge (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 400.
- ^ The Mummy's Ghost (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 417.
- ^ House of Frankenstein (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 447.
- ^ The Mummy's Curse (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 456.
- ^ House of Dracula (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 501.
- ^ House of Horrors (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 525.
- ^ Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 539.
- ^ "Bud Abbott and Lou Costello Meet Frankenstein". American Film Institute. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
- ^ "Abbott and Costello Meet The Invisible Man". American Film Institute. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
- ^ Creature from the Black Lagoon (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ Creature from the Black Lagoon (DVD). Universal Studios Home Video. 1999.
- ^ a b c Creature from the Black Lagoon: The Legacy Collection (DVD). Universal Studios Home Video. 2004.
- ^ "Creature from the Black Lagoon". American Film Institute. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
- ^ Revenge of the Creature (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ "Revenge of the Creature". American Film Institute. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
- ^ "Abbott and Costello Meet The Mummy". American Film Institute. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
- ^ The Creature Walks Among Us (VHS). MCA Home Video. 1991.
- ^ "The Creature Walks Among Us". American Film Institute. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
- ^ Rovin, Jeff. "Return of The Wolf Man". AbeBooks. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
- ^ Garmon, Larry Mike. "Dracula: Return of Evil". AbeBooks. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
- ^ Garmon, Larry Mike. "The Wolf Man: Blood Moon Rising". AbeBooks. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
- ^ Garmon, Larry Mike. "Frankenstein: Anatomy of Terror". AbeBooks. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
- ^ Garmon, Larry Mike. "The Mummy: Book of the Dead". AbeBooks. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
- ^ Garmon, Larry Mike. "Creature from the Black Lagoon: Blackwater Horror". AbeBooks. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
- ^ Garmon, Larry Mike. "Bride of Frankenstein: Vow of Vengeance". AbeBooks. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
- ^ Witcover, Paul. "Dracula: Asylum". Dark Horse Comics. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
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