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List of U.S. states and territories by incarceration and correctional supervision rate

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Incarceration rates by state. From various years; latest available as of June 2024. State, federal, and local inmates.[1]

This article has lists of US states and US territories by incarceration and correctional supervision rates. There are also counts of inmates for various categories. The data is from the United States Department of Justice and other sources. The incarceration numbers include sentenced and unsentenced inmates from many categories.

Incarceration rates and totals; numbers in state, federal, and local institutions

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This table and the one that directly follows it are a comprehensive breakdown of inmates across many categories. The incarceration rate for a state or U.S. territory is calculated from the total of inmates across that location row in both tables. Nationwide totals for each column are at the end of each table.[1]

Some U.S. territories are in alphabetical order in the 2 table halves: American Samoa, Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

  • Asterisk (*) indicates "Incarceration in LOCATION" or "Crime in LOCATION" links.

Incarceration rates per 100,000. Counts. Data is from various years. Latest data available as of June 2024.

Incarceration rates per 100,000. Counts. Data is from various years. Latest data available as of June 24.
Location Incarceration rate Total incarcerated State population State prisons Federal Local jails
 Alabama * 898 45,573 5,073,903 26,421 3,607 14,727
 Alaska * 744 5,456 733,276 4,778 498 12
 American Samoa 606 301 49,710 301 N/A N/A
 Arizona * 710 52,329 7,365,684 33,865 3,567 13,541
 Arkansas * 912 27,795 3,046,404 17,625 2,522 7,165
 California * 494 192,694 39,040,616 97,608 12,172 75,061
 Colorado * 556 32,495 5,841,039 17,168 1,811 12,719
 Connecticut * 326 11,747 3,608,706 10,506 949 N/A
 Delaware * 539 5,492 1,019,459 4,954 361 N/A
 Florida * 705 156,734 22,245,521 84,678 13,370 55,826
 Georgia * 881 96,171 10,913,150 48,439 6,897 40,085
 Guam 502 772 153,836 678 94 N/A
 Hawaii * 367 5,283 1,439,399 4,149 834 N/A
 Idaho * 720 13,965 1,938,996 9,110 950 3,508
 Illinois * 433 54,474 12,582,515 29,634 6,386 16,493
 Indiana * 721 49,241 6,832,274 25,286 3,436 19,416
 Iowa * 550 17,598 3,199,693 8,473 3,744 4,950
 Kansas * 648 19,022 2,936,716 8,709 1,537 8,065
 Kentucky * 889 40,107 4,511,563 19,744 3,182 16,844
 Louisiana * 1,067 48,973 4,588,023 27,296 2,538 18,183
 Maine 272 3,777 1,389,338 1,675 452 1,623
 Maryland * 475 29,304 6,163,981 15,637 4,068 8,455
 Massachusetts * 241 16,798 6,982,740 6,001 1,279 9,129
 Michigan * 535 53,683 10,033,281 32,374 4,477 15,875
 Minnesota * 323 18,457 5,714,300 8,636 2,003 6,343
 Mississippi * 1,020 29,980 2,938,928 19,802 2,041 7,829
 Missouri * 713 44,016 6,177,168 23,911 6,747 11,576
 Montana * 758 8,508 1,122,878 4,691 1,214 2,206
 Nebraska * 591 11,635 1,968,060 5,649 1,390 4,119
 Nevada * 610 19,370 3,177,421 10,304 1,311 7,211
 New Hampshire 278 3,886 1,399,003 2,086 426 1,332
 New Jersey * 270 25,016 9,260,817 12,657 2,337 8,775
 New Mexico * 647 13,676 2,113,476 4,970 1,746 6,549
 New York * 317 62,339 19,673,200 31,148 8,859 20,448
 North Carolina * 559 59,753 10,695,965 29,627 9,164 20,360
 North Dakota * 560 4,363 778,912 1,817 901 1,434
 Northern Mariana Islands 400 189 47,329 170 19 N/A
 Ohio * 621 72,989 11,759,697 45,313 4,728 20,582
 Oklahoma * 905 36,388 4,019,271 22,941 2,350 10,625
 Oregon * 494 20,942 4,239,379 12,518 1,182 5,991
 Pennsylvania * 589 76,355 12,972,091 37,910 5,726 31,303
 Puerto Rico * 341 10,995 3,220,113 7,067 3,928 N/A
 Rhode Island * 254 2,779 1,093,842 2,393 260 N/A
 South Carolina * 606 32,038 5,282,955 16,318 3,712 11,177
 South Dakota * 812 7,386 909,869 3,444 1,327 2,003
 Tennessee * 817 57,625 7,048,976 23,735 7,044 26,463
 Texas * 751 225,480 30,029,848 139,631 23,244 58,489
 U.S. Virgin Islands 651 567 87,146 417 150 N/A
 Utah * 396 13,381 3,381,236 6,009 1,313 5,765
 Vermont * 245 1,583 647,110 1,360 219 N/A
 Virginia * 679 58,917 8,679,099 27,162 4,722 25,229
 Washington * 373 29,065 7,784,477 13,772 2,438 11,567
 Washington, D.C. * 816 5,473 670,949 N/A 3,445 1,817
 West Virginia * 674 11,954 1,774,035 5,873 1,289 4,372
 Wisconsin * 615 36,199 5,890,543 20,873 1,615 12,741
 Wyoming * 785 4,568 581,629 2,154 615 1,558
U.S. total 608 2,048,524 336,829,545 1,079,467 219,140 649,181

Numbers in institution types: youth, Indian, civil commitment, forensic psychiatric, immigration, military

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Further breakdown of inmates across categories. US totals at end of table.[1]

  • Asterisk (*) indicates "Incarceration in LOCATION" or "Crime in LOCATION" links.

US states and territories. Number of inmates by category. Data is from various years. Latest data available as of June 24.

US states and territories. Number of inmates by category. Data is from various years. Latest data available as of June 24.
Location Youth Indian Country jails Civil commitment Forensic psychiatric Immigration Military
 Alabama * 678 N/A N/A 140 N/A N/A
 Alaska * 156 2 N/A 10 N/A N/A
 American Samoa N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Arizona * 351 774 88 143 N/A N/A
 Arkansas * 297 N/A N/A 186 N/A N/A
 California * 2,385 N/A 946 4,522 N/A N/A
 Colorado * 462 45 N/A 290 N/A N/A
 Connecticut * 63 N/A N/A 229 N/A N/A
 Delaware * 135 N/A N/A 42 N/A N/A
 Florida * 1,221 N/A 531 1,108 N/A N/A
 Georgia * 750 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Guam N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Hawaii * 27 N/A N/A 273 N/A N/A
 Idaho * 264 61 N/A 72 N/A N/A
 Illinois * 516 N/A 493 952 N/A N/A
 Indiana * 837 N/A N/A 266 N/A N/A
 Iowa * 267 N/A 164 N/A N/A N/A
 Kansas * 351 N/A 256 104 N/A N/A
 Kentucky * 297 N/A N/A 40 N/A N/A
 Louisiana * 717 N/A N/A 239 N/A N/A
 Maine 27 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Maryland * 198 N/A N/A 946 N/A N/A
 Massachusetts * 204 N/A 104 81 N/A N/A
 Michigan * 723 11 N/A 223 N/A N/A
 Minnesota * 378 81 740 276 N/A N/A
 Mississippi * 186 44 N/A 78 N/A N/A
 Missouri * 612 N/A 280 890 N/A N/A
 Montana * 99 244 N/A 54 N/A N/A
 Nebraska * 207 8 150 112 N/A N/A
 Nevada * 342 3 N/A 199 N/A N/A
 New Hampshire 12 N/A 0 30 N/A N/A
 New Jersey * 378 N/A 419 450 N/A N/A
 New Mexico * 198 125 N/A 88 N/A N/A
 New York * 741 N/A 386 757 N/A N/A
 North Carolina * 411 0 N/A 191 N/A N/A
 North Dakota * 39 137 27 8 N/A N/A
 Northern Mariana Islands N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Ohio * 1,476 N/A N/A 890 N/A N/A
 Oklahoma * 261 11 N/A 200 N/A N/A
 Oregon * 597 N/A N/A 654 N/A N/A
 Pennsylvania * 1,002 N/A 55 359 N/A N/A
 Puerto Rico * N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Rhode Island * 72 N/A N/A 54 N/A N/A
 South Carolina * 414 N/A 204 213 N/A N/A
 South Dakota * 99 487 N/A 26 N/A N/A
 Tennessee * 300 N/A N/A 83 N/A N/A
 Texas * 2,730 N/A 447 939 N/A N/A
 U.S. Virgin Islands N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Utah * 168 N/A N/A 126 N/A N/A
 Vermont * 0 N/A N/A 4 N/A N/A
 Virginia * 558 N/A 406 840 N/A N/A
 Washington * 396 187 102 603 N/A N/A
 Washington, D.C. * 78 N/A N/A 133 N/A N/A
 West Virginia * 345 N/A N/A 75 N/A N/A
 Wisconsin * 417 44 187 322 N/A N/A
 Wyoming * 171 28 N/A 42 N/A N/A
U.S. total 24,891 2,292 6,051 18,562 47,835 1,105

By territory and percentage female

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  • Asterisk (*) indicates "Incarceration in TERRITORY" or "Crime in TERRITORY" links.

US territories. Incarceration rate per 100,000 of all ages. Incarceration count. Percent female. Data year is in order by column.[2]

US territories. Incarceration rate per 100,000 of all ages. Incarceration count. Percent female. Data year is in order by column.
Territory Rate Count Percent female Data year
 American Samoa 345 193 4.1% 2017, 2017, 2017
 Guam 411 690 7.2% 2019, 2019, 2017
 Northern Mariana Islands 313 175 5.8% 2019, 2019, 2007
 Puerto Rico * 278 8,884 3.6% 2019, 2019, 2017
 U.S. Virgin Islands 394 412 2.7% 2020, 2020, 2011

Juvenile detention

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Further information: Youth incarceration in the United States

Juvenile detention totals from the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.[3]

Juvenile detention in the US
Year Male Female Total
1997 90,771 14,284 105,055
1999 92,985 14,508 107,493
2001 89,115 15,104 104,219
2003 81,975 14,556 96,531
2006 78,998 13,723 92,721
2007 75,017 11,797 86,814
2010 61,359 9,434 70,793
2011 53,079 8,344 61,423
2013 46,421 7,727 54,148
2015 40,750 7,293 48,043
2017 36,982 6,598 43,580
2019 31,064 5,415 36,479
2021 21,340 3,554 24,894

Comparison with other countries

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The U.S. incarceration rate peaked in 2008. The U.S. rate was the highest in the world in 2008. Chart is for prisoners per 100,000 population of all ages.[4][5]
US timeline graphs of number of people incarcerated in jails and prisons.[6]
Main article: Comparison of United States incarceration rate with other countries
See also: List of countries by incarceration rate

On January 1, 2008 more than 1 in 100 adults in the United States were in prison or jail.[7][8] Total U.S. incarceration peaked in 2008.[5] The U.S. incarceration rate was the highest in the world in 2008.[4] It is no longer the highest rate.[9]

The United States has one of the highest rates of female incarceration.[10] According to a November 2017 report by the World Prison Brief around 212,000 of the 714,000 female prisoners worldwide (women and girls) are incarcerated in the United States.[11] In the United States in 2016, women made up 9.8% of the incarcerated population in adult prisons and jails.[12][13]

Comparing English-speaking developed countries;[9] the overall incarceration rate in the U.S. was 531 per 100,000 population of all ages in 2021,[12] the incarceration rate of Canada was 85 per 100,000 in 2020,[14] England and Wales was 146 per 100,000 in 2023,[15] and Australia was 158 per 100,000 in 2022.[16] Comparing other developed countries, the rate of Spain was 122 per 100,000 in 2020,[17] France was 90 per 100,000 in 2020,[18] Germany was 69 per 100,000 in 2020,[19] Norway was 49 per 100,000 in 2020,[20] Netherlands was 63 per 100,000 in 2018,[21] and Japan was 38 per 100,000 in 2019.[22]

The racial aspect of mass incarceration in the United States is striking. According to Michelle Alexander (in 2010 book), the United States "imprisons a larger percentage of its black population than South Africa did at the height of apartheid."[23]

Correctional supervision by state

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Chart below has numbers for people in adult facilities, and for people on probation and on parole.[24] The incarceration numbers for the states in the chart below are for sentenced and unsentenced inmates in adult facilities in local jails and state prisons. Numbers for federal prisons are in the Federal line.

Asterisk (*) indicates "Incarceration in STATE" or "Crime in STATE" links.

Correctional supervision numbers for Dec 31, 2018. "In community" is community supervision. Rates are per 100,000 adults.[24]

Correctional supervision numbers for Dec 31, 2018. "In community" is community supervision. Rates are per 100,000 adults
Jurisdiction Total In community Incarcerated
Counts Rate Probation or Parole Rate In prison or jail Rate
  Federal 302,100 90 122,800 40 179,200 50
  State 6,083,300 1,850 4,276,200 1,300 1,919,200 580
 Alabama * 99,200 2,030 60,900 1,240 40,400 820
 Alaska * 7,800 1,060 3,400 460 4,400 600
 Arizona * 136,800 1,890 84,300 1,170 54,600 750
 Arkansas * 74,700 2,470 53,800 1,780 24,700 820
 California * 513,100 1,290 312,400 790 200,700 510
 Colorado * 122,600 2,140 91,300 1,590 32,700 570
 Connecticut * 54,800 1,530 43,100 1,210 13,700 380
 Delaware * 20,600 2,120 14,500 1,490 6,100 620
 District of Columbia * 9,500 1,340 8,600 1,210 1,800 260
 Florida * 357,400 1,670 209,400 980 150,500 700
 Georgia * 495,200 4,680 433,200 4,100 89,700 850
 Hawaii * 27,200 1,920 21,900 1,540 5,400 380
 Idaho * 51,800 2,920 39,700 2,240 12,100 690
 Illinois * 171,900 1,350 116,100 910 55,800 440
 Indiana * 164,700 2,450 118,400 1,760 46,300 690
 Iowa * 47,600 1,500 35,600 1,120 14,000 440
 Kansas * 39,000 1,340 21,900 750 18,000 620
 Kentucky * 99,600 2,230 62,800 1,400 37,500 840
 Louisiana * 104,000 2,230 62,300 1,340 45,700 980
 Maine 10,300 770 6,800 500 4,000 300
 Maryland * 96,600 1,600 80,600 1,330 27,600 460
 Massachusetts * 71,200 1,030 53,700 780 17,600 250
 Michigan * 219,200 2,190 164,800 1,650 54,500 540
 Minnesota * 122,900 2,180 107,500 1,910 15,900 280
 Mississippi * 63,600 2,130 37,200 1,240 27,500 920
 Missouri * 106,100 1,730 63,100 1,030 43,000 700
 Montana * 16,700 1,570 11,400 1,070 6,200 580
 Nebraska * 25,100 1,300 15,900 820 9,300 480
 Nevada * 40,300 1,310 19,800 640 20,500 670
 New Hampshire 10,400 760 6,300 460 4,100 300
 New Jersey * 173,700 1,950 146,300 1,640 28,700 320
 New Mexico * 26,800 1,280 13,700 660 13,100 620
 New York * 202,300 1,040 139,700 720 67,700 350
 North Carolina * 148,600 1,420 94,100 900 54,600 520
 North Dakota * 10,100 1,320 7,000 920 3,100 400
 Ohio * 322,500 2,760 253,900 2,170 70,500 600
 Oklahoma * 81,800 2,070 43,300 1,100 38,500 970
 Oregon * 81,000 1,920 59,900 1,420 21,100 500
 Pennsylvania * 360,200 2,810 288,000 2,250 77,900 610
 Rhode Island * 22,000 2,080 20,900 1,980 2,800 260
 South Carolina * 67,000 1,310 36,700 720 30,300 590
 South Dakota * 15,100 1,710 9,200 1,040 6,100 680
 Tennessee * 117,400 1,730 72,100 1,060 49,300 730
 Texas * 672,400 2,330 474,600 1,640 218,000 750
 Utah * 26,800 840 16,600 520 12,500 390
 Vermont * 6,500 1,030 4,800 770 1,700 260
 Virginia * 122,000 1,430 65,000 760 57,100 670
 Washington * 115,200 1,520 88,900 1,170 30,900 410
 West Virginia * 21,500 1,190 10,900 600 10,600 590
 Wisconsin * 100,600 1,730 63,900 1,100 36,700 630
 Wyoming * 9,900 1,720 6,300 1,090 4,000 700

Male and female incarceration and correctional supervision

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Further information: Incarceration of women in the United States
See also: List of countries by incarceration rate § Female incarceration rates by country and US state

In 2015 there were 1,942,500 male and 202,600 female inmates in prisons and jails. That is 10.4% female.[25]

  • Note: The state, federal, and U.S. total rows sort, but they come back to the top after further sorting.
  • Asterisk (*) indicates "Incarceration in STATE" or "Crime in STATE" links.

2015 male and female incarceration and correctional supervision numbers. Rate is per 100,000 of all ages.

2015 male and female incarceration and correctional supervision numbers. Rate is per 100,000 of all ages.
Jurisdiction Parole, probation, etc. Incarcerated
Number Rate Number Rate
Total Male Female Male Female Total Male Female Male Female
State 4,518,100 3,485,100 1,033,000 2,190 630 1,949,400 1,759,700 189,800 1,450 150
Federal 132,800 109,200 23,700 70 10 195,700 182,800 12,900 150 10
U.S. total 4,650,900 3,594,300 1,056,700 2,260 640 2,145,100 1,942,500 202,600 1,600 160
 Alabama * 64,600 50,600 14,000 2,140 560 42,900 38,600 4,300 1,640 170
 Alaska * 8,500 6,600 1,900 1,700 550 5,400 4,800 600 1,230 170
 Arizona * 83,300 66,700 16,700 1,950 480 54,900 49,100 5,800 1,440 170
 Arkansas * 51,500 39,000 12,500 2,660 820 24,000 21,200 2,800 1,450 180
 California * 349,600 277,500 72,100 1,420 360 201,000 186,000 15,100 950 80
 Colorado * 89,200 66,700 22,400 2,410 820 31,800 28,000 3,800 1,010 140
 Connecticut * 45,300 35,700 9,500 2,040 520 15,800 14,700 1,100 840 60
 Delaware * 16,100 12,400 3,700 2,690 760 6,700 6,100 500 1,330 110
 District of Columbia * 9,900 8,500 1,400 2,640 400 1,800 1,700 100 530 30
 Florida * 225,400 167,000 58,400 1,670 560 153,000 137,900 15,100 1,380 140
 Georgia * 451,800 353,600 98,200 7,060 1,870 88,500 79,600 8,900 1,590 170
 Hawaii * 22,500 17,200 5,300 2,360 740 5,900 5,200 700 710 100
 Idaho * 37,800 28,100 9,700 3,370 1,160 10,900 9,300 1,600 1,120 190
 Illinois * 151,300 118,200 33,100 1,870 510 63,900 59,500 4,400 940 70
 Indiana * 122,500 93,100 29,400 2,850 870 43,500 38,200 5,200 1,170 160
 Iowa * 35,600 26,900 8,700 1,730 550 12,900 11,500 1,400 740 90
 Kansas * 20,900 16,400 4,500 1,120 310 16,600 14,800 1,800 1,010 130
 Kentucky * 70,600 49,400 21,300 2,260 940 33,800 28,700 5,100 1,310 230
 Louisiana * 71,900 57,400 14,500 2,510 600 49,000 45,400 3,600 1,980 150
 Maine 6,700 5,400 1,400 820 200 4,000 3,500 500 540 70
 Maryland * 87,400 71,800 15,600 2,460 500 29,700 27,800 1,900 950 60
 Massachusetts * 66,900 52,600 14,300 1,590 410 20,100 19,000 1,200 570 30
 Michigan * 193,900 147,700 46,100 3,020 910 57,700 53,100 4,600 1,090 90
 Minnesota * 105,100 81,000 24,000 2,960 870 16,500 14,800 1,600 540 60
 Mississippi * 44,800 35,500 9,300 2,440 600 28,000 25,800 2,300 1,770 150
 Missouri * 62,600 47,600 15,000 1,590 480 43,400 38,500 4,900 1,290 160
 Montana * 9,700 7,400 2,300 1,430 440 5,600 4,800 800 930 150
 Nebraska * 13,700 10,000 3,700 1,050 390 8,600 7,700 900 810 100
 Nevada * 19,200 15,200 4,000 1,040 270 19,100 16,800 2,300 1,150 160
 New Hampshire 6,300 4,900 1,400 750 210 4,600 4,100 500 620 80
 New Jersey * 151,300 117,700 33,700 2,690 730 33,900 31,700 2,200 720 50
 New Mexico * 16,800 12,600 4,200 1,210 400 15,100 13,300 1,800 1,290 170
 New York * 145,600 120,500 25,000 1,250 250 75,900 71,100 4,800 740 50
 North Carolina * 97,400 73,400 24,000 1,490 460 53,800 48,800 5,000 990 100
 North Dakota * 6,900 5,100 1,800 1,300 490 3,200 2,700 400 690 120
 Ohio * 262,000 189,700 72,300 3,330 1,220 70,700 62,800 7,900 1,100 130
 Oklahoma * 33,400 25,700 7,700 1,320 390 39,700 34,400 5,300 1,770 270
 Oregon * 61,900 49,600 12,300 2,470 600 21,000 18,600 2,400 930 120
 Pennsylvania * 296,200 223,500 72,700 3,560 1,110 83,900 76,300 7,600 1,220 120
 Rhode Island * 24,400 20,600 3,800 4,010 690 3,200 3,100 100 600 30
 South Carolina * 38,500 30,500 8,000 1,280 320 31,600 28,900 2,800 1,210 110
 South Dakota * 9,800 7,500 2,300 1,720 540 5,300 4,600 800 1,050 180
 Tennessee * 75,400 57,100 18,300 1,770 540 48,000 41,600 6,500 1,290 190
 Texas * 488,800 375,200 113,600 2,730 810 214,800 192,500 22,300 1,400 160
 Utah * 15,700 12,000 3,700 790 240 11,700 10,100 1,600 660 110
 Vermont * 6,300 4,800 1,500 1,550 470 1,800 1,600 200 520 50
 Virginia * 57,000 43,700 13,300 1,060 310 57,300 51,000 6,300 1,230 150
 Washington * 104,700 81,600 23,200 2,260 640 29,700 26,300 3,400 730 90
 West Virginia * 10,100 7,300 2,800 800 300 10,100 8,700 1,400 950 150
 Wisconsin * 65,600 52,700 12,900 1,830 440 35,000 31,800 3,100 1,110 110
 Wyoming * 5,900 4,300 1,600 1,450 550 3,900 3,400 600 1,130 200

U.S. states compared to countries

[edit]
Female incarceration rates by country and US state.[10]
World incarceration rates by country and US state.[26]

See first chart to right. The data is from various years, and is the latest available as of June 2024. From the source report: "This graph shows the number of people in state prisons, local jails, federal prisons, and other systems of confinement from each U.S. state and territory per 100,000 people in that state or territory and the incarceration rate per 100,000 in all countries with a total population of at least 500,000."[26]

Female incarceration in U.S. states and countries

[edit]

See second chart at right. Female incarceration rates by country and US state. Per 100,000 female population of all ages. Incarcerated females of all ages (where the data are available). From a 2018 report with latest available data. From the source report: "This graph shows the number of women in state prisons, local jails, and federal prisons from each U.S. state per 100,000 people in that state and the incarceration rate per 100,000 in all countries with at least a half million in total population."[10]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Widra, Emily (June 2024). "Appendix 1 - States of Incarceration: The Global Context 2024". Prison Policy Initiative. See tooltips, and scroll past table for detailed sourcing.
  2. ^ US territories. From World Prison Brief. Prisonstudies.org pages: American Samoa. Guam. Northern Mariana Islands. Puerto Rico. Virgin Islands.
  3. ^ Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., & Puzzanchera, C.. "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement". Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Click "National Crosstabs" at the top, and then choose the census years. Click "Show table" to get the total number of juvenile inmates for those years. Or go here for all the years. And here.
  4. ^ a b Walmsley, Roy (30 Jan 2009). World Prison Population List (8th Edition). From World Prison Population Lists. By World Prison Brief. "The information is the latest available in early December 2008. … Most figures relate to dates between the beginning of 2006 and the end of November 2008." According to the summary on page one there were 2.29 million U.S. inmates and 9.8 million inmates worldwide. The U.S. held 23.4% of the world's inmates. The U.S. total in this report is for December 31, 2007 (see page 3), and does not include inmates in juvenile detention facilities.
  5. ^ a b Correctional Populations in the United States, 2016 (NCJ 251211). Published April 2018 by U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). By Danielle Kaeble and Mary Cowhig, BJS statisticians. See PDF. Appendix table 1 on page 11 has rates and counts by state. See page 1 "highlights" section for the "1 in ..." numbers. See table 4 on page 4 for a timeline of nationwide incarceration rates. See appendix table 3 on page 13, for "Persons held in custody in state or federal prisons or in local jails, 2000, 2010, and 2015–2016". That table also has incarceration rates. See appendix table 2 on page 12 for the number or persons incarcerated in territorial prisons, military facilities, and jails in Indian country.
  6. ^ Jacob Kang-Brown, Chase Montagnet, and Jasmine Heiss. People in Jail and Prison in Spring 2021. New York: Vera Institute of Justice, 2021.
  7. ^ One in 100: Behind Bars in America 2008. February 28, 2008. The Pew Center on the States.
  8. ^ Liptak, Adam (28 Feb 2008). 1 in 100 U.S. Adults Behind Bars, New Study Says. New York Times.
  9. ^ a b Highest to Lowest. World Prison Brief (WPB). Use dropdown menu to choose lists of countries by region, or the whole world. Use menu to select highest-to-lowest lists of prison population totals, prison population rates, percentage of pre-trial detainees / remand prisoners, percentage of female prisoners, percentage of foreign prisoners, and occupancy rate. Column headings in WPB tables can be clicked to reorder columns lowest to highest, or alphabetically. For detailed information for each country click on any country name in lists. See also the WPB main data page and click on the map links and/or the sidebar links to get to the region and country desired.
  10. ^ a b c Kajstura, Aleks (June 2018). "States of Women's Incarceration: The Global Context 2018". Prison Policy Initiative. See the appendix for a detailed data breakdown.
  11. ^ World Female Imprisonment List (fourth edition). Nov. 9, 2017. World Prison Brief.
  12. ^ a b United States of America. By World Prison Brief.
  13. ^ Correctional Populations in the United States, 2015. By Danielle Kaeble and Lauren Glaze, BJS Statisticians. Dec. 2016. Bureau of Justice Statistics. See PDF. Appendix table 3 on page 15 says there are 1,942,500 male and 202,600 female inmates in prisons and jails. That is 10.4% female.
  14. ^ Canada. World Prison Brief.
  15. ^ United Kingdom: England & Wales. World Prison Brief.
  16. ^ Australia. World Prison Brief.
  17. ^ Spain. World Prison Brief.
  18. ^ France. World Prison Brief.
  19. ^ Germany. World Prison Brief.
  20. ^ Norway. World Prison Brief.
  21. ^ Netherlands. World Prison Brief.
  22. ^ Japan. World Prison Brief.
  23. ^ Alexander, Michelle (2010). The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: The New Press. p. 7.
  24. ^ a b Correctional Populations in the United States, 2017-2018 (NCJ 252157). Published August 2020 by U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). Laura M. Maruschak, Todd D. Minton, BJS statisticians. See PDF. Appendix table 1 on page 11 has rates and counts by state.
  25. ^ Correctional Populations in the United States, 2015. By Danielle Kaeble and Lauren Glaze, BJS Statisticians. Dec. 2016. Bureau of Justice Statistics. See PDF. Appendix table 3 on page 14 has male and female counts and rates by state. It says there are 1,942,500 male and 202,600 female inmates in prisons and jails. That is 10.4% female.
  26. ^ a b Widra, Emily (June 2024). "States of Incarceration: The Global Context 2024". Prison Policy Initiative. Hover over rows for location and rate. Scroll down to methodology section for detailed info on sourcing.
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