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List of heads of state of Haiti

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This article lists the heads of state of Haiti[1] since the beginning of the Haitian Revolution in 1791. Full independence of Haiti was declared in 1804.

Between 1806 and 1820 Haiti was divided between the northern State, renamed Kingdom in 1811, and the southern Republic. Between 1822 and 1844 the reunified Republic of Haiti ruled over the entire island of Hispaniola, during the Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo.

Saint-Domingue (1791–1804)

[edit]
No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Term of office Party Title(s)
Took office Left office Time in office
Toussaint Louverture
(1743–1803) 		1 January 1791 6 May 1802 11 years, 125 days Independent Leader of the Haitian Revolution (1 January 1791 – 6 May 1802)
Lieutenant Governor of Saint-Domingue (1797 – 7 July 1801)
Governor-General for Life of the entire island of Hispaniola (7 July 1801 – 6 May 1802)
Post vacant (6 May 1802 – 1 January 1804)
1 Jean-Jacques Dessalines
(1758–1806) 		1 January 1804 22 September 1804 265 days Independent Governor-General of Haiti

First Empire of Haiti (Monarchy of Jacques I, 1804–1806)

[edit]
Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Reign Coronation Royal house Coat of arms
Reign start Reign ended Duration
Jacques I
(1758–1806) 		22 September 1804 17 October 1806 2 years, 25 days 8 October 1804 Dessalines

Divided Haiti (1806–1820)

[edit]

North Haiti (1806–1820)

[edit]

State of Haiti (1806–1811)

[edit]
No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Term of office Party Title(s)
Took office Left office Time in office
2 Henri Christophe
(1767–1820) 		17 October 1806 28 March 1811 4 years, 162 days Independent Provisional Chief of the Haitian Government (17 October 1806 – 17 February 1807)
President (17 February 1807 – 28 March 1811)[a]

Kingdom of Haiti (Monarchy of Henry I, 1811–1820)

[edit]
Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Reign Coronation Royal house Coat of arms
Reign start Reign ended Duration
Henry I
(1767–1820)[a] 		28 March 1811 8 October 1820 9 years, 194 days 2 June 1811 Christophe

Republic of Haiti (1806–1849)

[edit]
No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Term of office Party Title(s)
Took office Left office Time in office
South Haiti (1806–1820)
3 Alexandre Pétion
(1770–1818) 		17 October 1806 29 March 1818 11 years, 163 days Independent President (17 October 1806 – 9 October 1816)
President for Life (9 October 1816 – 29 March 1818)[b]
4 Jean-Pierre Boyer
(1776–1850) 		30 March 1818 18 October 1820 2 years, 202 days Independent President for Life[c]
Reunified Haiti (1820–1849)
(4) Jean-Pierre Boyer
(1776–1850) 		18 October 1820 13 February 1843 22 years, 118 days Independent President for Life
5 Charles Rivière-Hérard
(1789–1850) 		4 April 1843 3 May 1844 1 year, 29 days Independent President
6 Philippe Guerrier
(1757–1845) 		3 May 1844 15 April 1845 347 days Independent President
7 Jean-Louis Pierrot
(1761–1857) 		16 April 1845 1 March 1846[d] 319 days Independent President
8 Jean-Baptiste Riché
(1780–1847) 		1 March 1846 27 February 1847 363 days Independent President
9 Faustin Soulouque
(1782–1867) 		2 March 1847 26 August 1849 2 years, 177 days Independent President

Second Empire of Haiti (Monarchy of Faustin I, 1849–1859)

[edit]
Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Reign Coronation Royal house Coat of arms
Reign start Reign ended Duration
Faustin I
(1782–1867) 		26 August 1849 22 January 1859 9 years, 149 days 18 April 1852 Soulouque

Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)

[edit]
Status
  Acting president
No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Elected Term of office Party Title(s)
Took office Left office Time in office
10 Fabre Geffrard
(1806–1878) 		— 22 January 1859 13 March 1867 8 years, 50 days Independent President
— Jean-Nicolas Nissage Saget
(1810–1880) 		— 13 March 1867 4 May 1867 52 days Independent Provisional President
11 Sylvain Salnave
(1827–1870) 		— 4 May 1867 27 December 1869 2 years, 237 days Independent President
12 Jean-Nicolas Nissage Saget
(1810–1880) 		— 27 December 1869 14 May 1874 4 years, 138 days Liberal Party President
— Council of Secretaries of State — 14 May 1874 14 June 1874 31 days Independent Council of Secretaries of State
13 Michel Domingue
(1813–1877) 		— 14 June 1874 15 April 1876 1 year, 306 days National Party[2] President
14 Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal
(1832–1905) 		— 23 April 1876 17 July 1879 3 years, 85 days Liberal Party Provisional President (23 April 1876 – 17 July 1876)
President (17 July 1876 – 17 July 1879)
— Public Order Committee — 17 July 1879 26 July 1879 9 days Independent [e]
— Joseph Lamothe
(?–1891) 		— 26 July 1879 3 October 1879 69 days Independent Provisional President
— Florvil Hyppolite
(1828–1896) 		— 3 October 1879 26 October 1879 23 days National Party Provisional President[f]
15 Lysius Salomon
(1815–1888) 		— 26 October 1879 10 August 1888 8 years, 289 days National Party President
— Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal
(1832–1905) 		— 10 August 1888 16 October 1888 67 days Liberal Party Provisional President
16 François Denys Légitime
(1841–1935) 		— 16 October 1888 23 August 1889 311 days Liberal Party President
— Monpoint Jeune
(1830–1905) 		— 23 August 1889 17 October 1889 55 days Independent Provisional President
17 Florvil Hyppolite
(1828–1896) 		— 17 October 1889 24 March 1896 6 years, 159 days National Party President
18 Tirésias Simon Sam
(1835–1916) 		— 31 March 1896 12 May 1902 6 years, 42 days National Party President
— Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal
(1832–1905) 		— 26 May 1902 17 December 1902 205 days Liberal Party Provisional President
19 Pierre Nord Alexis
(1820–1910) 		— 21 December 1902 2 December 1908 5 years, 347 days Military President
— Commission for Public Order — 2 December 1908 6 December 1908 4 days Independent [g]
20 François C. Antoine Simon
(1843–1923) 		— 6 December 1908 2 August 1911[7] 2 years, 239 days Liberal Party President
21 Cincinnatus Leconte
(1854–1912) 		— 15 August 1911 8 August 1912[8] 359 days National Party President[h]
22 Tancrède Auguste
(1856–1913) 		— 8 August 1912 2 May 1913 267 days National Party President
23 Michel Oreste
(1859–1918) 		— 12 May 1913 27 January 1914[9] 260 days Independent President
— Edmond Polynice
(? – ?) 		— 27 January 1914 8 February 1914[10] 12 days Military Provisional President
24 Oreste Zamor
(1861–1915) 		— 8 February 1914 29 October 1914 263 days Military President
— Edmond Polynice
(? – ?) 		— 29 October 1914 6 November 1914 8 days Military Provisional President
25 Joseph Davilmar Théodore
(1847–1917) 		— 7 November 1914 22 February 1915 107 days Military President
26 Vilbrun Guillaume Sam
(1859–1915) 		— 25 February 1915 28 July 1915 153 days Military President[i]
— Revolutionary Committee — 28 July 1915 11 August 1915 14 days Independent [j]
27 Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave
(1863–1926) 		— 12 August 1915 15 May 1922 6 years, 276 days Independent President[k]
28 Louis Borno
(1865–1942) 		— 15 May 1922 15 May 1930 8 years Independent President[k]
29 Louis Eugène Roy
(1861–1939) 		— 15 May 1930 18 November 1930 187 days Independent President[k]
30 Sténio Vincent
(1874–1959) 		— 18 November 1930 15 May 1941 10 years, 178 days Independent President[l]
31 Élie Lescot
(1883–1974) 		— 15 May 1941 11 January 1946 4 years, 241 days Liberal Party President
32 Franck Lavaud
(1903–1986) 		— 11 January 1946 16 August 1946 217 days Military Chairman of the Military Executive Committee
33 Dumarsais Estimé
(1900–1953) 		— 16 August 1946 10 May 1950 3 years, 267 days Independent President
34 Franck Lavaud
(1903–1986) 		— 10 May 1950 6 December 1950 210 days Military Chairman of the Government Junta
35 Paul Magloire
(1907–2001) 		1950 6 December 1950 12 December 1956 6 years, 6 days Peasant Worker Movement President
36 Joseph Nemours Pierre-Louis
(1900–1966) 		— 12 December 1956 3 February 1957 53 days Independent Provisional President
37 Franck Sylvain
(1909–1987) 		— 7 February 1957 2 April 1957 54 days Independent Provisional President
— Léon Cantave
(1910–1967) 		— 2 April 1957 6 April 1957 4 days Military Acting President
— Executive Government Council — 6 April 1957 20 May 1957 44 days Independent Executive Government Council
— Léon Cantave
(1910–1967) 		— 20 May 1957 25 May 1957 5 days Military Acting President
— Daniel Fignolé
(1913–1986) 		— 25 May 1957 14 June 1957 20 days Peasant Worker Movement Provisional President
38 Antonio Thrasybule Kébreau
(1909–1963) 		— 14 June 1957 22 October 1957 130 days Military Chairman of the Military Council

Republic of Haiti during the Duvalier dynasty (1957–1986)

[edit]
Symbols

P Presidential referendum
C Constitutional referendum

No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Elected Term of office Party Title(s)
Took office Left office Time in office
39 François Duvalier
(1907–1971) 		1957
1961[P]
1964[C] 		22 October 1957 21 April 1971† [11][12] 13 years, 181 days National Unity Party President (22 October 1957 – 22 June 1964)
President for Life (22 June 1964 – 21 April 1971)
40 Jean-Claude Duvalier
(1951–2014) 		1971[C]
1985[C] 		21 April 1971[m] 7 February 1986[n] 14 years, 292 days National Unity Party President for Life

Republic of Haiti (1986–present)

[edit]
Symbols

I Indirect election

Status
  Acting president
No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Elected Term of office Party Title(s)
Took office Left office Time in office
41 Henri Namphy
(1932–2018) 		— 7 February 1986 7 February 1988 2 years Military President of the National Council of Government
42 Leslie Manigat
(1930–2014) 		1988 7 February 1988 20 June 1988
(Deposed) 		134 days Rally of Progressive National Democrats President
(41) Henri Namphy
(1932–2018) 		— 20 June 1988 17 September 1988
(Deposed) 		89 days Military President
43 Prosper Avril
(born 1937) 		— 17 September 1988 10 March 1990 1 year, 236 days Military President
— Hérard Abraham
(1940–2022) 		— 10 March 1990 13 March 1990 3 days Military Acting President
— Ertha Pascal-Trouillot
(born 1943) 		— 13 March 1990 7 February 1991 331 days Independent Provisional President
44 Jean-Bertrand Aristide
(born 1953) 		1990–91 7 February 1991 29 September 1991
(Deposed) 		234 days Struggling People's Organization President
— Raoul Cédras
(born 1949) 		— 29 September 1991 8 October 1991 9 days Military Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces[o]
— Joseph Nérette
(1924–2007) 		— 8 October 1991 19 June 1992 255 days Independent Provisional President
— Council of Ministers
Prime Minister: Marc Bazin
(1932–2010) 		— 19 June 1992 15 June 1993 361 days Movement for the Instauration of Democracy in Haiti Council of Ministers
(44) Jean-Bertrand Aristide
(born 1953) 		— 15 June 1993 12 May 1994 331 days Struggling People's Organization President[p]
— Émile Jonassaint
(1913–1995) 		— 12 May 1994 12 October 1994 153 days Independent Provisional President
(44) Jean-Bertrand Aristide
(born 1953) 		— 12 October 1994 7 February 1996 1 year, 118 days Struggling People's Organization President[q]
45 René Préval
(1943–2017) 		1995 7 February 1996 7 February 2001 5 years Fanmi Lavalas President
(44) Jean-Bertrand Aristide
(born 1953) 		2000 7 February 2001 29 February 2004
(Deposed) 		3 years, 22 days Fanmi Lavalas President
— Boniface Alexandre
(1936–2023) 		— 29 February 2004 14 May 2006 2 years, 75 days Independent Provisional President
(45) René Préval
(1943–2017) 		2006 14 May 2006 14 May 2011 5 years Lespwa
(until 2009) 		President
Inite
46 Michel Martelly
(born 1961) 		2010–11 14 May 2011 7 February 2016 4 years, 269 days Repons Peyizan President
— Council of Ministers
Prime Minister: Evans Paul
(born 1955) 		— 7 February 2016 14 February 2016 7 days Democratic Alliance Party Council of Ministers
— Jocelerme Privert
(born 1953) 		2016 (Feb)[I] 14 February 2016 7 February 2017 359 days Inite Provisional President[r]
47 Jovenel Moïse
(1968–2021) 		2016 (Nov) 7 February 2017 7 July 2021†[s] 4 years, 150 days Haitian Tèt Kale Party President
— Council of Ministers
Acting Prime Minister:
Claude Joseph 		— 7 July 2021 20 July 2021 13 days Independent Council of Ministers
— Council of Ministers
Acting Prime Minister:
Ariel Henry
(born 1949) 		— 20 July 2021 24 April 2024 2 years, 279 days Independent Council of Ministers
— Transitional Presidential Council
Chairman:
Edgard Leblanc Fils
(born 1955) 		— 25 April 2024 7 October 2024 165 days Struggling People's Organization Transitional Presidential Council
— Transitional Presidential Council
Chairman:
Leslie Voltaire
(born 1949) 		— 7 October 2024 Incumbent 47 days Fanmi Lavalas Transitional Presidential Council

Timeline since 1804

[edit]
Transitional Presidential CouncilJovenel MoïseJocelerme PrivertEvans PaulMichel MartellyBoniface AlexandreRené PrévalÉmile JonassaintMarc BazinJoseph NéretteRaoul CédrasJean-Bertrand AristideErtha Pascal-TrouillotHérard AbrahamProsper AvrilLeslie ManigatHenri NamphyJean-Claude DuvalierFrançois DuvalierAntonio Thrasybule KébreauDaniel FignoléLéon CantaveFranck SylvainJoseph Nemours Pierre-LouisPaul MagloireDumarsais EstiméFranck LavaudÉlie LescotSténio VincentLouis Eugène RoyLouis BornoPhilippe Sudré DartiguenaveVilbrun Guillaume SamJoseph Davilmar ThéodoreOreste ZamorEdmond PolyniceMichel OresteTancrède AugusteCincinnatus LeconteFrançois C. Antoine SimonPierre Nord AlexisTirésias Simon SamMonpoint JeuneFrançois Denys LégitimeLysius SalomonFlorvil HyppoliteJoseph LamothePierre Théoma Boisrond-CanalMichel DomingueSylvain SalnaveJean-Nicolas Nissage SagetFabre GeffrardFaustin SoulouqueJean-Baptiste RichéJean-Louis PierrotPhilippe GuerrierCharles Rivière-HérardJean-Pierre BoyerAlexandre PétionHenri ChristopheJean-Jacques Dessalines

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Rule limited to the northern part of Haiti.
  2. ^ Rule limited to the southern part of Haiti.
  3. ^ United the northern Kingdom and the southern Republic in 1820.
  4. ^ Deposed on 1 March, accepted on 24 March.
  5. ^ A Committee took over the government after Boisrond-Canal's departure. It was composed of senator Darius Denis as president and deputy Demesvar Delorme as vice-president.[3][4][5]
  6. ^ Provisional government: Florvil Hyppolite, Richelieu Duperval, Seide Thélémaque, Tirésias Simon Sam and Lysius Salomon.[6]
  7. ^ Members: Louis-Auguste Boisrond-Canal, Prudent, Grandjean Guillaume, Maximilien Laforest, Michel Oreste and Auguste Bonamy.
  8. ^ Great-Grandson of Jean-Jacques Dessalines (Emperor of Haiti 1804–1806).
  9. ^ Son of Tirésias Simon Sam (President of Haiti 1896–1902). Also the inspiration for Eugene O'Neill's The Emperor Jones.
  10. ^ Members: Charles de Delva, Charles Zamor, Edmond Polynice, Léon Nau, Ermane Robin, Eribert Saint-Vil Nöel and Samson Monpoint.
  11. ^ a b c Served under the United States occupation.
  12. ^ Served under the United States occupation until 1 August 1934.
  13. ^ Succeeded his father as President for Life.[11][13]
  14. ^ Deposed in the Anti-Duvalier protest movement.[14]
  15. ^ De facto leader of Haiti (29 September 1991 – 12 October 1994).
  16. ^ In exile, but recognized in Haiti.
  17. ^ Served under the United States occupation until 31 March 1995.
  18. ^ Presidential term expired on 14 June 2016.
  19. ^ Assassinated.[15][16][17]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Haitian Heads of State". Embassy of Haiti, Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  2. ^ Stieber, Chelsea (18 August 2020). Haiti's Paper War: Post-Independence Writing, Civil War, and the Making of the Republic, 1804–1954. NYU Press. ISBN 978-1-4798-0215-9.
  3. ^ Rémy Zamor (1992). Histoire d'Haiti de 1804 á 1884 (in French). p. 275.
  4. ^ Ernst Trouillot (1961). Prospections d'histoire: choses de Saint-Domingue et d'Haïti (in French). p. 91.
  5. ^ "US Diplomatic Source".
  6. ^ Alain Turnier (1989). Quand la nation demande des comptes (in French). Editions Le Natal. p. 191.
  7. ^ "HAITIAN REBELS WIN; SIMON NOW AN EXILE; Six Are Killed in a Riot as President Embarks -- His Daughter Is Hurt". The New York Times. 3 August 1911. Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  8. ^ "EXPLOSION KILLS HAITIAN PRESIDENT; Leconte Perishes in Destruction of His Palace -- 400 Others Killed or Injured". The New York Times. 9 August 1912. Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  9. ^ "HAITI'S PRESIDENT FLEES TO WARSHIP; Fighting in Capital -- Our Bluejackets Land -- Battleship Is Rushing to Port au Prince". The New York Times. 28 January 1914. Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  10. ^ François Pacquement, Margaux Lombard (2018). L'histoire de l'AFD en Haïti.: A la recherche de la juste distance. Numilog. p. 48. ISBN 9782811119751.
  11. ^ a b Homer Bigart (23 April 1971). "Duvalier, 64, Dies in Haiti; Son, 19, Is New President". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  12. ^ Albin Krebs (23 April 1971). "Papa Doc, a Ruthless Dictator, Kept the Haitians in Illiteracy and Dire Poverty". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  13. ^ "At 19, President for Life Jean-Claude Duvalier". The New York Times. 26 April 1971. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  14. ^ Joseph B. Treaster (8 February 1986). "DUVALIER FLEES HAITI TO END FAMILY'S 28 YEARS IN POWER: GENERAL LEADS NEW REGIME; 20 REPORTED DEAD". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  15. ^ Beaumont, Peter; Phillips, Tom (7 July 2021). "Haiti president Jovenel Moïse assassinated". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  16. ^ "Haiti President Jovenel Moïse assassinated at home". CNBC. 7 July 2021. Archived from the original on 7 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  17. ^ "Le président Jovenel Moïse assassiné chez lui par un commando armé". Le Nouvelliste. Archived from the original on 7 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
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