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List of Germans relocated to the US via the Operation Paperclip

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A group of 104 rocket scientists at Fort Bliss, Texas

Operation Paperclip was a secret United States intelligence program in which more than 1,600 German scientists, engineers, and technicians were taken from the former Nazi Germany to the U.S. for government employment after the end of World War II in Europe, between 1945 and 1959. Conducted by the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency (JIOA), it was largely carried out by special agents of the U.S. Army's Counterintelligence Corps (CIC). Many of these Germans were former Nazi members and some worked with the leaders of the Nazi Party.[1][2]

Key recruits

[edit]
Aeronautics and rocketry

Many engineers had been involved with the V-2 in Peenemünde, and 127 of them eventually entered the U.S. through Operation Paperclip. They were also known as the Von Braun Group.[3]

Hans Amtmann[4]
Herbert Axster
Erich Ball[5]
Oscar Bauschinger[6]
Hermann Beduerftig[7]
Rudi Beichel[8]
Anton Beier[9]
Herbert Bergeler[10]
Rudi Berndt, expert in parachute development[11]
Magnus von Braun
Wernher von Braun
Ernst Czerlinsky
Theodor Buchhold [de]
Walter Burose[12]
Adolf Busemann
GN Constan[13]
Werner Dahm[14]
Konrad Dannenberg[3]
Kurt H. Debus
Gerd De Beek[15]
Walter Dornberger – head of rocket programme
Gerhard Drawe[16]
Friedrich Duerr[17]
Ernst R. G. Eckert
Rudolph Edse [de][18]
Otto Eisenhardt[19]
Krafft Arnold Ehricke
Alfred Finzel[20]
Edward Fischel[21]
Karl Fleischer[22]
Anton Flettner
Anselm Franz
Herbert Fuhrmann[23]
Ernst Geissler
Werner Gengelbach[24]
Dieter Grau
Hans Gruene[25]
Herbert Guendel[26]
Fritz Haber[27]
Heinz Haber
Karl Hager[28]
Guenther Haukohl[29]
Walter Häussermann
Karl Heimburg[30]
Emil Hellebrand[31]
Gerhard B. Heller[32]
Bruno Helm[33]
Rudolf Hermann[34]
Bruno Heusinger[35][36]
Hans Hueter[37]
Guenther Hintze[38]
Sighard F. Hoerner
Kurt Hohenemser
Oscar Holderer
Helmut Horn[39]
Hans Henning Hosenthien [de], Director of Flight Dynamics, Marshall Space Flight Center[40]
Dieter Huzel[41]
Walter Jacobi
Erich Kaschig[42]
Ernst Klauss[43]
Theodore Knacke[44]
Siegfried Knemeyer
Heinz-Hermann Koelle
Gustav Kroll[45]
Willi Kuberg[46]
Werner Kuers[47]
Hermann Kurzweg[48]
Hermann Lange[49]
Hans Lindenberg[50]
Hans Lindenmayer[51]
Alexander Martin Lippisch – aeronautical engineer
Robert Lusser
Hans Maus[52]
Helmut Merk[53]
Joseph Michel[54]
Hans Milde[55]
Heinz Millinger[56]
Rudolf Minning[57]
William Mrazek[58]
Erich W. Neubert[59]
Hans von Ohain (designer of German jet engines)
Robert Paetz[60]
Hans Palaoro[61]
Kurt Patt[62]
Hans Paul[63]
Fritz Pauli[64]
Arnold Peter[65]
Helmuth Pfaff[66]
Theodor Poppel[67][68]
Werner Rosinski[69]
Ludwig Roth[70]
Heinrich Rothe[71]
Friedrich von Saurma [de]
Martin Schilling[72]
Helmut Schlitt[73]
Albert Schuler[74]
Walter Schwidetzky[75]
Ernst Steinhoff
Wolfgang Steurer[76]
Heinrich Struck
Ernst Stuhlinger[77]
Bernhard Tessmann
Adolf Thiel
Georg von Tiesenhausen
Werner Tiller[78]
JG Tschinkel[79]
Arthur Urbanski[80]
Fritz Vandersee[81]
Richard Vogt
Woldemar Voigt, designer of Messerschmitt P.1101
Werner Voss[82]
Theodor Vowe[83]
Herbert A. Wagner
Hermann Rudolf Wagner[84]
Hermann Weidner[85]
Walter Fritz Wiesemann[86]
Philipp Wolfgang Zettler-Seidel[87]
Architecture
Heinz Hilten[88]
Hannes Luehrsen[89]
Electronics – including guidance systems, radar and satellites
Wilhelm Angele [de][90]
Ernst Baars [de]
Josef Boehm[91]
Hans Fichtner
Hans Friedrich[92]
Eduard Gerber[93]
Georg Goubau [de]
Walter Haeussermann
Otto Heinrich Hirschler [de][94][95]
Otto Hoberg[96]
Rudolf Hoelker[97]
Hans Hollmann
Helmut Hölzer
Helmut Horn
Wilhelm Jungert[98]
Horst Kedesdy[99]
Georg ("George") Emil Knausenberger
Heinz-Hermann Koelle
Max Kramer
Hubert E. Kroh[100]
Hermann H. Kurzweg [101]
Kurt Lehovec
Kurt Lindner[102]
Alexander Martin Lippisch
JW Muehlner[103]
Fritz Mueller[104]
William Mrazek
Hans R. Palaoro
Johannes Plendl
Fritz Karl Preikschat
Eberhard Rees
Gerhard Reisig[105]
Georg Rickhey[106]
Werner Rosinski [107]
Ludwig Roth
Arthur Rudolph
Walter Schwidetzky[108]
Harry Ruppe[109]
Friedrich von Saurma
William August Schulze[110]
Heinz Schlicke
Werner Sieber[111]
Othmar Stuetzer[112]
Albin Wittmann[113]
Hugo Woerdemann[114]
Albert Zeiler[115]
Hans K. Ziegler
Helmut Zoike
Material Science (high temperature)
Klaus Scheufelen[116]
Rudolf Schlidt[117]
Medicine – including biological weapons, chemical weapons, and space medicine
Theodor Benzinger [de]
Kurt Blome[118]
Rudolf Brill
Konrad Johannes Karl Büttner
Paul Anton Cibis
Fritz Laves
Richard Lindenberg
Ulrich Cameron Luft [de]
Walter Schreiber
Hubertus Strughold
Hans Georg Clamann
Erich Traub
Physics
Gunter Guttein
Willibald Jentschke
Gerhard Schwesinger[119]
Gottfried Wehner
Helmut Weickmann[120]
Friedwardt Winterberg
Chemistry and Chemical engineering
Helmut Pichler
Leonard Alberts
Ernst Donath
Josef Guymer[121]
Hans Schappert
Max Josenhaus
Kurt Bretschneider[121]
Erich Frese

See also

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Lundquist, Charles A. (March 2015). Transplanted Rocket Pioneers (PDF). University of Alabama - Huntsville. ISBN 978-0-9861343-0-2. Retrieved 22 December 2023.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Jacobsen, Annie (2014). Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program to Bring Nazi Scientists to America. New York: Little, Brown and Company. p. Prologue, ix. ISBN 978-0-316-22105-4.
  2. ^ "Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency". U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved October 9, 2008.
  3. ^ a b Pearce, Jeremy (February 23, 2009). "Konrad Dannenberg, 96, Top Rocket Scientist, Dies". The New York Times.
  4. ^ Amtmann, Hans (May 1, 1988). The Vanishing Paperclips: America's Aerospace Secret, A Personal Account.
  5. ^ "Ball, Erich". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016.
  6. ^ "Bauschinger". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016.
  7. ^ "Beduerftig". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016.
  8. ^ "Beichel". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on August 23, 2016.
  9. ^ "Beier". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  10. ^ "Bergeler". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016.
  11. ^ Rickey, Lisa. "Papers of Rudi Berndt, WPAFB Engineer via Operation Paperclip, Now Open for Research". blogs.libraries.wright.edu. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  12. ^ "Burose". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016.
  13. ^ "Constan". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  14. ^ "Dahm". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-12. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
  15. ^ "De Beek". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  16. ^ "Drawe". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  17. ^ "Duerr". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  18. ^ "Edse". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on July 23, 2022.
  19. ^ "Eisenhardt". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  20. ^ "Finzel". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  21. ^ "Fischel". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  22. ^ "Fleischer". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  23. ^ "Fuhrmann". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  24. ^ "Werner K. Gengelbach". National Air and Space Museum. January 16, 2016.
  25. ^ "Gruene, Hans". Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  26. ^ "Guendel". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  27. ^ Burkhart, Ford (August 29, 1998). "Fritz Haber, 86, Dies; Simulated Weightlessness of Space". The New York Times.
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  29. ^ "Haukohl". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016.
  30. ^ "Heimburg". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
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  32. ^ "Heller, Gerhard Bernhard". Archived from the original on December 27, 2016.
  33. ^ "Helm, Bruno". Archived from the original on December 27, 2016.
  34. ^ "Hermann, Rudolf". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  35. ^ "Heusinger". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016.
  36. ^ Adan, Drew (2020). "Bruno Heusinger Collection". UAH Archives and Special Collections. University of Alabama in Huntsville. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  37. ^ "Hueter". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016.
  38. ^ "Hintze". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016.
  39. ^ "Horn". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  40. ^ "Hosenthien". www.astronautix.com. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  41. ^ "Huzel". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  42. ^ "Kaschig". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  43. ^ Adan, Drew (April 13, 2018). "Ernst Karl Klauss Collection". UAH Archives and Special Collections. University of Alabama in Huntsville. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  44. ^ "Theodore W. Knacke, USA". National Air and Space Museum. January 16, 2016.
  45. ^ "Kroll". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  46. ^ Sullivan, Megan (2020). "Willi Karl Kuberg Collection". UAH Archives and Special Collections. University of Alabama in Huntsville. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  47. ^ "Kuers". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  48. ^ Darling, David. "Kurzweg, Hermann H. (1908–2000)". www.daviddarling.info.
  49. ^ "Lange". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016.
  50. ^ "Lindenberg". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016.
  51. ^ "Lindenmayer". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016.
  52. ^ "Maus". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  53. ^ "Merk". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  54. ^ "Michel, Josef". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  55. ^ "Milde". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  56. ^ "Millinger". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  57. ^ "Minning". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  58. ^ "Mrazek". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  59. ^ "Neubert". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  60. ^ "Paetz". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016.
  61. ^ "Palaoro". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  62. ^ "Patt". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  63. ^ "Paul". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016.
  64. ^ Johnson, Matthew (April 13, 2018). "Fritz Karl Pauli Collection". UAH Archives and Special Collections. University of Alabama in Huntsville. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
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  66. ^ Roberts, Melissa (2017). "Helmuth Pfaff Collection". UAH Archives and Special Collections. University of Alabama in Huntsville. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  67. ^ "Poppel". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016.
  68. ^ "Moonport, CH2-7".
  69. ^ "Rosinski". September 12, 2010. Archived from the original on September 12, 2010.
  70. ^ "Roth".
  71. ^ "Rothe". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  72. ^ "Schilling". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  73. ^ "Schlitt". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  74. ^ "Schuler". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  75. ^ "Schwidetzky". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  76. ^ "Steurer". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  77. ^ John Noble Wilford (May 28, 2008). "Ernst Stuhlinger, Rocket Scientist Crucial in Space Race, Is Dead at 94". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
  78. ^ "Tiller". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  79. ^ "Tschinkel". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  80. ^ "Urbanski". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016.
  81. ^ "Vandersee". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  82. ^ "Voss, Werner". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  83. ^ "Vowe". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  84. ^ Sullivan, Megan (2020). "Hermann Rudolf Wagner Collection". UAH Archives and Special Collections. University of Alabama in Huntsville. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  85. ^ "Weidner". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  86. ^ "Wiesemann". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  87. ^ Sullivan, Megan (2020). "Philipp Wolfgang Zettler-Seidel Collection". UAH Archives and Special Collections. University of Alabama in Huntsville. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  88. ^ Roop, Lee (January 26, 2016). "Rare architect's drawings show Huntsville's change from cotton town to Rocket City". al.com.
  89. ^ "Luehrsen". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016.
  90. ^ Saxon, Wolfgang (September 1, 1996). "Wilhelm Angele, 91, Engineer in Space Program". The New York Times.
  91. ^ "Boehm". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016.
  92. ^ "Friedrich". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
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  94. ^ Saxon, Wolfgang (February 9, 2001). "H. Otto Hirschler, 87, Aided Space Program". The New York Times.
  95. ^ "Hirschler". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-16. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
  96. ^ "Hoberg". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016.
  97. ^ Saxon, Wolfgang (June 20, 2003). "Rudolf F. Hoelker, 91, Space Flight Scientist". The New York Times.
  98. ^ "Orders for the transportation of seventeen German civilians to the United States". William August Schulze Collection. 15 September 1945. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  99. ^ "OPERATION PAPERCLIP – ARCHIVE OF DR. HORST KEDESDY". www.liveauctioneers.com.
  100. ^ Lundquist, Charles A. "Transplanted Rocket Pioneers" (PDF). p. 107. Retrieved April 28, 2023.
  101. ^ "Biographies of Aerospace Officials and Policymakers, K-N". History.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
  102. ^ "Lindner". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016.
  103. ^ "Muehlner". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  104. ^ "Mueller, Fritz". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-12. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
  105. ^ "Reisig". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-12. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
  106. ^ "Rickhey". Astronautix.com. 1947-01-02. Archived from the original on 2010-09-12. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
  107. ^ "Rosinski". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-12. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
  108. ^ "Rocket Pioneers, Schemers and Dreamers!". lunarpedia.org. Retrieved 2023-04-28.
  109. ^ "Ruppe". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  110. ^ "Schulze". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  111. ^ "Sieber". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  112. ^ "Albuquerque Journal Obituaries". obits.abqjournal.com.
  113. ^ "Wittmann". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  114. ^ "Woerdemann". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  115. ^ "Albert Zeiler". The New York Times. October 18, 1975.
  116. ^ "Scheufelen". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  117. ^ "Schlidt". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  118. ^ "What the CIA learned from the Nazis". ORF. April 6, 2014.
  119. ^ "Variable focal length focusing lens system and device therefor". google.com.
  120. ^ "Historical Overview of NSSL: We build on the foundations established by our predecessors". www.nssl.noaa.gov.
  121. ^ a b Jacobsen, Annie (February 11, 2014). Operation Paperclip: the secret intelligence program to bring Nazi scientists to America (First ed.). New York. ISBN 978-0-316-23982-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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