List of African American newspapers in Kansas
Appearance
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![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Colored_Radical_1876-08-24.jpg/220px-Colored_Radical_1876-08-24.jpg)
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This is a list of African American newspapers that have been published in the state of Kansas. It includes both current and historical newspapers.
Although abolitionist newspapers were published in Kansas as early as 1854, the first Kansas newspaper published by and for African Americans was the Colored Radical, published briefly at Lawrence and Leavenworth in 1876.[1] With resurgent white supremacy in the South and the end of the Reconstruction era after 1876, westward emigration of African Americans from the South increased greatly, and African American newspapers blossomed across the state through 1920.[2]
Newspapers
[edit]Newspapers that are currently published are highlighted in green.
City | Title | Beginning | End | Frequency | Call numbers | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atchison | The Atchison Blade Blade |
1892[3] | 1898[3] | Weekly[3] | ||
Atchison / Lawrence | Western Recorder / The Western Recorder[5] | 1883[4] | 1884[4] | Weekly[4] | ||
Cherokee | The Kansas Homestead | 1889[7] | 1900[7] | Weekly[7] |
|
|
Coffeyville | Afro-American Advocate | 1891[8] | 1893[8] | Weekly[8] |
|
|
Coffeyville | The American | 1898[9] | 1899[9] | Weekly[9] |
|
|
Coffeyville | Coffeyville Herald | 1908[11] | ?[11] | Weekly[11] | ||
Coffeyville | The Kansas Blackman | 1894[12] | 1896[12] | Weekly[12] | ||
Coffeyville | The Vindicator Vindicator[14] |
1904[13] | 1906[13] | Weekly[13] | ||
Emporia | The Emporia Citizen[16] Emporia Citizen |
1932[15] | 1932[15] | Monthly newspaper[15] |
|
|
Fort Scott / Topeka | The Colored Citizen Colored Citizen[18] |
1878[17] | 1880[17] | Weekly[17] | ||
Fort Scott | The Fair Play | 1898[19] | 1899[19] | Weekly[19] |
|
|
Fort Scott | The Messenger Messenger[21] |
1917[20] | 1918[20] | Weekly[20] |
|
|
Fort Scott | The Southern Argus | 1891[22] | 1892[22] | Weekly[22] | ||
Hutchinson | The Hutchinson Blade[24] Hutchinson Blade |
1914[24] or 1915?[23] | 1922?[23] | Weekly[23] |
|
|
Hutchinson | The Hutchinson Journal Hutchinson Journal[26] |
1907?[25] | ?[25] | Weekly[25] | ||
Independence | The People’s Elevator | 1892[27] | 1931[27] | Weekly[27] |
|
|
Kansas City | Kansas City Advocate Kansas City Independent Kansas City Advocate and Independent |
1914[28] | 1926[28] | Weekly[28] |
|
|
Kansas City / Topeka | The American Citizen | 1887[29] or 1888[30][6] | 1909[29] | Weekly[29] | ||
Kansas City | Daily American Citizen | 1897[31] or 1898[32] | 1900[31] | Daily (except Monday)[31] |
|
|
Kansas City | The Kansas Elevator | 1916[34] | ?[34] | Weekly[34] |
|
|
Kansas City | Kansas State Globe | 1983[37] | 1980s[37] | Weekly[38] |
|
|
Kansas City | National Review The National Review[40] |
1913[39] | 1913[39] | Weekly[39] | ||
Kansas City / Topeka | The Plaindealer The Kansas City And Topeka Plaindealer (1932–1933)[42] Plaindealer (1933–1958)[43] The Topeka Plaindealer (1900–1932)[44] |
1899[41] | 1958[41] | Weekly[41] |
|
|
Kansas City | The Topics Kansas Topics[47] Kansas City Topics |
1895[46] | 1800s[46] | Weekly[46] |
|
|
Kansas City | Western Christian Recorder | 1800s[48] | 1899[48] | Weekly[48] |
|
|
Kansas City | Wyandotte Echo The Wyandotte Echo[50] |
1928[49] | ?[49] | Weekly[49] | ||
Lawrence | Harambee For Our People[52] |
1971[51] | 1900s[51] | |||
Lawrence | The Historic Times | 1891[53] | 1891[53] | Weekly[53] | ||
Lawrence | Lawrence Vindicator | 1870s[55] | 1870s[55] |
|
||
Leavenworth | The Leavenworth Advocate | 1889[56] | 1891[56] | Weekly[56] | ||
Leavenworth / Lawrence | Colored Radical The Colored Radical[58] |
1876[57] | 1876[57] | Weekly[57] |
|
|
Leavenworth | The Leavenworth Herald | 1894[59] | 1899[59] | Weekly[59] | ||
Nicodemus | Nicodemus Cyclone | 1887[60] | 1888[60] | Weekly[60] |
|
|
Nicodemus | Nicodemus Enterprise The Nicodemus Enterprise |
1887[61] | 1887[61] | Weekly[61] | ||
Nicodemus | Western Cyclone | 1886[62] | 1887[62] | Weekly[62] |
|
|
North Topeka | Benevolent Banner The Benevolent Banner |
1887[65] | 1887[64] | Weekly[65] | ||
Parsons | Eye Opener The Eye Opener |
1892[66] | 1893[66] | Weekly[66] |
|
|
Parsons | The Parsons Weekly Blade Parsons Blade Blade |
1892[68] | 1901[68] or 1904[69] | Weekly[68] |
|
|
Peru | The Freeman's` Lance | 1891[70] | 1892[70] | Weekly[70] |
|
|
Pittsburg | The Afro-American | 1903[72] | 1904[72] | |||
Pittsburg | Afro-American Review | 1915[72] | 1915[72] | |||
Pittsburg | The Pittsburg Plain Dealer | 1899[73] | 1900[73] | Weekly[73] | ||
Pittsburg | The Uplift | 1914[75] | 1914[75] | Weekly[75] |
|
|
Salina | The Black Word Is.. | 1971[76] | 1976[76] | Bimonthly newspaper[76] or biweekly[77] | ||
Salina | Salina Enterprise The Salina Enterprise[80] |
1908[79] | 1909[79] | Weekly[79] | ||
Stockton | Western Globe | 1902[81] | ?[81] | Biweekly[81] |
|
|
Topeka | The American Citizen | 1888[29] | 1909[29] | Weekly[29] |
|
|
Topeka | The Baptist Headlight | 1893[82] | 1894[82] | Weekly[82] | ||
Topeka | The Colored Citizen | 1897[83] | 1900[83] | Weekly[83] |
|
|
Topeka | The Colored Patriot | 1882[84] | 1800s[84] | Weekly[84] |
|
|
Topeka | Daily Ledger | 1893[85] | 1893[85] | Daily[85] |
|
|
Topeka | Topeka Ebony Times | 1973[86] | 1978[86] |
|
||
Topeka | The Evening Call | 1891[87] | 1893[87] | Daily (except Sunday)[87] | ||
Topeka | Herald of Kansas Kansas Weekly Herald Kansas Herald |
1880[88] | 1880[88] | Weekly[88] |
|
|
Topeka | The Kansas Baptist Herald | 1911[89] | 1910s[89] | Monthly newspaper[89] | ||
Topeka | The Kansas Blackman | 1894[90] | ?[90] | Weekly[90] |
|
|
Topeka | Kansas Sentinel The Kansas Sentinel[92] |
1960[91] | 1964[91] | Weekly[91] | ||
Topeka | Kansas State Tribune Topeka Tribune (1880)[55] |
1880[55] | 1880s[93] | Weekly[93] |
|
|
Topeka | The Kansas Watchman | 1903?[94] | ?[94] | Weekly[94] |
|
|
Topeka | The Kansas Whip Kansas Eagle[97] The Kansas American |
1933?[96] | 1956[96] | Weekly[96] |
|
|
Topeka | The Little Weekly | 1929?[99] | ?[99] | Weekly[99] |
|
|
Topeka | Topeka Messenger | 1969[101] | 1970[101] | Weekly[101] | ||
Topeka | National Watchman The National Watchman[103] |
1905?[102] | ?[102] | Weekly[102] |
|
|
Topeka | Topeka Post-Review | 1970[104] | 1900s[104] | Weekly[104] |
|
|
Topeka | The Topeka Sentinel | 1994[105] | [105] | Semimonthly[105] | ||
Topeka | The State Ledger Kansas State Ledger (1894–1906)[107] The Kansas State Ledger(1892–1894)[108] |
1892[106] | 1906[106] | Weekly[106] |
|
|
Topeka | The Times-Observer | 1891[109] | 1892[109] | Weekly[109] | ||
Topeka | The Topeka Tribune and Western Recorder | 1885[110] | 1885[110] | Weekly[110] | ||
Topeka | The Weekly Call The Topeka Call (1891–1893)[112] |
1891[111] | 1898[111] | Weekly[111] |
|
|
Weir | Weir City Eagle | 1899[115] | 1900?[114] | Weekly[114] | ||
Wichita | The American Times[117] American Times |
1908[116] | ?[116] | Weekly[116] | ||
Wichita | The Colored Citizen[119] Colored Citizen |
1902[118] | 1904[118] | Weekly[118] |
|
|
Wichita | The Community Voice | 1995[120] | current | Biweekly[120] |
|
|
Wichita | The Wichita Factarian[122] Wichita Factarian |
1913?[121] | 1914[121] | Weekly[121] | ||
Wichita | Wichita Globe | 1887[123] | 1887[123] | Weekly[123] |
|
|
Wichita | Kansas Black Journal | 1983[37] | 1985[37] | Twice monthly[124] |
|
|
Wichita | The Kansas Headlight | 1894[125] | 1894[125] | Weekly[125] | ||
Wichita | Kansas Sunflower The Kansas Sunflower[128] |
1890[127] | 1890[127] | Weekly[127] |
|
|
Wichita | Kansas Voice The Kansas Voice[130] |
1946?[129] | ?[129] | Unknown[129] |
|
|
Wichita | Kansas Weekly Journal | 1970s[131] or 1980[2] | 1981[2] | Weekly[131] |
|
|
Wichita | Midwest News Press The Midwest News Press[133] |
1958?[132] | ?[132] | Bimonthly[132] |
|
|
Wichita | National Baptist World | 1894 | 1894[134] | Weekly[134] | ||
Wichita | The National Reflector: for the Afro-American Race | 1895[135] | 1897[135] or 1898[136] | Weekly[135] | ||
Wichita | The Negro Star | 1908[137] | 1953[137] | Weekly[137] |
|
|
Wichita | News Hawk The News Hawk[139] |
1973?[138] | ?[138] | Weekly[138] |
|
|
Topeka | The People’s Friend | 1894[140] | 1896[140] | Weekly[140] | ||
Wichita | Wichita Post Observer The Post Observer[143] |
1953[142] | 1954[142] | Weekly[142] |
|
|
Wichita | The Wichita Protest | 1918?[144] | ?[144] | Weekly[144] |
|
|
Wichita | The Wichita Searchlight The Searchlight |
1900[145] | 1912[145] | Weekly[145] |
|
|
Wichita | The Wichita Times | 1970[146] | 1977?[146] | Weekly[146] |
|
|
Wichita | Wichita Tribune The Wichita Tribune[148] |
1898[147] | 1899[147] | Weekly[147] |
|
See also
[edit]- List of African American newspapers and media outlets
- List of African American newspapers in Colorado
- List of African American newspapers in Missouri
- List of African American newspapers in Nebraska
- List of African American newspapers in Oklahoma
- List of newspapers in Kansas
Works cited
[edit]- Danky, James Philip; Hady, Maureen E., eds. (1998). African-American newspapers and periodicals : a national bibliography. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674007888.
- Smith, Dorothy V. (1996). "The Black Press and the Search for Hope and Equality in Kansas, 1865-1985". In Suggs, Henry Lewis (ed.). The Black Press in the Middle West, 1865-1985.
References
[edit]- ^ a b Smith 1996, p. 108.
- ^ a b c Smith 1996, p. 132.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 52, ¶ 532.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 612, ¶ 6398.
- ^ "About The Western recorder. [online resource] (Lawrence, Kan.) 1883-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c d e Smith 1996, p. 111.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 325, ¶ 3394.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 24, ¶ 234.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 39, ¶ 396.
- ^ "About The American. [online resource] (Coffeyville, Kan.) 1898-1899". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 159, ¶ 1651.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 324, ¶ 3385.
- ^ a b c "About The vindicator. [online resource] (Coffeyville, Kan.) 1904-1906". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 590, ¶ 6174.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 211, ¶ 2197.
- ^ a b "About The Emporia citizen. [online resource] (Emporia, Kan.) 1932-1932". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 162, ¶ 1682.
- ^ a b "About Colored citizen. [volume] (Fort Scott, Kan.) 1878-1880". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 221, ¶ 2307.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 359, ¶ 3760.
- ^ a b "About The messenger. [volume] (Fort Scott, Kan.) 1917-1918". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 526, ¶ 5491.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 287, ¶ 3017.
- ^ a b "About The Hutchinson blade. [online resource] (Hutchinson, Kan.) 1914-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 287, ¶ 3018.
- ^ "About The Hutchinson journal. [online resource] (Hutchinson, Kan.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 459, ¶ 4783.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 324, ¶ 3386.
- ^ a b c d e f g "About The American citizen. (Kansas City, Kan.) 1887-1909". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 40, ¶ 404.
- ^ a b c "About Daily American citizen. [online resource] (Kansas City, Kan.) 1897-1900". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ "About Daily American citizen. [volume] (Kansas City, Kan.) 1898-1900". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 183, ¶ 1906.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 324, ¶ 3392.
- ^ "About The Kansas elevator. [online resource] (Kansas City, Kan.) 1916-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ Mangun, Kimberley (2007-01-22). "The New Age, Portland, OR (1896-1907)". blackpast.org. The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
- ^ a b c d e Smith 1996, p. 131.
- ^ "About Kansas State globe. [volume] (Kansas City, Kan.) 198?-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-28.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 394, ¶ 4102.
- ^ "About The national review. [online resource] (Kansas City, Kan.) 1913-1913". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 466, ¶ 4851.
- ^ a b "About The Kansas City and Topeka plaindealer. [online resource] (Kansas City, Kan.) 1932-1933". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ "About Plaindealer. [online resource] (Kansas City, Kan.) 1933-1958". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ "About The Topeka plaindealer. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1900-1932". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ Smith 1996, p. 118.
- ^ a b c "About The topics. [volume] (Kansas City, Kan.) 1895-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 325, ¶ 3397.
- ^ a b c d "About Western Christian recorder. [online resource] (Kansas City, Kan.) 18??-1899". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 622, ¶ 6501.
- ^ "About The Wyandotte echo. [online resource] (Kansas City, Kan.) 1928-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b "About Harambee. [online resource] (Lawrence, Kan.) 1971-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ "About For our people. [online resource] (Lawrence, Kan.) 1971-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c d "About The historic times. [online resource] (Lawrence, Kan.) 1891-1891". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 277, ¶ 2908.
- ^ a b c d e f g Smith 1996, p. 110.
- ^ a b c d e "About The Leavenworth advocate. [online resource] (Leavenworth, Kan.) 1889-1891". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 163, ¶ 1694.
- ^ "About The colored radical. [online resource] (Leavenworth, Kan. ;) 1876-1876". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 334, ¶ 3493.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 425, ¶ 4427.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 425, ¶ 4428.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 611, ¶ 6386.
- ^ "About Western cyclone. [volume] (Nicodemus, Kan.) 1886-1887". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 67, ¶ 687.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 219, ¶ 2287.
- ^ "About The eye opener. [online resource] (Parsons, Kan.) 1892-1893". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 454, ¶ 4731.
- ^ a b c Smith 1996, p. 115.
- ^ a b c d "About The freeman's Lance. [online resource] (Peru, Kan.) 1891-1892". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 241, ¶ 2524.
- ^ a b c d e f g Smith 1996, p. 116.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 465, ¶ 4844.
- ^ a b "About The Pittsburg plain dealer. [volume] (Pittsburg, Kan) 1899-1900". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 581, ¶ 6074.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 105, ¶ 1086.
- ^ a b Smith 1996, p. 130.
- ^ a b "About The Black word is. [volume] (Salina, Kan.) 1971-1976". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 500, ¶ 5215.
- ^ "About The Salina enterprise. [online resource] (Salina, Kan.) 1908-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 611, ¶ 6389.
- ^ a b c "About The Baptist headlight. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1893-1894". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 162, ¶ 1683.
- ^ a b c d "About The colored patriot. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1882-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 184, ¶ 1912.
- ^ a b c Smith 1996, p. 129.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 215, ¶ 2253.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 274, ¶ 2879.
- ^ a b c "About The Kansas Baptist herald. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1911-191?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c d "About The Kansas blackman. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1894-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 325, ¶ 3395.
- ^ a b c "About The Kansas sentinel. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1960-1964". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b "About Kansas State tribune. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1881-188?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 325, ¶ 3399.
- ^ "About The Kansas watchman. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 325, ¶ 3400.
- ^ "About Kansas eagle. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1934-1935". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ "About The Kansas whip. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 19??-1934". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 344, ¶ 3607.
- ^ "About The little weekly. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 563, ¶ 5882.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 395, ¶ 4116.
- ^ a b "About The national watchman. [microfilm reel] (Topeka, Kan.) 1???-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c d "About Topeka post-review. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1970-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 564, ¶ 5884.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 541, ¶ 5635.
- ^ "About The state ledger. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1894-1906". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ "About The Kansas state ledger. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1892-1894". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 561, ¶ 5864.
- ^ a b c "About The Topeka tribune and western recorder. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1885-1885". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 606, ¶ 6333.
- ^ "About The Topeka call. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1891-1893". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ Smith 1996, p. 114.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 608, ¶ 6359.
- ^ "About Weir City eagle. [volume] (Weir, Kan.) 1899-1900". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 42, ¶ 428.
- ^ "About The American times. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 1908-190?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 162, ¶ 1684.
- ^ "About The colored citizen. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 1902-1904". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c "About The community voice. (Wichita, Kan.) 1995-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 614, ¶ 6418.
- ^ "About The Wichita factarian. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 191?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 614, ¶ 6419.
- ^ a b "About Kansas black journal. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 198?-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-28.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 325, ¶ 3393.
- ^ a b "About The Kansas headlight. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 1894-1894". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 325, ¶ 3396.
- ^ a b "About The Kansas sunflower. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1890". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 325, ¶ 3398.
- ^ a b "About The Kansas voice. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 194?-194?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c "About Kansas weekly journal. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 197?-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 364, ¶ 3804.
- ^ a b "About The Midwest news press. [online resource] (Wichita, Sedgwick County, Kan.) 1958-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b "About National Baptist world. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 1894-1894". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 394, ¶ 4100.
- ^ "About The national reflector. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 1895-1898". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 402, ¶ 4194.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 419, ¶ 4355.
- ^ "About The news hawk. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 197?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 459, ¶ 4785.
- ^ "About The People's friend. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1894-1896". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c "About Wichita post observer. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 1953-1954". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ "About The post observer. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 1953-1953". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 614, ¶ 6420.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 614, ¶ 6421.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 614, ¶ 6422.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 614, ¶ 6423.
- ^ a b "About The Wichita tribune. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1898-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.