Jump to content

Lionfish

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Lion fish)
For other uses, see Lionfish (disambiguation).

Lionfish
Pterois volitans
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Scorpaenidae
Tribe: Pteroini
Genus: Pterois
Oken, 1817[1]
Type species
Scorpaena volitans
Bloch, 1787[2]
Synonyms[1]
  • Macrochirus Swainson, 1839
  • Pseudomonopterus Bleeker, 1863
  • Pteroleptus Swainson, 1839
  • Pteropterus Swainson, 1839
Lionfish have 18 venomous spines total: 2 pelvic spines, 3 anal spines, and 13 dorsal spines

Pterois is a genus of venomous marine fish, commonly known as lionfish, native to the Indo-Pacific. It is characterized by conspicuous warning coloration with red or black bands, and ostentatious dorsal fins tipped with venomous spines.[3][4] Pterois radiata, Pterois volitans, and Pterois miles are the most commonly studied species in the genus. Pterois species are popular aquarium fish.[3] P. volitans and P. miles are recent and significant invasive species in the west Atlantic, Caribbean Sea and Mediterranean Sea.[5][6][7]

Taxonomy

[edit]

Pterois was described as a genus in 1817 by German naturalist, botanist, biologist, and ornithologist Lorenz Oken. In 1856 the French naturalist Eugène Anselme Sébastien Léon Desmarest designated Scorpaena volitans, which had been named by Bloch in 1787 and which was the same as Linnaeus's 1758 Gasterosteus volitans, as the type species of the genus.[1][8][2] This genus is classified within the tribe Pteroini of the subfamily Scorpaeninae within the family Scorpaenidae.[9] The genus name Pterois is based on Georges Cuvier's 1816 French name, "Les Pterois", meaning "fins" which is an allusion to the high dorsal and long pectoral fins.[10]

Species

[edit]

Currently, 12 recognized species are in this genus:

Image Scientific name Common name Distribution
Pterois_andover Pterois andover (G. R. Allen & Erdmann, 2008) Andover lionfish Indonesia and Papua New Guinea and ranges as far as Sabah, Malaysia, and the Philippines
Pterois antennata (Bloch, 1787) Spot-fin lionfish Tropical Indian and Western Pacific Oceans
Pterois brevipectoralis (Mandritsa, 2002) Western Indian Ocean
Pterois cincta (Rüppell, 1838) Red Sea lionfish[11] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea
Pterois lunulata (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) Luna lionfish Western Pacific Ocean
Pterois miles (J. W. Bennett, 1828) Devil firefish Indian Ocean, from the Red Sea, to South Africa, and to Indonesia
Pterois mombasae (J. L. B. Smith, 1957) African lionfish, frill-fin turkeyfish tropical Indian Ocean and the Western Pacific
Pterois paucispinula (Matsunuma & Motomura, 2014)[12] India to northern Australia (Timor Sea); north to southern Japan; eastward to Wallis and Futuna Islands
Pterois radiata (G. Cuvier, 1829) Clear-fin lionfish[11] Red Sea to Sodwana Bay, South Africa and to the Society Islands, north to the Ryukyu Islands, south to New Caledonia
Pterois russelii (E. T. Bennett, 1831) Plaintail turkeyfish, soldier lionfish, or Russell's lionfish Persian Gulf and East Africa to New Guinea, south to Western Australia
Pterois sphex (D. S. Jordan & Evermann, 1903) Hawaiian turkeyfish Hawaii
Pterois volitans (Linnaeus, 1758) Red lionfish Indo-Pacific region, Western Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea

Molecular studies and morphological data have indicated that P. lunulata is a junior synonym of P. russelii, and that P. volitans may be a hybrid between P. miles and P. russelii sensu lato.[13]

Description

[edit]

According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, "lionfish have distinctive brown or maroon, and white stripes or bands covering the head and body. They have fleshy tentacles above their eyes and below the mouth; fan-like pectoral fins; long, separated dorsal spines; 13 dorsal spines; 10–11 dorsal soft rays; 3 anal spines; and 6–7 anal soft rays. An adult lionfish can grow as large as 18 inches."[14]

Juvenile lionfish have a unique tentacle located above their eye sockets that varies in phenotype between species.[15] The evolution of this tentacle is suggested to serve to continually attract new prey; studies also suggest it plays a role in sexual selection.[15]

Ecology and behavior

[edit]

Pterois species can live from 5 to 15 years and have complex courtship and mating behaviors.[16] Females frequently release two mucus-filled egg clusters, which can contain as many as 15,000 eggs. In total, they can lay up about 2 million eggs per year.[14][17]

All species are aposematic; they have conspicuous coloration with boldly contrasting stripes and wide fans of projecting spines, advertising their ability to defend themselves.[18]

Prey

[edit]
Pterois miles hunting glassfish

Pterois prey mostly on small fish, invertebrates, and mollusks, with up to six different species of prey found in the gastrointestinal tracts of some specimens. Lionfish feed most actively in the morning.[19] Lionfish are skilled hunters, using specialized swim bladder muscles to provide precise control of their location in the water column, allowing them to alter their center of gravity the better to attack prey.[19] They blow jets of water while approaching prey, which serves to confuse them[20] and alter the orientation of the prey so that the smaller fish is facing the lionfish. This results in a higher degree of predatory efficiency as head-first capture is easier for the lionfish.[21] The lionfish then spreads its large pectoral fins and swallows its prey in a single motion.[16]

Predators and parasites

[edit]

Aside from instances of larger lionfish individuals engaging in cannibalism on smaller individuals, adult lionfish have no known natural predators,[14] likely due to the effectiveness of their venomous spines: when threatened, a lionfish will orient its body to keep its dorsal fin pointed at the predator, even if this means swimming upsidedown. This does not always save it, however: Moray eels,[22][23] bluespotted cornetfish, barracuda and large groupers[24] have been observed preying on lionfish.[25][26][27] Sharks are also believed to be capable of preying on lionfish with no ill effects from their spines.[28] Park officials of the Roatan Marine Park in Honduras have attempted to train sharks to feed on lionfish to control the invasive populations in the Caribbean.[29] The Bobbit worm, an ambush predator, has been filmed preying upon lionfish in Indonesia.[30] Predators of larvae and juvenile lionfish remain unknown, but may prove to be the primary limiting factor of lionfish populations in their native range.[23]

Parasites of lionfish have rarely been observed, and are assumed to be infrequent. They include isopods and leeches.[31]

Interaction with humans

[edit]

Lionfish are known for their venomous fin rays, which makes them hazardous to other marine animals, as well as humans.[4] Pterois venom produced negative inotropic and chronotropic effects when tested in both frog and clam hearts[32] and has a depressive effect on rabbit blood pressure.[33] These results are thought to be due to nitric oxide release.[34] In humans, Pterois venom can cause systemic effects such as pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, headache, numbness, paresthesia, diarrhea, sweating, temporary paralysis of the limbs, respiratory insufficiency, heart failure, convulsions, and even death. Fatalities are more common in very young children, the elderly, or those who are allergic to the venom. The venom is rarely fatal to healthy adults, but some species have enough venom to produce extreme discomfort for a period of several days. Moreover, Pterois venom poses a danger to allergic victims as they may experience anaphylaxis, a serious and often life-threatening condition that requires immediate emergency medical treatment. Severe allergic reactions to Pterois venom include chest pain, severe breathing difficulties, a drop in blood pressure, swelling of the tongue, sweating, or slurred speech. Such reactions can be fatal if not treated.

Lionfish are edible if prepared correctly.[35][36]

Native range and habitat

[edit]
Pterois radiata is endemic to the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific

The lionfish is native to the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific Ocean. They can be found around the seaward edge of shallow coral reefs, lagoons, rocky substrates, and on mesophotic reefs, and can live in areas of varying salinity, temperature, and depth.[37] They are also frequently found in turbid inshore areas and harbors,[38] and have a generally hostile attitude and are territorial toward other reef fish.[39] They are commonly found from shallow waters down to past 100 m (330 ft) depth,[40] and have in several locations been recorded to 300 m depth.[41] Many universities in the Indo-Pacific have documented reports of Pterois aggression toward divers and researchers.[39] P. volitans and P. miles are native to subtropical and tropical regions from southern Japan and southern Korea to the east coast of Australia, Indonesia, Micronesia, French Polynesia, and the South Pacific Ocean.[38] P. miles is also found in the Indian Ocean, from Sumatra to Sri Lanka and the Red Sea.[42]

Invasive introduction and range

[edit]
See also: Pterois volitans and Pterois miles

Western tropical Atlantic

[edit]

Two of the 12 species of Pterois, the red lionfish (P. volitans) and the common lionfish (P. miles), have established themselves as significant invasive species off the East Coast of the United States and in the Caribbean. About 93% of the invasive population in the Western Atlantic is P. volitans.[43]

The red lionfish is found off the East Coast and Gulf Coast of the United States and in the Caribbean Sea, and was likely first introduced off the Florida coast by the early to mid-1980s.[44] This introduction may have occurred in 1992 when Hurricane Andrew destroyed an aquarium in southern Florida, releasing six lionfish into Biscayne Bay.[45] A lionfish was discovered off the coast of Dania Beach, south Florida, as early as 1985, before Hurricane Andrew.[19][46][47] The lionfish resemble those of the Philippines, implicating the aquarium trade,[48] suggesting individuals may have been purposely discarded by dissatisfied aquarium enthusiasts.[48] This is in part because lionfish require an experienced aquarist, but are often sold to novices who find their care too difficult. In 2001, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) documented several sightings of lionfish off the coast of Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Bermuda, and Delaware. In August 2014, when the Gulf Stream was discharging into the mouth of the Delaware Bay, two lionfish were caught by a surf fisherman off the ocean side shore of Cape Henlopen State Park: a red lionfish that weighed 1 pound 4+1⁄2 ounces (580 g) and a common lionfish that weighed 1 pound 2 ounces (510 g). Three days later, a 1-pound-3-ounce (540 g) red lionfish was caught off the shore of Broadkill Beach which is in the Delaware Bay approximately 15 miles (24 km) north of Cape Henlopen State Park. Lionfish were first detected in the Bahamas in 2004.[49] In June 2013 lionfish were discovered as far east as Barbados,[50] and as far south as the Los Roques Archipelago and many Venezuelan continental beaches.[51] Lionfish were first sighted in Brazilian waters in late 2014.[52] Genetic testing on a single captured individual revealed that it was related to the populations found in the Caribbean, suggesting larval dispersal rather than an intentional release.[citation needed]

P. volitans is the most abundant species of the invasive lionfish population in the Atlantic and Caribbean.

Adult lionfish specimens are now found along the United States East Coast from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to Florida, and along the Gulf Coast to Texas.[53] They are also found off Bermuda, the Bahamas, and throughout the Caribbean, including the Turks and Caicos, Haiti, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, the Cayman Islands, Aruba, Curacao, Trinidad and Tobago, Bonaire, Puerto Rico, St. Croix, Belize, Honduras, Colombia and Mexico.[4] Population densities continue to increase in the invaded areas, resulting in a population boom of up to 700% in some areas between 2004 and 2008.[4][54]

Pterois species are known for devouring many other aquarium fishes,[48] unusual in that they are among the few fish species to successfully establish populations in open marine systems.[55]

Pelagic larval dispersion is assumed to occur through oceanic currents, including the Gulf Stream and the Caribbean Current. Ballast water can also contribute to the dispersal.[4]

Extreme temperatures present geographical constraints in the distribution of aquatic species,[56] indicating temperature tolerance plays a role in the lionfish's survival, reproduction, and range of distribution.[49] The abrupt differences in water temperatures north and south of Cape Hatteras directly correlate with the abundance and distribution of Pterois.[56] Pterois expanded along the southeastern coast of the United States and occupied thermal-appropriate zones within 10 years,[56] and the shoreward expansion of this thermally appropriate habitat is expected in coming decades as winter water temperatures warm in response to anthropogenic climate change.[57] Although the timeline of observations points to the east coast of Florida as the initial source of the western Atlantic invasion, the relationship of the United States East Coast and Bahamian lionfish invasion is uncertain.[58] Lionfish can tolerate a minimum salinity of 5 ppt (0.5%) and even withstand pulses of fresh water, which means they can also be found in estuaries of freshwater rivers.[59]

The lionfish invasion is considered to be one of the most serious recent threats to Caribbean and Florida coral reef ecosystems. To help address the pervasive problem, in 2015, the NOAA partnered with the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute to set up a lionfish portal to provide scientifically accurate information on the invasion and its impacts.[60] The lionfish web portal[61] is aimed at all those involved and affected, including coastal managers, educators, and the public, and the portal was designed as a source of training videos, fact sheets, examples of management plans, and guidelines for monitoring. The web portal draws on the expertise of NOAA's own scientists, as well as that of other scientists and policy makers from academia or NGOs, and managers.[citation needed]

Mediterranean

[edit]

Lionfish have also established themselves in parts of the Mediterranean - with records down to 110 m depth.[40] Lionfish have been found in Maltese waters[62][40] and waters of other Mediterranean countries, as well as Croatia.[63] Warming sea temperatures may be allowing lionfish to further expand their range in the Mediterranean.[64][65]

Long-term effects of invasion

[edit]

Lionfish have successfully pioneered the coastal waters of the Atlantic in less than a decade, and pose a major threat to reef ecological systems in these areas. A study comparing their abundance from Florida to North Carolina with several species of groupers found they were second only to the native scamp grouper and equally abundant to the graysby, gag, and rock hind.[4] This could be due to a surplus of resource availability resulting from the overfishing of lionfish predators like grouper.[66] Although the lionfish has not expanded to a population size currently causing major ecological problems, their invasion in the United States coastal waters could lead to serious problems in the future. One likely ecological impact caused by Pterois could be their impact on prey population numbers by directly affecting food web relationships. This could ultimately lead to reef deterioration and could negatively influence Atlantic trophic cascade.[16] Lionfish have already been shown to overpopulate reef areas and display aggressive tendencies, forcing native species to move to waters where conditions might be less than favorable.[4]

Lionfish could be reducing Atlantic reef diversity by up to 80%.[39] In July 2011, lionfish were reported for the first time in the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary off the coast of Louisiana.[67] Sanctuary officials said they believe the species will be a permanent fixture, but hope to monitor and possibly limit their presence.[citation needed]

Since lionfish thrive so well in the Atlantic and the Caribbean due to nutrient-rich waters and lack of predators, the species has spread tremendously. A single lionfish, located on a reef, reduced young juvenile reef fish populations by 79%.[68]

Control and eradication efforts

[edit]
P. miles makes up about 7% of the invasive lionfish population in the Atlantic and Caribbean.

Red lionfish are an invasive species, yet relatively little is known about them. NOAA research foci include investigating biotechnical solutions for control of the population, and understanding how the larvae are dispersed.[69] Another important area of study is what controls the population in its native area. Researchers hope to discover what moderates lionfish populations in the Indo-Pacific and apply this information to control the invasive populations, without introducing additional invasive species.[citation needed]

Two new trap designs have been introduced to help with deep-water control of the lionfish. The traps are low and vertical and remain open the entire time of deployment. The vertical relief of the trap attracts lionfish, which makes catching them easier. These new traps are good for catching lionfish without affecting the native species that are ecologically, recreationally, and commercially important to the surrounding areas. These traps are more beneficial than older traps because they limit the potential of catching noninvasive creatures, they have bait that is only appealing to lionfish, they guarantee a catch, and they are easy to transport.[70]

Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) are being developed to help hunt the lionfish. The Reefsweeper ROV uses a harpoon gun to snag its target. The vehicle is able to hunt fish that may not otherwise be obtainable through human intervention alone. [71]

Rigorous and repeated removal of lionfish from invaded waters could potentially control the exponential expansion of the lionfish in invaded waters.[4] A 2010 study showed effective maintenance would require the monthly harvest of at least 27% of the adult population. Because lionfish are able to reproduce monthly, this effort must be maintained throughout the entire year.[72]

To accomplish even these numbers seems unlikely, but as populations of lionfish continue to grow throughout the Caribbean and Western Atlantic, actions are being taken to attempt to control the quickly growing numbers. In November 2010, for the first time the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary began licensing divers to kill lionfish inside the sanctuary in an attempt to eradicate the fish.[73]

Conservation groups and community organizations in the Eastern United States have organized hunting expeditions for Pterois such as the Environment Education Foundation's 'lionfish derby' held annually in Florida.[54] Divemasters from Cozumel to the Honduran Bay Islands and at Reef Conservation International which operates in the Sapodilla Cayes Marine Reserve off Punta Gorda, Belize, now routinely spear them during dives.[citation needed] While diver culling removes lionfish from shallow reefs reducing their densities,[74] lionfish have widely been reported on mesophotic coral ecosystems (reefs from 30 to 150 m) in the western Atlantic[75] and even in deep-sea habitats (greater than 200 m depth).[41] Recent studies have suggested that the effects of culling are likely to be depth-specific, and so have limited impacts on these deeper reef populations.[76] Therefore, other approaches such as trapping are advocated for removing lionfish from deeper reef habitats.[41][75][76][77]

Long-term culling has also been recorded to cause behavior changes in lionfish populations. For example, in the Bahamas, lionfish on heavily culled reefs have become more wary of divers and hide more within the reef structure during the day when culling occurs.[78] Similar lionfish responses to divers have been observed when comparing culled sites and sites without culling in Honduras, including altered lionfish behaviour on reefs too deep for regular culling, but adjacent to heavily culled sites potentially implying movement of individuals between depths.[76]

While culling by marine protection agencies and volunteer divers is an important element of control efforts, development of market-based approaches, which create commercial incentives for removals, has been seen as a means to sustain control efforts. The foremost of these market approaches is the promotion of lionfish as a food item.[79][80] Another is the use of lionfish spines, fins, and tails for jewelry and other decorative items. Lionfish jewelry production initiatives are underway in Belize, the Bahamas,[81] St. Vincent, and the Grenadines.

In 2014 at Jardines de la Reina National Marine Park in Cuba, a diver experimented with spearing and feeding lionfish to sharks in an effort to teach them to seek out the fish as prey.[82] By 2016, Cuba was finding it more effective to fish for lionfish as food.[83]

"Lionfish as Food" campaign

[edit]

In 2010, NOAA (which also encourages people to report lionfish sightings, to help track lionfish population dispersal)[84] began a campaign to encourage the consumption of the fish.[54] The "Lionfish as Food" campaign encourages human hunting of the fish as the only form of control known to date. Increasing the catch of lionfish could not only help maintain a reasonable population density, but also provide an alternative fishing source to overfished populations, such as grouper and snapper. The taste is described as "buttery and tender".[85][86] To promote the campaign, the Roman Catholic Church in Colombia agreed to have their clergy's sermons suggest to their parishioners (84% of the population) eating lionfish on Fridays, Lent, and Easter, which proved highly successful in decreasing the invasive fish problem.[87]

When properly filleted, the naturally venomous fish is safe to eat. Some concern exists about the risk of ciguatera food poisoning (CFP) from the consumption of lionfish, and the FDA included lionfish on the list of species at risk for CFP when lionfish are harvested in some areas tested positive for ciguatera. No cases of CFP from the consumption of lionfish have been verified, and published research has found that the toxins in lionfish venom may be causing false positives in tests for the presence of ciguatera.[88][89] The Reef Environmental Education Foundation provides advice to restaurant chefs on how they can incorporate the fish into their menus. The NOAA calls the lionfish a "delicious, delicately flavored fish" similar in texture to grouper.[54] Cooking techniques and preparations for lionfish include deep-frying, ceviche, jerky, grilling, and sashimi.

Another initiative is centered around the production of leather from lionfish hides. It seeks to establish a production chain and market for high-quality leather produced from the hides. The goal is to control invasive lionfish populations while providing economic benefits to local fishing communities.[90]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Scorpaenidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  2. ^ a b Gilbert Whitley (1939). "Ichthyological genotypes: Desmarest's designations, 1874". Australian Zoologist. 9 (3): 222–226.
  3. ^ a b National Geographic (11 April 2010). "Lionfish". Archived from the original on 13 January 2010.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Whitfield, P. E.; Hare, J. A.; David, A. W.; Harter, S. L.; Muñoz, R. C.; Addison, C. M. (2007). "Abundance estimates of the Indo-Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans/miles complex in the Western North Atlantic". Biological Invasions. 9 (1): 53–64. doi:10.1007/s10530-006-9005-9. S2CID 41535139.
  5. ^ Merrington, Andrew (28 June 2016). "Lionfish invading the Mediterranean Sea". Plymouth University.
  6. ^ "Invasive Lionfish Arrive in the Mediterranean". Scientific American. 28 June 2016.
  7. ^ Kletou, Demetris; Hall-Spencer, Jason M.; Kleitou, Periklis (2016). "A lionfish (Pterois miles) invasion has begun in the Mediterranean Sea". Marine Biodiversity Records. 9. doi:10.1186/s41200-016-0065-y. hdl:10026.1/5103. S2CID 390623.
  8. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Pterois". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  9. ^ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 468–475. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  10. ^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (2 October 2021). "Order Perciformes (Part 9): Suborder Scorpaenoidei: Family Scorpaenidae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  11. ^ a b Matsunuma, M.; Motomura, H. (2015). "Redescriptions of Pterois radiata and Pterois cincta (Scorpaenidae: Pteroinae) with notes on geographic morphological variations in P. radiata". Ichthyological Research. 63 (1): 145–172. doi:10.1007/s10228-015-0483-6. S2CID 12191361.
  12. ^ Matsunuma, Mizuki; Motomura, Hiroyuki (2015). "Pterois paucispinula, a new species of lionfish (Scorpaenidae: Pteroinae) from the western Pacific Ocean". Ichthyological Research. 62 (3): 327–346. doi:10.1007/s10228-014-0451-6. S2CID 17791650.
  13. ^ Christie L Wilcox; Hiroyuki Motomura; Mizuki Matsunuma; Brian W Bowen (2018). "Phylogeography of Lionfishes (Pterois) Indicate Taxonomic Over Splitting and Hybrid Origin of the Invasive Pterois volitans". Journal of Heredity. 109 (2): 162–175. doi:10.1093/jhered/esx056. PMID 28637254.
  14. ^ a b c "What is a lionfish?". National Ocean Service, US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 16 June 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  15. ^ a b Morris Jr., J. A.; Freshwater, D. W. (2007). "Phenotypic variation of lionfish supraocular tentacles". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 83 (2): 237–241. doi:10.1007/s10641-007-9326-2. S2CID 23339519.
  16. ^ a b c Ruiz-Carus, R.; Matheson Jr., R.; Roberts Jr., D.; Whitfield, P. (2006). "The western Pacific red lionfish, Pterois volitans (Scorpaenidae), in Florida: Evidence for reproduction and parasitism in the first exotic marine fish established in state waters". Biological Conservation. 128 (3): 384–390. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.10.012.
  17. ^ Fishelson, L. (1997). "Experiments and observations on food consumption, growth and starvation in Dendrochirus brachypterus and Pterois volitans (Pteroinae, Scorpaenidae)". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 50 (4): 391–403. doi:10.1023/a:1007331304122. S2CID 145295.
  18. ^ Karleskint, G.; Turner, R. L.; Small, J. W. (2009). Introduction to Marine Biology. Cengage Learning. p. 276. ISBN 978-0495561972.
  19. ^ a b c Morris Jr., J. A.; Akins, J. L. (2009). "Feeding ecology of invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans) in the Bahamian archipelago". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 86 (3): 389–398. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.541.5480. doi:10.1007/s10641-009-9538-8. S2CID 207117437.
  20. ^ Lee, Jane J. (2012). "Video: Huffing and Puffing For Dinner". ScienceNOW.
  21. ^ Albins, Mark A.; Lyons, Patrick J. (2012). "Invasive red lionfish Pterois volitans blow directed jets of water at prey fish". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 448: 1–5. Bibcode:2012MEPS..448....1A. doi:10.3354/meps09580.
  22. ^ Bos, A. R.; Sanad, A. M.; Elsayed, K. (2017). "Gymnothorax spp. (Muraenidae) as natural predators of the lionfish Pterois miles in its native biogeographical range". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 100 (6): 745–748. doi:10.1007/s10641-017-0600-7. S2CID 25045547.
  23. ^ a b Donaldson, T. J.; Benavente, D.; Diaz, R. (2010). "Why are lionfishes (Pterois, Scorpaenidae) so rare in their native ranges?" (PDF). Proceedings of the 63rd Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute. 1–5: 352–359. S2CID 54025471. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2019.
  24. ^ Maljković, A.; Van Leeuwen, T. E.; Cove, S. N. (2008). "Predation on the invasive red lionfish, Pterois volitans (Pisces: Scorpaenidae), by native groupers in the Bahamas". Coral Reefs. 27 (3): 501. Bibcode:2008CorRe..27..501M. doi:10.1007/s00338-008-0372-9. S2CID 29564920.
  25. ^ Albins, M. A. & Hixon, M. A. (2008). "Invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans reduce recruitment of Atlantic coral-reef fishes" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 367: 233–8. Bibcode:2008MEPS..367..233A. doi:10.3354/meps07620. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2012.
  26. ^ Leung, M. (2009). "SW11 Can Blue Cornetfish be used as Biocontrol?". Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  27. ^ Morris, J.A. Jr.; Whitfield, P.E. (2009). "Biology, Ecology, Control and Management of the Invasive Indo-Pacific Lionfish: An Updated Integrated Assessment". NOS NCCOS 99. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
  28. ^ Smith, N. S. & Sealey, K. S. (2007). "The Lionfish Invasion in the Bahamas: What do We Know and What to do About It?" (PDF). Proceedings of the 60th Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute. 5–9: 419–423. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2012.
  29. ^ Handwerk, B. (2011). "Shark's Lionfish Lunch". Archived from the original on 5 April 2011.
  30. ^ "Who Named the Bobbit Worm (Eunice sp.)? And WHAT species is it.. truly??". 13 August 2014.
  31. ^ Poole, T. (2011). "The sensitivity of the invasive lionfish, Pterois volitans, to parasitism in Bonaire, Dutch Caribbean" (PDF). Physis. 9: 44–9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  32. ^ Cohen, A. S.; Olek, A. J. (1989). "An extract of lionfish (Pterois volitans) spine tissue contains acetylcholine and a toxin that affects neuromuscular transmission". Toxicon. 27 (12): 1367–1376. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(89)90068-8. PMID 2560846.
  33. ^ Sauners, P. R.; Taylor, P. B. (1959). "Venom of the lionfish Pterois volitans". American Journal of Physiology. 197 (2): 437–440. doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1959.197.2.437. PMID 14441961.
  34. ^ Church, J. E.; Hodgson, W. C. (2002). "Adrenergic and cholinergic activity contributes to the cardiovascular effects of lionfish (Pterois volitans) venom". Toxicon. 40 (6): 787–796. doi:10.1016/s0041-0101(01)00285-9. PMID 12175616.
  35. ^ Aleccia, JoNel (27 June 2012). "Eat lionfish? Sure, but beware of the nasty toxins". NBC News. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  36. ^ Hector Velasco, "To fight lionfish invasion, Cuba learns to cook them", on phys.org, 4 June 2016.
  37. ^ Dahl, Kristen A.; Patterson, William F. (4 July 2020). "Movement, home range, and depredation of invasive lionfish revealed by fine-scale acoustic telemetry in the northern Gulf of Mexico". Marine Biology. 167 (8): 111. doi:10.1007/s00227-020-03728-4. S2CID 220509765.
  38. ^ a b Schultz, E. T. (1986). "Pterois volitans and Pterois miles: Two valid species". Copeia. 1986 (3): 686–690. doi:10.2307/1444950. JSTOR 1444950.
  39. ^ a b c Myers, R.F. (1991): Micronesian Reef Fishes, Second Edition. Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Guam. p. 298.
  40. ^ a b c Andradi-Brown, Dominic A. (2019), Loya, Yossi; Puglise, Kimberly A.; Bridge, Tom C.L. (eds.), "Invasive Lionfish (Pterois volitans and P. miles): Distribution, Impact, and Management", Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems, Coral Reefs of the World, vol. 12, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 931–941, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92735-0_48, ISBN 978-3-319-92735-0, S2CID 182409806, retrieved 11 March 2021
  41. ^ a b c Gress, Erika; Andradi-Brown, Dominic A.; Woodall, Lucy; Schofield, Pamela J.; Stanley, Karl; Rogers, Alex D. (17 August 2017). "Lionfish (Pterois spp.) invade the upper-bathyal zone in the western Atlantic". PeerJ. 5: e3683. doi:10.7717/peerj.3683. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 5563435. PMID 28828275.
  42. ^ Bos, A. R.; Grubich, J. R.; Sanad, A. M. (2018). "Growth, site fidelity and grouper interactions of the Red Sea Lionfish, Pterois miles (Scorpaenidae) in its native habitat". Marine Biology. 165 (10): 175. doi:10.1007/s00227-018-3436-6. S2CID 92244402.
  43. ^ Hamner, R. M.; Freshwater, D. W.; Whitfield, P. E. (2007). "Mitochondrial cytochrome b analysis reveals two invasive lionfish species with strong founder effects in the western Atlantic". Journal of Fish Biology. 71: 214–222. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01575.x.
  44. ^ Whitfield, P.; Gardner, T.; Vives, S. P.; Gilligan, M. R.; Courtney Jr., W. R.; Ray, G. C.; Hare, J. A. (2003). "The Introduction and Dispersal of the Indo-Pacific Lionfish (Pterois volitans) Along the Atlantic Coast of North America". Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences (22nd Annual Scientific Diving Symposium). Archived from the original on 2 December 2008.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  45. ^ Goddard, J. (2008). "Lionfish devastate Florida's native shoals". The Times. London.
  46. ^ "Mystery of the Lionfish: Don't Blame Hurricane Andrew". Science. 29 April 2010. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012.
  47. ^ Schofield, P. J. (2009). "Geographic extent and chronology of the invasion of non-native lionfish (Pterois volitans and P. miles) in the Western North Atlantic and Caribbean Sea". Aquatic Invasions. 4 (3): 473–479. doi:10.3391/ai.2009.4.3.5.
  48. ^ a b c US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "Is the Aquarium Trade to Blame?". oceanservice.noaa.gov.
  49. ^ a b Whitfield, P. E.; Gardner, T.; Vives, S. P.; Gilligan, M. R.; Courtenay Jr., W. R.; Ray, G. C.; Hare, J. A. (2002). "Biological invasion of the Indo-Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans along the Atlantic coast of North America". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 235: 289–297. Bibcode:2002MEPS..235..289W. doi:10.3354/meps235289.
  50. ^ Lionfish found here Archived 8 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine NationNews.
  51. ^ Lasso-Alcalá, Oscar; Posada, Juan (2010). "Presence of the invasive red lionfish, Pterois volitans (Linnaeus, 1758), on the coast of Venezuela, southeastern Caribbean Sea". Aquatic Invasions. 5: S53–S59. doi:10.3391/ai.2010.5.S1.013.
  52. ^ Ferreira, Carlos E. L.; Luiz, Osmar J.; Floeter, Sergio R.; Lucena, Marcos B.; Barbosa, Moysés C.; Rocha, Claudia R.; Rocha, Luiz A. (22 April 2015). "First Record of Invasive Lionfish (Pterois volitans) for the Brazilian Coast". PLOS ONE. 10 (4): e0123002. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1023002F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123002. PMC 4406615. PMID 25901361.
  53. ^ "Invasive Lionfish Causing Problems in Gulf|| TPW magazine|December 2013". tpwmagazine.com.
  54. ^ a b c d Williams, Nigel (2010). "Major lionfish hunt launched". Current Biology. 20 (23): R1005–R1006. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.11.048. S2CID 28298816.
  55. ^ Baltz, D. M. (1991). "Introduced fishes in marine systems and inland seas". Biological Conservation. 56 (2): 151–177. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(91)90015-2.
  56. ^ a b c Kimball, M. E.; Miller, J. M.; Whitfield, P. E.; Hare, J. A. (2004). "Thermal Tolerance and Potential Distribution of Invasive Lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles Complex) on the East Coast of the United States". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 283: 269–78. Bibcode:2004MEPS..283..269K. doi:10.3354/meps283269.
  57. ^ Grieve, B. D.; Curchitser, E. N.; Rykaczewski, R. R. (2016). "Range expansion of the invasive lionfish in the Northwest Atlantic with climate change". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 546: 225–237. Bibcode:2016MEPS..546..225G. doi:10.3354/meps11638.
  58. ^ Freshwater, D. W.; Hines, A.; Parham, S.; Wilbur, A.; Sabaoun, M.; Woodhead, J.; Akins, L.; Purdy, B.; Whitfield, P. E.; Paris, C. B. (2009). "Mitochondrial control region sequence analyses indicate dispersal from the US East Coast as the source of the invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans in the Bahamas". Marine Biology. 156 (6): 1213–1221. doi:10.1007/s00227-009-1163-8. S2CID 43843524.
  59. ^ Shammas, B. (2014). "Palm Beach County girl credited for breakthrough in lionfish research". Sun Sentinel. Archived from the original on 22 June 2014.
  60. ^ "NOAA, Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute launch new lionfish web portal". www.noaanews.noaa.gov.
  61. ^ "Invasive Lionfish Portal". Invasive Lionfish Portal. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015.
  62. ^ "University Research Discovers New Alien Species in Maltese Waters". Malta Today. 2016.
  63. ^ "Otrovna i štetna, Najave su se obistinile, kod Komiže snimljena riba paun! Ovo je vjerojatno prvi zabilježeni susret s ovom invazivnom vrstom u Jadranskom moru". Otvoreno more (in Croatian). 14 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  64. ^ Weisberger, Mindy (28 June 2016). "Aliens Attack! Invasive Lionfish Arrive in Mediterranean". livescience.com. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  65. ^ "Daily Scuba News - Cyprus Has A Massive Lionfish Problem" – via www.youtube.com.
  66. ^ Davis, M. A.; Grime, J. P.; Thompson, K. (2000). "Fluctuating resources in plant communities: a general theory of invasibility". Journal of Ecology. 88 (3): 528–553. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00473.x.
  67. ^ "Lionfish Invasion Reaches Gulf Marine Sanctuary". 2011. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011.
  68. ^ "Lionfish invasion continuing to expand". Life at OSU. 14 April 2010.
  69. ^ "Impacts of Invasive Lionfish". NOAA Fisheries, US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 29 July 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
  70. ^ Gittings, S.R.; Fogg, A.Q.; Frank, S.; Hart, J.V.; Clark, A.; Clark, B.; Noakes, S.E.; Fortner, R.L. (2017). "Going Deep For Lionfish: designs for two new traps for capturing lionfish in deep water". NOAA.gov. Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.22898.50886. ONMS-17-05.
  71. ^ Watson, Sara Kiley (17 January 2020). "This harpoon-throwing robot is designed to hunt destructive lionfish". Popular Science. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  72. ^ Morris Jr., J. A.; Shertzer, K. A.; Rice, J. A. (2011). "A stage-based matrix population model of invasive lionfish with implications for control". Biological Invasions. 13 (1): 7–12. doi:10.1007/s10530-010-9786-8. S2CID 23600848.
  73. ^ Olsen, Erik (22 November 2010). "Florida Keys Declare Open Season on the Invasive Lionfish". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  74. ^ Frazer, Thomas K.; Jacoby, Charles A.; Edwards, Morgan A.; Barry, Savanna C.; Manfrino, Carrie M. (1 October 2012). "Coping with the Lionfish Invasion: Can Targeted Removals Yield Beneficial Effects?". Reviews in Fisheries Science. 20 (4): 185–191. doi:10.1080/10641262.2012.700655. hdl:1834/27512. ISSN 1064-1262. S2CID 54880281.
  75. ^ a b Andradi-Brown, Dominic A.; Vermeij, Mark J. A.; Slattery, Marc; Lesser, Michael; Bejarano, Ivonne; Appeldoorn, Richard; Goodbody-Gringley, Gretchen; Chequer, Alex D.; Pitt, Joanna M. (1 March 2017). "Large-scale invasion of western Atlantic mesophotic reefs by lionfish potentially undermines culling-based management". Biological Invasions. 19 (3): 939–954. doi:10.1007/s10530-016-1358-0. ISSN 1387-3547. S2CID 12301910.
  76. ^ a b c Andradi-Brown, Dominic A.; Grey, Rachel; Hendrix, Alicia; Hitchner, Drew; Hunt, Christina L.; Gress, Erika; Madej, Konrad; Parry, Rachel L.; Régnier-McKellar, Catriona (1 May 2017). "Depth-dependent effects of culling—do mesophotic lionfish populations undermine current management?". Royal Society Open Science. 4 (5): 170027. Bibcode:2017RSOS....470027A. doi:10.1098/rsos.170027. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 5451808. PMID 28573007.
  77. ^ Harris, Holden E.; Fogg, Alexander Q.; Gittings, Stephen R.; Ahrens, Robert N. M.; Allen, Micheal S.; Iii, William F. Patterson (26 August 2020). "Testing the efficacy of lionfish traps in the northern Gulf of Mexico". PLOS ONE. 15 (8): e0230985. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1530985H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230985. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7449463. PMID 32845879.
  78. ^ Côté, Isabelle M.; Darling, Emily S.; Malpica-Cruz, Luis; Smith, Nicola S.; Green, Stephanie J.; Curtis-Quick, Jocelyn; Layman, Craig (4 April 2014). "What Doesn't Kill You Makes You Wary? Effect of Repeated Culling on the Behaviour of an Invasive Predator". PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e94248. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...994248C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094248. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3976393. PMID 24705447.
  79. ^ "Inventive Colombians turn invasive fish problem into dinnertime delicacy". Fox News Latino. 2015.
  80. ^ "Eradicating Invasive Species One Sushi Roll at a Time". The New York Times. 2016.
  81. ^ "Successful lionfish jewelry workshop in Deep Creek | CEI Blog".
  82. ^ Fears, Darryl (19 October 2014). "Divers try spoon feeding lionfish to sharks, a method that could come back to bite them". Washington Post. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  83. ^ "Poisonous tropical lionfish could be spreading through Mediterranean". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 21 June 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  84. ^ ""Have you seen me?" (PDF). An Integrated Assessment of the Introduction of Lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles complex) to the Western Atlantic Ocean. National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 3 April 2003. p. 22."
  85. ^ "Can you eat lionfish?". Lionfish Information. 2016. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016.
  86. ^ Serwer, Jesse (4 March 2016). "Venomous, invasive lionfish tastes great and is only served at one NYC restaurant". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. It's a sweet, white flaky fish with a taste similar to a parrotfish or a snapper", John says. "It's super healthy, very delicate and tender, and it's easy to cook it just about any way you can think of.
  87. ^ O'Reilly, Terry (16 February 2017). "Small Move, Big Gain". CBC Radio One. Pirate Radio. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  88. ^ "Invasive lionfish likely safe to eat after all". Phys.org. 1 August 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  89. ^ Wilcox, Christie L.; Hixon, Mark A. (2015). "False positive tests for ciguatera may derail efforts to control invasive lionfish". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 98 (3): 961–969. doi:10.1007/s10641-014-0313-0. S2CID 14772418.
  90. ^ Luscombe, Richard (12 June 2022). "Fish leather is here, it's sustainable – and it's made from invasive species to boot". The Observer.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pterois.
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Lionfish&oldid=1264973773"