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'''Linda Hazzard''' (born 1867 in [[Carver County, Minnesota]], |
'''Linda Hazzard''' (born 1867 in [[Carver County, Minnesota]], |
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who ran a medical clinic in which the main treatment was the starvation, sometimes to death, of patients. She had some training as an osteopathic nurse but insisted she be addressed as "Dr Hazzard." |
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Although she had been convicted of causing the death of at least one patient, she continued to "heal" others. |
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It has been suggested that during her lifetime, particularly her active years, Hazzard suffered from a mental or emotional illness that has yet to be officially labeled or defined.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} |
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==Career== |
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Despite her lack of a medical degree, she was licensed to practice medicine in Washington. A loophole in a licensing law grandfathered in some practitioners of alternative medicine who didn’t have medical degrees, including Hazzard. |
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Fasting had heretofore been considered a [[quack]] medical cure, popular with "health faddists" of the time. In 1908 she published a book, ''Fasting For The Cure Of Disease'', promoting fasting as a cure for virtually every ailment, including [[cancer]]. |
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She created a "sanitarium", Wilderness Heights, in [[Olalla, Washington]], where inpatients fasted for days, weeks or months, on a diet of small amounts of tomato and asparagus juice and occasionally, a small teaspoon of orange juice. While some patients survived and publicly sang her praises, more than 40 patients died under her care, most from starvation.<ref>Olsen, Gregg. ''Starvation Heights''. Warner Books, 1997.</ref> Local residents referred to the place as "Starvation Heights". She assured people that her method was a [[panacea]] for all manner of ills, because she was able to rid the body of [[toxins]] that caused imbalances in the body.<ref>Holmes, Ronald M., and Stephen T. Holmes. Serial Murder. Third Edition ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc, 2009</ref> |
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In 1912 she was convicted of [[manslaughter]] for the death of Claire Williamson, a wealthy British woman, who weighed less than 50 pounds at the time of her death. At the trial it was proved that Hazzard had forged Williamson's will and stolen most of her valuables. Williamson's sister, Dorothea, also took the treatment, and only survived because a family friend showed up in time to remove her from the compound. She was too weak to leave on her own, weighing less than 60 pounds. She later testified against Hazzard at trial. |
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Hazzard was sentenced to 2 to 20 years in prison, which she served in the [[Washington State Penitentiary]] at [[Walla Walla, Washington|Walla Walla]].<ref name="historylink"/> She was released on parole on December 26, 1915 after serving two years,<ref>"Woman Fast Doctor Released on Parole." ''The Oakland Tribune''. Oakland, California. 21 Dec 1915.</ref> and the following year Governor [[Ernest Lister]] gave her a full pardon.<ref>"Convict 'Doctor' Wins a Pardon." ''The Eau Claire Leader''. Eau Claire, Wisconsin. 6 June 1916.</ref> She and her husband, Samuel Christman Hazzard, moved to New Zealand, where she practiced as a dietitian and [[osteopath]] until 1920.<ref name="historylink"/> |
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In 1920 she returned to [[Olalla, Washington]] and opened a new sanitarium, known publicly as a "school of health" since her medical license had been revoked,<ref name="historylink"/> and continued to starve patients until it burned to the ground in 1935; it was never rebuilt. |
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Linda Burfield Hazzard died in 1938 while attempting a fasting cure on herself.<ref name="historylink"/> |
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==The Earl Edward Erdman Diary== |
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On March 28, 1910, Earl Edward Erdman, a City of Seattle Civil Engineer, died of starvation in the Seattle General Hospital. He had kept a diary which detailed Hazzard's treatment during the preceding weeks that provides an insight into the treatment Hazzard prescribed to her patients. <ref>{{cite news|title=Erdman Diary Tells Methods of Treatment|accessdate=November 23, 2011|newspaper=The Seattle Daily Times|date=August 14, 19011}}</ref> The following are excerpts from his diary: |
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{{Quotation| |
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February 1- Saw Dr. Hazzard and began treatment this date. No breakfast. Mashed soup dinner. Mashed soup supper.<br/> |
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February 5 through 7- One orange breakfast. Mashed soup dinner. Mashed soup supper.<br/> |
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February 8- One orange breakfast. Mashed soup dinner. Mashed soup supper.<br/> |
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February 9 through 11- One orange breakfast. Strained soup dinner. Strained soup supper. <br/> |
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February 12- One orange breakfast. One orange dinner. One orange supper.<br/> |
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February 13- Two orange breakfast. No dinner. No supper.<br/> |
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February 14- One cup of strained tomato broth at 6 p.m. <br/> |
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February 15- One cup hot strained tomato soup night and morning.<br/> |
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February 16- One cup hot strained tomato soup a.m. and p.m. Slept better last night. Head quite dizzy. Eyes yellow streaked and red.<br/> |
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February 17- Ate three oranges today.<br/> |
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February 19- Called on Dr. (Dawson) today at his home. Slept well Saturday night.<br/> |
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February 20- Ate strained juice of two small oranges at 10 a.m. Dizzy all day. Ate strained juice of two small oranges at 5 p.m.<br/> |
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February 21- Ate one cup settled and strained tomato broth. Backache today just below ribs.<br/> |
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February 22- Ate juice of two small oranges at 10 a.m. Backache today in right side just below ribs.<br/> |
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February 23- Slept but little last night. Ate two small oranges at 9 a.m. Went after milk and felt very bad. Ate two small oranges 6 p.m.<br/> |
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February 24- Slept better Wednesday night. Kind of frontal headache in a.m. Ate two small oranges 10 a.m. Ate on and a half cups hot tomato soup at 6 p.m. Heart hit up to ninety-five minute and sweat considerable.<br/> |
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February 25- Slept pretty well Thursday night. Ate one and a half cups tomato broth 11 a.m. Ate one and a half cups tomato broth 6 p.m. Pain in right below ribs.<br/> |
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February 26- Did not sleep so very well Friday night. Pain in right side just below ribs in back. Pain quit in night. Ate 1 and a half cups tomato broth at 10:45 a.m. Ate two and a half pump small oranges at 4:30 p.m. Felt better afternoon than for the last week.... |
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}} |
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This diet continued more or less unchanged until his hospitalization on March 28. He died that afternoon, just before his coworker was to tranfuse blood. |
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==In popular culture== |
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Hazzard is the subject of a nonfiction book, ''Starvation Heights'', by [[Gregg Olsen]]. The book was adapted for the stage by [[Portland, Oregon]] playwright Ginny Foster. It debuted as a part of the National New Play Festival in July 2008. It was announced in January 2009 that the book was optioned by producer Jason Fogelson and [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winner [[Tracy Letts]] for a film adaptation. Letts will write the script. |
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Dr. Hazzard is profiled through re-enactments and interviews in the Investigation Discovery Network show, "[[Deadly Women]]" in its first episode entitled "Obsession". |
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In Season 4 of [[Ghost Adventures]], in the Kells Irish Pub episode, a brief history is given on Linda Hazzard and her crimes. |
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==Deaths attributed to Hazzard== |
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'''1908''' |
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* Mrs. Elgin Cox<ref name=attack>{{cite news|title=Dr. Hazzard Attacks Medical Profession in Latest Pamphlet|accessdate=November 23, 2011|newspaper=The Seattle Daily Times|date=September 30, 1911}}</ref> |
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* Daisey Maud Haglund (Mother of Ivar's restaurant founder [[Ivar Haglund]], whose official cause of death was stomach cancer. She would have starved to death without Hazzard's assistance) <ref>{{cite news|title=Starvation Caused Woman's Death: Condition of Stomach Cancer Made it Impossible for Mrs, Fannie Haglund to Retain any Food Whatever for Many Weeks|accessdate=November 23, 2011|newspaper=The Seattle Daily Times|date=February 27, 1908}}</ref> |
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* Ida Wilcox<ref name="historylink"/> |
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'''1909''' |
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* Blanche B. Tindall<ref name=attack/> |
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* Viola Heaton<ref name=attack/> |
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* Eugene Stanley Wakelin - Died from a bullet in the head on Hazzard's property. Whether she was responsible for the shooting remains unknown, though it is speculated to be the case.<ref name="historylink">{{cite web | url=http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=7955 | title=Hazzard, Linda Burfield (1867-1938): Fasting Proponent and Killer | publisher=Historylink.org | accessdate=May 07, 2012}}</ref> |
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'''1910''' |
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* Maude Whitney<ref name="historylink"/> |
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* Earl Edward Erdman<<ref name=attack/> |
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'''1911''' |
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* Frank Southard<ref name="historylink"/> |
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* C.A. Harrison<ref name="historylink"/> |
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* Ivan Flux<ref name="historylink"/> |
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* Lewis Ellsworth Rader<ref name="historylink"/> |
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* Claire Williamson<ref name="historylink"/> |
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'''1913''' |
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* Ida J. Anderson{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} |
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* Mary Bailey{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} |
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==See also== |
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[[John Bodkin Adams]] - British doctor who extracted money from his patients before murdering them. |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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== Further reading == |
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*Olsen, Gregg. ''Starvation Heights : The True Story of an American Doctor and the Murder of a British Heiress'', Warner Books, 1997. ISBN 0-446-60341-4 |
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*''Demon Doctors: Physicians as Serial Killers'' Tucson: Galen Press, Ltd., 2002. |
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== External links == |
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* {{IMDb title|1971533|Starvation Heights}} |
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*[http://www.starvationheights.com/ Starvation Heights] Official Starvation Heights website by book author [[Gregg Olsen]]. |
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*[http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/weird/doctors/11.html Demon doctors; Physicians as serial killers] |
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*[http://www.mrsc.org/mc/courts/WashReports/075WashReport/075WashReport0005.htm Full report of the State v. Hazzard appeal case] |
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{{Authority control|VIAF=21425882}} |
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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
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| NAME = Hazzard, Linda Burfield |
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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = |
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| DATE OF BIRTH = 1867 |
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| PLACE OF BIRTH = |
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| DATE OF DEATH = 1938 |
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| PLACE OF DEATH = |
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}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hazzard, Linda Burfield}} |
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[[Category:1867 births]] |
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[[Category:1938 deaths]] |
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[[Category:Fasting]] |
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[[Category:People in alternative medicine]] |
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[[Category:American prisoners and detainees]] |
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[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Washington (state)]] |
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[[Category:American expatriates in New Zealand]] |
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[[Category:American emigrants to New Zealand]] |
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[[it:Linda Burfield Hazzard]] |
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[[es:Linda Hazzard]] |
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Revision as of 21:38, 4 March 2013
Linda Hazzard (born 1867 in Carver County, Minnesota,