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{{Infobox VG
|title=Left 4 Dead 2
|image=[[File:Left4Dead2.jpg|250px]]
|caption=North American cover art for ''Left 4 Dead 2''
|developer=[[Valve Corporation]]
|publisher=Valve Corporation
|designer=Mike Booth
|composer=Mike Morasky
|writer=Chet Faliszek
|distributor=[[Steam (content delivery)|Steam]] <small>(online)</small> <br /> [[Electronic Arts]] <small>(retail)</small>
|engine=[[Source (game engine)|Source]] (Build 4281, {{date|2010-07-28}})
|release={{vgrelease|NA=November 17, 2009|EU=November 20, 2009|JP=November 19, 2009}}
|genre=[[First-person shooter]], [[survival horror]]<!--See talk page for a discussion about the genre-->
|modes=[[Cooperative gameplay|4-player Cooperative multiplayer]], 4-vs-4 multiplayer, Single-player
|ratings={{vgratings|OFLC=MA15+ (edited)|ESRB=M|PEGI=18+|CERO=Z|USK=18+ (heavily cut, uncut is indexed)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DL2_ST01Mk0 |title=Left 4 Dead 2 Gewaltvergleich Uncut gegen deutsche Version GameStar |publisher=[[GameStar]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bundespruefstelle.de/bpjm/die-bundespruefstelle,did=133244.html |title=Eilentscheidung zu zwei Computerspielen |publisher=[[BPjM]]}}</ref>|BBFC=18<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/website/Classified.nsf/e8ea0df3a881175480256d58003cb570/24c249d7bda36c6d80257647003dac92?OpenDocument|title=Left 4 Dead 2 rated 15 by the BBFC|date=2009-10-06|publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|accessdate=2009-10-06}}</ref>}}
|platforms=[[Microsoft Windows]]<ref name='Steam App 550'/>, [[Xbox 360]] <!--Not on Mac yet...-->
|media=[[DVD ROM]], [[Digital Distribution|digital download]]
|requirements=See [[#Development|development]]
|version=2.0.3.6 (September 4, 2010<ref name='Steam News 4304'>{{cite web | url = http://store.steampowered.com/news/4304/ | title = Left 4 Dead 2 Update Released | accessdate = 2010-09-07 | date = 2010-09-04 | work = [[Steam (content delivery)|Steam]] | publisher = [[Valve Corporation|Valve]]}}</ref>)
}}

'''''Left 4 Dead 2''''' is a [[cooperative gameplay|cooperative]] [[first-person shooter]] game. It is the sequel to [[Valve Corporation]]'s award-winning ''[[Left 4 Dead]]''. The game launched on November 17, 2009, for [[Microsoft Windows]] and [[Xbox 360]] in the United States; it launched November 20 in Europe.<ref name="release">{{cite news |title=Valve Announces Left 4 Dead 2 |publisher=Valve |url=http://store.steampowered.com/news/2552/ |accessdate=2009-11-05 |date=2009-06-01}}</ref> It builds upon the cooperatively-focused gameplay of the original and uses Valve's proprietary [[Source (game engine)|Source engine]], the same game engine used in ''Left 4 Dead''. The game made its world premiere at [[Electronic Entertainment Expo|E3 2009]] with a trailer during the [[Microsoft]] press event.<ref name="e3preview">{{cite web |url=http://e3.gamespot.com/live.html?tag=live-schedule | title=E3 09 Live Game Demos at GameSpot |date=2009-06-02 |accessdate=2009-06-02 |publisher=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref>

Like the original, ''Left 4 Dead 2'' is set during the aftermath of an [[Zombie apocalypse|apocalyptic]] [[pandemic]], and focuses on four survivors fighting against hordes of the infected. The survivors must fight their way through levels, interspersed with [[safe house]]s that act as [[Saved game#Checkpoints|checkpoints]], with the goal of reaching a rescue vehicle at the campaign's finale. The gameplay is procedurally altered by an [[artificial intelligence]] engine dubbed the "Director" that monitors the players' performance and adjust the [[scenario]] to provide a dynamic challenge. Several new features have been introduced: new types of infected, [[melee weapon]]s, and a story-arc that connects the game's five campaigns together.<ref name="rps preview">{{cite web |url=http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2009/06/01/left-4-dead-2-exclusive-rps-preview/ |title=Left 4 Dead 2: Exclusive RPS Preview |first=John |last=Walker |date=2009-06-01 |accessdate=2009-06-01 |publisher=[[Rock, Paper, Shotgun]]}}</ref>

When it was announced, it received a combination of positive and negative critical and community reactions. It also attracted an unusually high volume of pre-release controversy about the game's graphic content. In response, alterations were made to the cover art<ref name=coverart>{{cite web |url=http://www.1up.com/do/newsStory?cId=3174835 |title=Valve Changed Left 4 Dead 2 Cover to Appease ESRB |date=2009-06-17 |accessdate=2009-06-17 |first=Kris |last=Pigna |publisher=[[1UP.com]]}}</ref> and the Australian [[Office of Film and Literature Classification (Australia)|Office of Film and Literature Classification]] refused to rate the unmodified edition.<ref name=ban>{{cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/technology/story/0,28348,26086374-5014239,00.html |title=Left 4 Dead 2 refused classification in Australia |date=2009-09-17 |accessdate=2009-09-17 |first=Andrew |last=Ramadge publisher=[[News Limited#Websites|News.com.au]] | work=news.com.au}}</ref>

==Plot==
''Left 4 Dead 2'' introduces four new survivors, whose backstory is provided through dialogue. Unlike the first game which had no significant story development, ''Left 4 Dead 2'' features a story arc<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.joystiq.com/2009/06/01/kill-southern-zombies-with-four-new-characters-in-left-4-dead-2/ |title=Kill Southern zombies with four new characters in Left 4 Dead 2 |publisher=Joystiq |accessdate=2009-09-07}}</ref> set in the [[Southern United States]] which starts in [[Savannah, Georgia]] and ends in [[New Orleans|New Orleans, Louisiana]].<ref name="e3preview"/><ref name="rps preview"/> The four survivors have to fight their way through the hordes of infected, using safehouses along the way to rest and recuperate, in order to reach extraction points.

[[File:250px-C2m2 fairgrounds.jpg|left|thumb|The amusement park in the campaign "Dark Carnival."]]
After climbing to the roof of a hotel in Savannah to be rescued, the survivors find themselves abandoned by helicopters, and so make their way to the local mall, after hearing word of a second evacuation point there ("Dead Center"). After a brief encounter with a gun store owner, Whitaker (voiced by [[Dayton Callie]]), the survivors discover that the mall is overrun, and use a [[Stock car racing|stock car]] to bust out of the mall and travel towards New Orleans. On their way there they encounter the survivors featured in ''Left 4 Dead'' at the portside town of Rayford ([[#The Passing|"The Passing"]]), before finding the highway completely blocked by wrecked vehicles. The survivors are then forced to travel through a still-operating (but abandoned) amusement park, and start a huge fireworks-and-lights show used by the rock band, The [[Midnight Riders (band)|Midnight Riders]], in order to attract the attention of a helicopter pilot ("Dark Carnival"). After being rescued, they realize their pilot has been infected. Nick is forced to kill him, which causes the helicopter to crash into a [[bayou]] ("Swamp Fever"). They find brief shelter in a plantation mansion and make radio contact with a boat captain named Virgil who can get them to rescue, but he needs additional diesel fuel to make it to New Orleans. Amid a torrential downpour, the survivors go ashore, make their way through an abandoned sugar mill to a gas station to get fuel supplies, and return to the boat ("Hard Rain"). Virgil takes them to New Orleans where the military appears to be evacuating civilians. The group head to the extraction point, but discover that the military is actually bombing bridges to cover their retreat ("The Parish"). The survivors then make their way across a [[vertical lift bridge|lift bridge]] amid a mass of infected and board the last military helicopter leaving the city before the bridge is destroyed.

Although the survivors' fate after evacuation is left unexplained, Chet Faliszek, the game's writer has said that the military is taking survivors to [[cruise ship]]s in an attempt to escape the worldwide infection.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/xbox360/action/left4dead2/video/6211469 |title=Left 4 Dead 2 Interview: Chet Faliszek |date=2009-06-03 |publisher=GameSpot |accessdate=2009-12-05}}</ref>

==Gameplay==
Like its predecessor, ''Left 4 Dead 2'' is a [[first-person shooter]] with a heavy emphasis on [[cooperative gameplay]]. The game presents six new campaigns, each composed of three to five smaller maps. In the first two to four maps of any campaign, the survivors attempt to reach a safehouse, while the final stage requires the survivors to call for rescue and either survive a prolonged onslaught until rescue arrives, pass through an especially challenging gauntlet of infected to reach a rescue vehicle, or collect and deploy fuel cans to facilitate an escape.

Each survivor can carry one main weapon,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://xbox360.ign.com/articles/100/1002529p1.html |title=Left 4 Dead 1 & 2 Compared |publisher=IGN |date=2009-07-09 |accessdate=2009-09-25 |first=Jason |last=Ocampo}}</ref> and either a melee weapon, or single/dual pistols as a secondary weapon. Though melee weapons cause extra damage to the infected when struck, the survivors can use any other weapon or item for weaker melee attacks and to temporarily push the infected back. Players also carry a flashlight, but may startle the infected. They may also carry a single first aid kit or [[Defibrillation|defibrillator]], Ammo packs, Pain pills or adrenaline. They may also carry a single throwable weapon &mdash; [[Molotov cocktail]]s to set an area on fire, [[pipe bomb]]s, and "Boomer" [[bile]], which can be thrown at infected to cause them to turn on each other.

Because many of the special infected can quickly finish off a survivor if they are not rescued, the game encourages players to stay and work together to traverse the level safely. To enable situational awareness of other players, players are shown the health and status of their fellow survivors. If a player does not have direct sight of another survivor, they will be shown the survivor's highlighted silhouette. As they take more damage from zombies, players move slower. If a survivor takes too much damage, they become incapacitated, and can only fight off the infected using pistols until rescued by another survivor. If a character dies, they remain dead until the next level, unless revived by a defibrillator, or, in Campaign mode, reappear in a "rescue closet" to be freed by the other survivors. Should all the survivors be killed or incapacitated, or if all the human-controlled survivors die, the game is over, and players must restart that level.

''Left 4 Dead 2'' retains the three game modes of the original game&mdash;Campaign, Versus, and Survival&mdash;and adds a new game mode called Scavenge. In Campaign mode up to four human players fight against the computer-controlled infected to make their way between safe houses; any survivor not controlled by a human player is controlled by the computer. In Versus mode up to four other human players take control of the various Special Infected who try to prevent the Survivors from reaching the next safe house. The two teams swap sides once per chapter and are scored based on their play through as Survivors. Versus mode typically requires at least 1 human player on each team. Survival mode is a timed challenge where the survivors are trapped in a section of the campaign maps, and try to survive as long as possible against an unending onslaught of infected. In the new four-on-four Scavenge mode, the survivor players are required to collect and use as many of the sixteen gas canisters scattered about a level to maintain fuel in power generators, while the infected players attempt to stop them.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shacknews.com/onearticle.x/60783 |first=Chris |last=Faylor |date=2009-10-07 |accessdate=2009-10-07 |title=Left 4 Dead 2's New Multiplayer Mode Revealed |publisher=[[Shacknews]]}}</ref>

The game also features a "Realism" mode, which can be enabled at any difficulty for either campaign or versus modes. The realism mode removes some of the video game aspects from the gameplay: survivors are not able to see the silhouettes of their teammates; if they die, they can only be revived with a [[Defibrillation|defibrillator]] kit and will not respawn later in the level.<ref name="realism mode"/> Damage dealt to Infected is also changed, with headshots dealing more damage to enemies, rather than limb or body shots, making gameplay even more of a challenge.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://left4dead2.org |date=2009-10-29 |accessdate=2009-10-31 |title=Left 4 Dead 2 Realism Mode Preview |publisher=[[eduChalk]]}}</ref> Designed to force players to work closely together and rely on voice communication, the realism mode was created to give players a way "to be challenged as a team" without having to increase the difficulty level of the game.<ref name="realism mode">{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/videos/eg-expo-2009-developer-sessions-left-4-dead-2-q-and-a |title=EG Expo 2009 Developer Sessions: Left 4 Dead 2 Q&A |publisher=[[Eurogamer]] |date=2009-11-03 |accessdate=2009-11-03 |format=[[Adobe Flash|Flash video]]}}</ref>

A new game mode called "Mutation" was added as part of the first major add-on for the game, "The Passing". This mode is dynamic and will be updated weekly by Valve to feature new game play ideas. The first week featured a "Realism Versus" mode, which combined the features of the "Realism" and "Versus" modes.<ref name="mutations l4dblog">{{Cite web |title=Mutations |url=http://www.l4d.com/blog/post.php?id=3740 |date=2010-04-21 |accessdate=2010-05-05 |publisher=[[Valve Corporation]]}}</ref> "Realism Versus" mode proved popular with players leading Valve to introduce it as a permanent gameplay mode.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.vg247.com/2010/05/09/valve-realism-vs-mode-is-here-to-stay/ | title = Valve: Realism Vs. mode is here to stay | first= Joe | last = Anderson | date = 2010-05-09 | accessdate= 2010-05-09 | publisher = [[VG247]] }}</ref> Other Mutations have included forcing the players to use only melee weapons like the katana or chainsaw, reducing the number of Survivor players to 1, or increasing the number of special infected that could be generated by the Director.

==Characters==
===Survivor characters===
[[Image:Left 4 Dead 2 Cast.jpg|left|thumb|The survivors of ''Left 4 Dead 2'', shown on the poster for the "Dead Center" chapter. Left to right: Coach, Ellis, Nick, Rochelle.]]
''Left 4 Dead 2'' features a new cast of human survivors, which include Coach (voiced by [[Chad Coleman]]), a portly high-school football coach with a bad knee; Nick (voiced by [[Hugh Dillon]]), a stoic gambler and conman; Rochelle (voiced by [[Rochelle Aytes]]), a low-level production assistant reporting on the evacuation for a local television station; and Ellis (voiced by [[Eric Ladin]]), a laid-back (and rather talkative) mechanic. <ref name="rps preview"/> While the game is intended as a continuation of the original, occurring one week after the first game begins, Valve decided to create a new group of survivors because of the change in location.<ref name="Joystiq Lombardi Interview">{{cite web |url=http://www.joystiq.com/2009/07/03/interview-valves-doug-lombardi/ |title=Interview: Valve's Doug Lombardi |publisher=Joystiq |accessdate=2009-09-07}}</ref> In addition to the four playable characters, ''Left 4 Dead 2'' also features a supporting character in the form of Virgil (voiced by [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0628421/ Randall Newsome]), a [[Cajun]] boat captain, who appears (voice only) in the game's final three chapters. This differs from the original game, where [[Non-player character|NPCs]] made little more than a single appearance.

===Infected characters===
[[Image:Left4dead2 screen.jpg|thumb|Coach fighting an infected in a [[hazmat suit]]]]
The infected in ''Left 4 Dead 2'' are largely unchanged from ''Left 4 Dead''. While also referred to as zombies, the infected are humans that have contracted a mutated strain of a virus, though neither the source nor nature of this infectious agent are made clear. The most numerous infected encountered by the survivors are the "common infected". Though individually weak they can swarm and overwhelm the survivors. Damage to the infected In ''Left 4 Dead 2'' is portrayed more realistically, with bullets tearing off bits of flesh and, in some cases, limbs.<ref>{{cite web |first=Shaun |last=McInnis |title=Left 4 Dead 2 Updated Hands-On Impressions |url=http://pax.gamespot.com/story/6216891/left-4-dead-2-updated-hands-on-impressions |publisher=Gamestop |date=2009-09-05 |accessdate=2009-09-07}}</ref> A new addition to ''Left 4 Dead 2'' is the "uncommon infected" unique to each campaign. By virtue of equipment worn before infection or mutation they possess an ability that separates them from the common infected. In the Parish campaign, for example, the player encounters infected wearing [[Riot control#Equipment|riot gear]], making them almost impervious to gunfire from the front, while Dead Center features infected with [[Hazmat suit]]s which are immune to fire.<ref>{{cite web |first=Michael |last=McWhertor |title=Left 4 Dead 2 Has Bulletproof Zombies Too |url=http://www.kotaku.com.au/2009/07/left-4-dead-2-has-bulletproof-zombies-too/ |publisher=Kotaku |date=2008-07-27 |accessdate=2009-09-07}}</ref>

As in the first game, there are "special" or "[[Boss (video gaming)|boss]]" infected in addition to the common infected whose mutations grant them special attacks that make them much more dangerous. The presence of such infected nearby is hinted at by sound effects or musical cues unique to each type. The five special infected from the first game return in ''Left 4 Dead 2'', some with modified behavior and skin models. They are: the Boomer, a bloated infected whose vomit and bile (which may be released at will and upon death) blinds the player briefly and attracts a horde of common infected; the Hunter, an agile infected that can pounce on survivors from great distances; the Smoker, an infected that can ensnare survivors with its long tongue<!--they are ''not'' intestines--> from a distance and, upon death, releases a cloud of smoke that obscures vision; the Tank, a gigantic, muscular infected that is powerful and difficult to kill; the Witch, a trapper infected who, when provoked by loud sounds, light, or proximity of survivors, will attack her provoker - she is able to incapacitate or kill in one hit.<ref name="Left 4 Dead—Infected">{{cite web |url=http://www.l4d.com/infected.htm |title=Left 4 Dead Guide |publisher=[[Valve Corporation|Valve]] |accessdate=2008-12-12}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> In ''Left 4 Dead 2'', the Witch now has the ability to wander aimlessly in daylight.<ref name="rps preview"/><ref name="Left 4 Dead—Infected"/>

Several new Special Infected are introduced in ''Left 4 Dead 2'', all of which are playable in versus and the new Scavenge game mode.<ref name="rps preview"/><ref name="kotaku1">{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/5320742/left-4-dead-2-swamp-fever-hands+on-impressions |title=Left 4 Dead 2 "Swamp Fever" Hands-On Impressions |last=McWhertor |first=Michael |publisher=Kotaku |accessdate=2009-07-24}}</ref><ref name="kotaku2">{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/5352506/left-4-dead-2-impressions-jockeys-and-swords |title=Left 4 Dead 2 Impressions: Jockeys and Swords |last=Totilo |first=Stephen |date=2009-09-05 |publisher=Kotaku |accessdate=2009-09-30}}</ref><ref name="OXM 50 Specials">{{cite journal |last=Hicks |first=Jon |date=2009-08-06 |title=Left 4 Dead 2 |journal=Official Xbox Magazine UK |issue=50 |pages=30–35 |publisher=Future Publishing |accessdate=2009-08-15}}</ref> The Charger, an infected with an enormously mutated right arm, can charge into the survivors and seize and separate one survivor from the others whilst pummeling them into the ground, rendering the player helpless until one of their teammates helps them. The Spitter can project balls of stomach acid that splatter across an area, quickly eroding the survivors' health as long as they remain within it; the longer a player loiters the faster their health drops. The Jockey can jump onto the back of a survivor and steer them into other infected or environmental hazards, whilst clawing at the players head.

In introducing the new Infected, the development team had to consider how the new abilities would mesh with the existing Infected and any changes they had made to them.<ref name="oxmuk chet"/> One discarded idea for a new Infected included the "Leaker"; the creature, when having taken damage, would shoot out spouts of goo at the survivors, and then would be able to self-detonate like the Boomer. However, this sacrificial act would have given survivors time to escape, and the idea was dropped, though features of the Leaker were built into the Spitter.<ref name="oxmuk chet">{{cite web | url = http://www.oxm.co.uk/article.php?id=16495 | title = Interview with Valve's Chet Faliszek | date = 2010-01-12 | accessdate = 2010-01-17 | work = [[Official Xbox Magazine]] UK }}</ref>

===The Director===
As in the first game an artificial intelligence system called the [[Left 4 Dead#AI and the Director|A.I. Director]] drives gameplay by procedurally spawning enemies, weapons and items based on the players' performance. In ''Left 4 Dead 2'', the Director has been improved to encourage more participation by players, forcing players through difficult gauntlets to reach the extraction point. It also has the ability to alter elements of the level such as placement of walls, level layout, lighting, and weather conditions, making each play session unique.<ref name="rps preview"/> The Director now rewards players for taking longer or more difficult paths through each episode by providing more useful equipment, such as incendiary or explosive ammo, along these riskier paths.<ref name="e3preview"/>

==Production==
===Development===
{{VG Requirements
|collapse=no
|useminandrec=yes
|platform1=[[Microsoft Windows]]<ref name='Steam App 550'> {{cite web | url = http://store.steampowered.com/app/550/ | title = Left 4 Dead 2 | accessdate = 2010-06-20 | work = [[Steam (content delivery)|Steam]] | publisher = [[Valve Corporation]]}}</ref>
|os1=[[Windows XP]], [[Windows Vista]], Windows Vista64 or [[Windows 7]]
|cpu1=Pentium 4 3.0 [[Hertz|GHz]]
|cpu1rec=[[Intel Core 2|Intel Core 2 Duo]] 2.4&nbsp;GHz
|memory1=1&nbsp;[[Gigabyte|GB]] (XP), 2&nbsp;GB (Vista)
|gpu1=DirectX 9 compatible video card with 128 MB, Shader model 2.0. ATI X800, NVidia 6600 or better
|gpu1rec=DirectX 9 compatible video card with Shader model 3.0. NVidia 7600, ATI X1600 or better
|hdspace1=7.5&nbsp;GB}}
Development for ''Left 4 Dead 2'' started shortly after the release of the first game—following a short break—building on ideas from the development team to make the next game "bigger and better".<ref name="rps preview"/><ref name="gamasutra l4d2 leonard">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=23911 |title=E3: Valve Talks Left 4 Dead 2's Quick Sequel Strategy |first=Chris |last=Remo |date=2009-06-03 |accessdate=2009-06-06 |publisher=[[Gamasutra]]}}</ref> The game was given the code name "Carnation" to prevent revealing its details before its official announcement.<ref name="arstech chet"/>

Chet Faliszek stated that ''Left 4 Dead 2''{{'}}s story would explore more of the world of the game, and that Valve had created a full story for the cause and effects of the infection pandemic, including terms that they have used for the AI Director.<ref name="arstech chet"/> Each campaign was purposely designed with a different feel; however, all five campaigns were mapped out at the same time by the entire team to provide the narrative flow and ensure the uniqueness of each campaign.<ref name="oxmuk chet"/> The team used a ''Left 4 Dead'' dictionary developed to describe level design and flow within the game to provide a common language for developing the levels.<ref name="oxmuk chet"/>

''Left 4 Dead 2'' contains about 7800 unique lines of dialog, a 40% increase over ''Left 4 Dead''.<ref name="l4d2 shading"/> The writers designed the characters and selected appropriate voice actors who had natural accents for their lines, and allowed the actors freedom to help authenticate the roles. They would attend recording sessions for the voice actors and allow them to [[ad-lib]] their lines for their characters, often getting new ideas for character dialogue to be recorded later, particularly in the case of Ellis (voiced by Eric Ladin) and Nick (Hugh Dillion).<ref name="portal 2 writers"/> Randall Newsome, the voice of the boat captain Virgil, was a local actor from Louisiana who naturally spoke [[Cajun French|cajun]] and helped to embellish the role better than the writers could.<ref name="portal 2 writers">{{cite web | url = http://gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2010/03/12/feature-writers-block-valve-writers-talk-portal-2.aspx | title = Writer's Block: Portal 2 Writers Roundtable | first = Ben | last = Reeves | date =2010-03-12 | accessdate = 2010-03-13 | work = [[Game Informer]] }}</ref> Rochelle Aytes was the second actress cast as Rochelle. Valve had to recast the first actress, but they kept some of her screams as Rochelle's dialogue within the game in addition to Aytes' lines.<ref name="portal 2 writers"/> Faliszek wanted to include a "no-nonsense" woman from a [[Department of Motor Vehicles]], but this character did not make the cut.<ref name="arstech chet"/> The developers solicited several bands to include them in the game; [[Depeche Mode]] responded eagerly, and allowed Valve to use their music and other imagery in the game, such as on Rochelle's T-shirt.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/5321722/how-did-depeche-mode-find-its-way-into-left-4-dead-2 |title=How Did Depeche Mode Find Its Way Into Left 4 Dead 2? |first=Michael |last=McWhertor |date=2009-07-27 |accessdate=2009-07-29 |publisher=Kotaku}}</ref>

In development, the programmers wanted to find a way to provide more variation and visual effects for the players, though were already strained by memory limitations on the Xbox 360 for ''Left 4 Dead''. One key development factor was recognizing a way to create greater variation in the appearance of the common infected through a number of modeling and rendering tasks. Simple changes of the underlying geometry of the model, either the head or the body, with the resulting affects on the texture mapping was one means to create apparent variation. Another means was created by using different head textures along with various blood and dirt maps, and similarly different wounds applied to the body texture. A final means to alter the tone of both the skin and the clothing worn by the infected. As a result, a single infected model could have up to 24,000 variations within the game. This allowed Valve to effectively only keep 2 to 6 common infected core models in memory for each level, leaving only the unique infected for each campaign and the special infected as their own unique models. As a result, the memory use for the infected dropped by 50%.<ref name="l4d2 shading">{{cite conference | url = http://www.valvesoftware.com/publications/2010/GDC10_ShaderTechniquesL4D2.pdf | title = Shading a Bigger, Better Sequel: Shading Techniques in Left 4 Dead 2 | first= Bronwen | last= Grimes | date= 2010-03-09 | accessdate =2010-08-10 | conference = 2010 [[Game Developers Conference]] }}</ref> Valve's programmers also sought how to better represent damage the players did to the infected by showing inflicted wounds in the appropriate location and in a manner based on the weapon used, allowing for the inclusion of more resilient infected creatures in advanced game modes. They had simulated this in ''Left 4 Dead'' by have five possible character models that would result from a fatal attack, but felt this could be advanced further. Already limited by memory concerns on the Xbox 360 that prevented further variations on the core infected models, the team devised a system of using textures with transparencies combined with ellipsoid culling from any infected character model to simulate the wounds, with several graphical process simplifications to avoid taxing the rendering system. This allowed them to simulate up to 2 such wounds on each infected using only 13% of the memory resources of the based system in ''Left 4 Dead''.<ref>{{cite conference | url = http://www.valvesoftware.com/publications/2010/gdc2010_vlachos_l4d2wounds.pdf | first = Alex | last = Vlachos | date = 2010-03-09 | accessdate= 2010-08-09 | title = Rendering Wounds in Left 4 Dead 2 | conference = 2010 [[Game Developers Conference]] }}</ref>

Another visual aspect that the Valve team explored was the rendering of water, particularly in the "Swamp Fever" campaign which takes place mostly in a large swamp area. Valve found early playtesters would become confused with the large, tree-covered map, but by adding hints of water movement in the direction they were to go, there was a significant reduction in players becoming lost on the map. The water maps were created by using the 3D animation tool, [[Houdini (software)|Houdini]], against their landscape maps to create realistic water flow patterns as surface maps. These surface maps were then applied in a "flowing" manner instead of the scrolling manner used in previous games. These water effects were further expanded upon for Valve's next game, ''[[Portal 2]]''.<ref>{{cite conference | url = http://www.valvesoftware.com/publications/2010/siggraph2010_vlachos_waterflow.pdf | title = Water Flow in Portal 2 | first = Alex | last = Vlachos | date = 2010-07-28 | accessdate = 2010-08-10 | conference = [[SigGraph]] 2010 }}</ref>

Doug Lombardi, vice-president of marketing for Valve, noted that the [[software development kit|SDK]] released for ''Left 4 Dead'' would also be compatible with ''Left 4 Dead 2''.<ref name="valve protest reply"/>

===Promotion===
PC and Xbox 360 players who pre-ordered ''Left 4 Dead 2'' through participating retailers gained early access to the game's demo, which was released on October 27, 2009 for Xbox Live and October 28, 2009 for PC players, and an exclusive baseball bat melee weapon to be used in game.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.shacknews.com/onearticle.x/60717 |title=Left 4 Dead 2 Pre-orders Get 10% Off |first=Chris |last=Faylor |date=2009-10-02 |accessdate=2009-10-03 |publisher=[[Shacknews]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vg247.com/2009/10/29/left-4-dead-2-pc-demo-off-to-a-shambling-start/ |title=Left 4 Dead 2 PC demo off to a shambling start |first=Nathan |last=Grayson |date=2009-10-29 |accessdate=2009-10-29 |publisher=[[VG247]]}}</ref> Pre-ordering the PC version of the game through the Steam network also unlocks Bill's beret from ''Left 4 Dead'' for use in the PC version of ''[[Team Fortress 2]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/5395713/preorder-bonus-puts-l4d-headwear-in-team-fortress-2 |title=Preorder Bonus Puts L4D Headwear in Team Fortress 2 |first=Owen |last=Good |publisher=Kotaku |date=2009-11-02 |accessdate=2009-11-03}}</ref> The demo became available for all PC and Xbox Live Gold users on November 4, 2009 with Xbox Live Silver users gaining access on November 11, 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://store.steampowered.com/news/2947/ |title=Left 4 Dead 2 Demo Details Revealed |date=2009-10-15 |accessdate=2009-10-17 |publisher=[[Valve Corporation]]}}</ref> The demo features the first two maps in "The Parish" campaign.

On October 5, 2009, Valve announced that ''Left 4 Dead 2'' would be promoted by a $25&nbsp;million advertising campaign, exceeding the $10&nbsp;million that supported ''Left 4 Dead''. The campaign includes television advertisements during sporting events, on billboards and magazines; and more aggressive advertising for Europe.<ref name="Valve Corporation">{{cite web |url=http://store.steampowered.com/news/2907/ |title=Valve Announces $25 Mil Left 4 Dead 2 Ad Campaign |date=2009-10-05 |accessdate=2009-10-06 |publisher=[[Valve Corporation]]}}</ref>

==Post-release and downloadable content==
''Left 4 Dead 2'' was released on Steam on November 17, 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://l4d.com/blog/post.php?id=3121 |title=Left 4 Dead 2 is live on Steam! |date=2009-11-16 |accessdate=2009-11-20 |publisher=[[Valve Corporation]]}}</ref> Retail copies were made available some days after, depending on the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.criticalgamer.co.uk/2009/11/18/left-4-dead-2-uk-release-woes/ |title=Left 4 Dead 2 UK release woes |date=2009-11-18 |accessdate=2009-11-20 |publisher=.criticalgamer.co.uk}}</ref>

In March 2010, Valve announced that it would be bringing the Steam content platform to [[Mac OS X]] computers; along with it, they will be providing native versions of existing Valve games including ''Left 4 Dead 2'' and its [[Left 4 Dead|predecessor]]. The games will support cross-platform play, allowing Mac players to play alongside PC players on the same servers, and will also be part of its "Steam Play" cross-compatible and Steam Cloud titles, allowing a player that has purchased the game on one platform to download and play it on the other platform for free.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/left-4-dead-2/1075802p1.html | title= Left 4 Dead 2: Mac and PC Versions are Cross-Platform Compatible | first = Bryn | last = Williams | date = 2010-03-08 | accessdate = 2010-03-09 | publisher = [[Gamespy]] }}</ref> The Mac OS X client is expected to be released by October 2010.<ref name="l4d2 sacrifice"/>

Shortly after the release, Valve launched a mock website for [[Midnight Riders (band)|The Midnight Riders]], a fictional rock band referenced in the Dark Carnival campaign.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.midnight-riders.com/ |title=The Midnight Riders |accessdate=2009-11-20 |publisher=[[Valve Corporation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.joystiq.com/2009/11/19/left-4-dead-2s-midnight-riders-get-a-gloriously-bearded-teaser/ |title=Left 4 Dead 2's Midnight Riders get a gloriously bearded teaser page |accessdate=2009-11-20 |date=2009-11-19 |publisher=[[Joystiq]]}}</ref> This led to speculation that The Midnight Riders could become playable characters in an update, as there are four members in the band, and guitars are featured as weapons in the game. Valve has yet to address these rumors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.xbox360.ign.com/articles/104/1048043p1.html |title=Left 4 Dead 2's Midnight Riders Turning Into DLC? |accessdate=2009-11-20 |date=2009-11-19 |publisher=[[IGN]]}}</ref>

===Add-on campaigns===<!-- this heading is linked to from the "Plot" section -->
{{anchor|The Passing}}
On December 14, 2009, Valve announced the first DLC installment for ''Left 4 Dead 2'', "The Passing".<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.hd-report.com/2009/12/14/valve-announces-left-4-dead-2-add-on-the-passing/ | title = Valve announces Left 4 Dead 2 add-on “The Passing” | accessdate = 2010-06-20 | last = Sharp | first = Bryan | date = 2009-12-14 | work = HD Report}}</ref><ref name='passingKotaku'> {{cite web | url = http://kotaku.com/5503557/left-4-dead-2-dlc-wont-release-this-month-will-cost-560-ms-points | title = Left 4 Dead 2 DLC Won't Release This Month, Will Cost 560 MS Points | accessdate = 2010-06-20 | last = Good | first = Owen | date = 2010-03-27 | work = Kotaku}}</ref> Though initially planned to be released sometime in March 2010, "The Passing" was released on April 22, 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://store.steampowered.com/news/3742/ |title=Left 4 Dead 2 - "The Passing" Now Available on Steam! Plus Save 33% until Monday |date=2010-04-22 |accessdate=2010-04-22 |publisher=[[Valve Corporation]]}}</ref> The content costs 560 [[Microsoft Points]] for the [[Xbox 360]]<ref name="passingKotaku" /> and is free for PC users.<ref name="shacknews passing release">{{cite web |url=http://www.shacknews.com/onearticle.x/63395 |title=Left 4 Dead 2 'Passing' DLC Hits Thursday |publisher=[[Shacknews]] |date=2010-04-20 |accessdate=2010-04-20 |first=Chris |last=Faylor}}</ref>

The campaign, taking place between the "Dead Center" and "Dark Carnival" campaigns, features the cast of ''Left 4 Dead 2'' meeting with three of the survivors from the original ''Left 4 Dead''. The new group learns that the fourth original survivor, Bill, sacrificed himself to allow his comrades to continue on safely; the title "The Passing" is referring to Bill's passing, as well as the brief passing encounter between the two groups and of the first group of survivors "passing the torch" to the next.<ref name="gttv passing">{{cite video |url=http://www.gametrailers.com/episode/gametrailers-tv/88?ch=4&sd=4_hd |title=Game Trailers TV Episode 308 |medium = Podcast |publisher=[[Game Trailers]] |date=2010-03-20 |accessdate=2010-03-20 }}</ref> "The Passing" contains references to other zombie-themed works, including the games ''[[Dead Rising]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamepro.com/article/news/214924/frank-west-makes-a-cameo-in-l4d2-the-passing/ |title=Frank West makes a cameo in L4D2 The Passing |publisher=[[GamePro]] |date=2010-04-22 |accessdate=2010-04-22 |first=AJ |last=Glasser}}</ref> and ''[[Plants vs. Zombies]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/5524029/the-passing-also-gives-a-shout+out-to-plants-vs-zombies |title="The Passing" Also Gives a Shout-Out to Plants vs. Zombies |publisher=[[Kotaku]] |first=Owen |last=Good |date=2010-04-25 |accessdate=2010-04-28}}</ref> and the movie ''[[28 Days Later]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crispygamer.com/blogs/post/2010/04/23/Double-Shot-Left-4-Dead-The-Passing-DLC.aspx |title=Double Shot- Left 4 Dead 2: The Passing DLC |first=Mike |last=Gonzalas |date=2010-04-23 |accessdate=2010-04-28 |publisher=[[Crispy Gamer]]}}</ref>

Unlike "Crash Course", the two-map downloadable campaign for the original ''Left 4 Dead'', "The Passing" is a three-map campaign. Expanding on the gameplay of Left 4 Dead 2 and tying it to the original game, "The Passing" features a crossing of paths in a small Georgia town between the player-controlled survivors of Left 4 Dead 2 and the computer-controlled characters surviving from the original game.<ref name="BrightHub Passing overview">{{cite web |url= http://www.brighthub.com/video-games/pc/articles/70232.aspx |title=The Passing - Left 4 Dead 2 DLC |first=John |last=Casteele |date=2010-04-30 |accessdate=2010-04-30 |publisher=[[BrightHub]]}}</ref> The campaign introduces a new uncommon infected in the form of the 'Fallen Survivor', a well-equipped zombie that may drop useful items, but instead of attacking, runs away from the players.<ref name="passing kotaku">{{Cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/5469905/left-4-dead-2s-the-passing-coming-march-followed-by-comic-more-l4d-dlc |title=Left 4 Dead 2's "The Passing" Coming March, Followed By Comic, More L4D DLC |first=Michael |last=McWhertor |date=2010-02-11 |accessdate=2010-02-11 |publisher=[[Kotaku]]}}</ref> The add-on also features two new weapons, an [[M60 machine gun]] which becomes unusable once depleted of ammo, and a golf club for melee.<ref name="passingKotaku"/>

A prequel to "The Passing", entitled "The Sacrifice", will be released on October 5, 2010 as an add-on for both ''Left 4 Dead'' and ''Left 4 Dead 2''. This prequel tells the events leading to the meeting of the two groups of survivors in the "The Passing" from the vantage point of the ''Left 4 Dead'' characters. However, players will be able to determine which character will sacrifice themselves for the others to safely continue on, instead of the forced choice of Bill as seen in "The Passing".<ref name="l4d2 sacrifice"/>

Valve will also provide the full "No Mercy" campaign from ''Left 4 Dead'' as a ''Left 4 Dead 2'' campaign.<ref name="l4d2 sacrifice">{{cite web | url = http://kotaku.com/5618352/new-left-4-dead-expansion-lets-you-choose-who-will-live-or-die | title = New Left 4 Dead Expansion Lets You Choose Who Will Live Or Die | first = Luke | last = Plunkett | date = 2010-08-21 | accessdate = 2010-08-21 | publisher = [[Kotaku]] }}</ref>

===Mutations===
New game modes, "Mutations", have been offered every week after "The Passing"'s release; these game modes alter the conditions of play.<ref name="shacknews passing release"/><ref name="BrightHub Passing overview"/> These "Mutations" are only available for a single week at a time, though Valve has added the popular "Realism Versus" mutation to the game as a permanent game mode. Other mutations will be available for voting to make encore appearances every four weeks following the popularity of the "Last Gnome on Earth" mutation.<ref name='L4D Blog 3853'> {{cite web | url = http://www.l4d.com/blog/post.php?id=3853 | title = Week 5 | accessdate = 2010-06-20 | last = L4D Team | date = 2010-05-21 | work = Left 4 Dead Blog | publisher = [[Valve Corporation|Valve]] | quote = Week 5 of the in game blog: Return of the Gnome and Realism Versus and Pick Your Favorite Infected.}}</ref>

===Community modification support===
Similar to ''Left 4 Dead'' and other Source-engine based games, a number of players have constructed new maps, campaigns, and other variations for ''Left 4 Dead 2'', supported by Valve through their [[software development kit]] for the game.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/gaming/news/a193781/valve-releases-l4d2-toolset-online.html | title = Valve releases 'L4D2' toolset online | publisher = [[Digital Spy]] | date = 2010-01-10 | accessdate = 2010-07-08 | first = Andrew | last = Laughlin }}</ref> With the kit, players have found ways to include the original ''Left 4 Dead'' campaigns into ''Left 4 Dead 2''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://kotaku.com/5409472/left-4-dead-campaigns-now-unofficially-work-in-left-4-dead-2 | title = Left 4 Dead Campaigns Now (Unofficially) Work In Left 4 Dead 2 | publisher = [[Kotaku]] | date =2009-11-09 | accessdate = 2010-07-08 | first = Michael | last = McWhertor }}</ref> Players have also found ways to increase the number of survivors up to 16, duplicating the graphics for the existing survivor characters as needed.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.destructoid.com/16-player-co-op-left-4-dead-2-looks-like-a-bad-dream-155878.phtml | title = 16-player co-op Left 4 Dead 2 looks like a bad dream | first = Nick | last = Chester | date = 2009-11-23 | accessdate= 2010-07-08 | publisher = [[Destructoid]] }}</ref> In August 2010, Valve announced that it will promote selected community generated maps, one every two weeks, both by blog posts on their official site, and by offering the map on a number of their dedicated servers.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wired.com/gamelife/2010/08/left-4-dead-two-evil-eyes/ | title = Valve Hypes Up Homegrown Left 4 Dead 2 Maps | first = Gus | last = Maltrapa | date = 2010-08-13 | accessdate = 2010-08-13 | work = [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] }}</ref>

==Controversy==
''Left 4 Dead 2'' has been a central issue in a number of critical discussions regarding its timing and its graphic and mature content. [[John Walker (journalist)|John Walker]] of UK-based gaming website [[Rock, Paper, Shotgun]] has theorized that this is due to higher expectations for Valve, due to the perception of its status as an industry leader.<ref name=rps1>{{cite web |title=Gabe Newell Is Heading Down Under |url=http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2009/10/01/gabe-newell-is-off-to-the-land-of-oz/ |first=John |last=Walker |publisher=[[Rock, Paper, Shotgun]] |date=2009-10-01 |accessdate=2009-10-03}}</ref>

===Boycott===
The weekend following the game's announcement at the 2009 E3 Convention, some ''Left 4 Dead'' players called for a boycott of ''Left 4 Dead 2'' and formed the [[Steam (content delivery)|Steam]] community group called "L4D2 Boycott (NO-L4D2)" which grew to over 10,000 members by the end of that weekend,<ref name="1up boycott">{{cite web |url=http://www.1up.com/do/newsStory?cId=3174667 |title=Over 10,000 Steam Members Pledge to Boycott L4D2 |first=Kris |last=Pigna |date=2009-06-06 |accessdate=2009-06-06 |publisher=[[1UP.com]]}}</ref> and reached more than 37,000 about a month later.<ref name="tvg lombardi"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cinemablend.com/games/Real-Valve-Fans-Form-L4D2-Enthusiast-Group-18231.html |title=Real Valve Fans Form L4D2 Enthusiast Group |publisher=[[Cinema Blend]] |date=2009-06-19 |accessdate=2009-06-22 |first=Ryan |last=Rigney}}</ref> In addition to a lack of further ''Left 4 Dead'' content, they were concerned with the characters, visuals, and music shown in the E3 demonstration video, feeling these were inappropriate to the first game's aesthetics, and that the release of the sequel so soon after the first game would fracture the community.<ref name="1up boycott"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/92174-Valve-Fans-Form-Left-4-Dead-2-Boycott-Group |title=Valve Fans Form Left 4 Dead 2 Boycott Group |publisher=[[The Escapist (magazine)|The Escapist]] |date=2009-06-03 |accessdate=2009-06-04 |first=Andy |last=Chalk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.videogamer.com/news/valve_details_post_left_4_dead_launch_plans.html |title=Valve details post Left 4 Dead launch plans |publisher=Videogamer.com |date=2008-10-09 |first=Wesley |last=Yin-Poole}}</ref>

In response to these complaints, Valve marketer Doug Lombardi stated that the announcement of ''Left 4 Dead 2'' at E3 should not be taken to indicate that Valve would no longer support the first game.<ref name="tvg lombardi">{{cite web |url=http://www.totalvideogames.com/Left-4-Dead-2/feature-14317.html |title=Left 4 Dead 2 Q&A Feature |date=2009-07-03 |accessdate=2009-07-03 |publisher=Total Video Games}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=218770 |title=Left 4 Dead 2 Interview |date=2009-07-02 |accessdate=2009-07-25 |publisher=[[Computer and Video Games]] |first=Shuhei |last=Yoshida}}</ref> He asked the community to "trust [them] a little bit," and told them that while their team was eager to get new material to players of ''Left 4 Dead'', they determined that a sequel would be the best option for several reasons:<ref name="valve protest reply">{{cite web |url=http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2009/06/04/valve-on-l4d2-trust-us-a-little-bit/#more-12542 |title=Valve On L4D2: "Trust Us A Little Bit" |first=John |last=Walker |date=2009-06-03 |accessdate=2009-06-04 |publisher=[[Rock, Paper, Shotgun]]}}</ref> the demand for new campaigns, enemies and weapons could not be met as a simple DLC;<ref name="valve protest reply"/> both Faliszek and project lead Tom Leonard found that too much of the content relied on each other, making it very difficult to release incremental patches in the same style as ''[[Team Fortress 2]]'';<ref name="gamasutra l4d2 leonard"/><ref name="arstech chet"/> the development team liked the idea of rolling up the content into a sequel to be released a year after ''Left 4 Dead''{{'}}s release.<ref name="gamasutra l4d2 leonard"/> Faliszek stated that Newell was skeptical of the idea when the team brought the sequel forward, but still allowed the project to go through.<ref name="arstech chet">{{cite web |url=http://arstechnica.com/gaming/news/2009/06/before-its-time-valve-explains-left-4-dead-sequel-to-ars.ars |title=Before its time? Valve explains Left 4 Dead sequel to Ars |publisher=Ars Technica |date=2009-06-04 |accessdate=2009-06-04 |first=Ben |last=Kuchera}}</ref>

In September 2009, Valve flew out two of the boycott group leaders to playtest ''Left 4 Dead 2''; the boycotters felt that the sequel was well done. This opinion was not shared by some of Steam boycott group.<ref>{{cite web |title=Left 4 Dead 2 Boycotters... Flown To Valve To Play The Game |url=http://kotaku.com/5356004/left-4-dead-2-boycottersflown-to-valve-to-play-the-game |first=Luke |last=Plunkett |publisher=Kotaku |date=2009-09-09 |accessdate=2009-10-03}}</ref> This event, through a series of correspondences made in jest, shortly led to Valve's Gabe Newell and designer Erik Johnson flying to Australia to visit "Joe W-A", a ''Left 4 Dead'' [[mod (computer gaming)|modder]]. Newell jokingly reported that Valve was "boycotting" Joe's new mod for the game when Joe asked when he would be flown to Valve in the same manner as the ''Left 4 Dead 2'' boycotters, but whimsically offered that if Joe was to pay to fly him to the country, he would take a look at it. Joe was able to raise the required funds, [[United States dollar|$]]3000, through donations through his website, though ultimately Newell paid for the trip himself, with Joe's collected donations going to the [[Child's Play (charity)|Child's Play]] charity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shacknews.com/onearticle.x/60700 |title=$3000 Later, Valve President Newell Flying to Australia to Meet Modder |first=Nick |last=Breckon |date=2009-10-01 |accessdate=2009-10-06 |publisher=[[Shacknews]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bluesnews.com/cgi-bin/board.pl?action=viewstory&threadid=102753 |title=The Wonderful Newell of Oz |date=2009-10-01 |accessdate=2009-10-06 |publisher=[[Blue's News]]}}</ref>

On October 14, 2009, the boycott groups' leaders announced that they had ended their boycott and were shutting down the 40,000-plus group because Valve was retaining their promise of additional content and fixes for ''Left 4 Dead'', such as the recent release of the "Crash Course" campaign. The leaders also believed that the group itself, losing its purpose, was now being used just to bad-mouth Valve and other players. A substantial number of group members promptly derided the leaders as [[Selling out|sellouts]] and suggested they were bribed into complacency by Valve.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://xbox360.ign.com/articles/103/1034904p1.html |title=Left 4 Dead 2 Boycott Group to Close Down |first=Jim |last=Reilly |date=2009-10-14 |accessdate=2009-10-14 |publisher=IGN}}</ref> In a video interview posted on October 29, 2009, [[Gabe Newell]] said, "for people who joined the Boycott Group on Steam ... they're actually pre-ordering the product at a higher rate than Left 4 Dead 1 owners who weren't in the Boycott".<ref>{{cite video |url=http://www.gamespot.com/pc/action/left4dead2/video/6238431/gabe-newell-behind-left-4-dead-2-and-beyond-interview |title=Gabe Newell: Behind Left 4 Dead 2 and Beyond Interview (3:34) |date=2009-10-29 |accessdate=2009-11-03 |publisher=[[GameSpot]] |first=Gabe |last=Newell}}</ref>

===Cover art===
[[Image:Left 4 Dead 2 UK cover.png|thumb|The UK version of the box art shows the back of the hand facing away to avoid offense.]]
Valve was forced to alter their original cover art for the game by the [[Entertainment Software Rating Board|ESRB]]; the original image depicted the series' iconic hand with its [[little finger]], [[ring finger]] and the [[thumb]] torn off which would thus have the [[index finger]] and [[middle finger]] remaining. It was deemed too explicit, but to appease the ESRB, Valve changed the image so that the fingers were merely bent back instead, but they were still able to include the torn-off thumb in all regions except for Japan and Germany, where it had to be censored.<ref name=coverart />

The cover was further changed for release in the [[United Kingdom]], as the two-finger sign with the back of the hand faced toward the viewer is considered an [[V sign#V sign as an insult|insult]]; the UK cover features the hand facing the opposite direction to avoid this.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamegrep.com/news/23652-left_4_dead_2s_new_box_art_no_longer_flipping_off_the_uk/ |title=Left 4 Dead 2's new box art: no longer flipping off the UK |publisher=Game Grep |date=2009-08-06 |accessdate=2009-08-15 }}</ref>

The hand is modeled after Valve artist, Andrea Wicklund.<ref name="L4D Logo">{{cite journal |last=Amrich |first=Dan |date=July 2, 2009 |title=Only on Xbox 360: Left 4 Dead 2 |journal=[[Official Xbox Magazine|Official Xbox Magazine UK]] |issue=49 |page=43 |publisher=Future Publishing |accessdate=July 21, 2009}}</ref>

===Racism accusations===
Willie Jefferson of the ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'', after seeing initial promotional material for the game, considered that several of the infected "appear to be African-Americans" implying a racist approach to the game, and also noted that "setting the game in a city that was a scene of dead, bloated bodies floating by" some years after the impact of [[Hurricane Katrina]] was "a bad call".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.chron.com/gamehacks/2009/07/racism_in_video_games_the_new.html#more |title=Racism in video games: The new norm? |date=2009-07-14 |accessdate=2009-07-30 |first=Willie |last=Jefferson |publisher=[[Houston Chronicle]]}}</ref> Faliszek, commenting on Jefferson's claims, considered the supposition to be "utter insanity", and commented that the infected are a mix of all races, and that the game's version of New Orleans is "not a brick-for-brick representation" of the city and were not trying to make any statement about it with the game.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.destructoid.com/valve-responds-to-left-4-dead-2-racism-accusations-141921.phtml |title=Valve responds to Left 4 Dead 2 racism accusations |first=Jim |last=Sterling |date=2009-07-30 |accessdate=2009-07-30 |publisher=[[Destructoid]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.destructoid.com/left-4-dead-2-is-racist-because-several-zombies-are-black-139960.phtml |title=Left 4 Dead 2 is racist because 'several' zombies are black |first=Jim |last=Sterling |date=2009-07-15 |accessdate=2009-09-10 |publisher=[[Destructoid]] |quote=''Jefferson ought to be ashamed of himself for obscuring real issues of racism with this "cry wolf" nonsense''}}</ref> A writer for [[Kotaku]] considered that "Jefferson's seemed to me to be picking a fight where none exists."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/5316531/houston-chronicle-video-game-racism-the-new-norm |title=Houston Chronicle: Video Game Racism "The New Norm"? |first=Owen |last=Good |date=2009-07-16 |accessdate=2009-09-02 |publisher=Kotaku |quote=''But this sort of rumination seems to me to be picking a fight where none exists''}}</ref> Others noted that the appearance of [[African-American]] infected simply reflected the racial diversity of New Orleans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.incgamers.com/News/17435/call-of-juarez-and-left-4-dead-2-in-racism-controversy |title=Call of Juarez and Left 4 Dead 2 in Racism Controversy |first=Andy |last=Alderson |date=2009-07-16 |accessdate=2009-09-01 |publisher=incgamers.com |quote=''While you could argue that the setting for L4D2 is contentious, the fact that it contains “several African American” zombies is certainly not and simply reflects the diversity of the New Orleans population''}}</ref>

===Australian ban===
{{See also|Office of Film and Literature Classification (Australia)#Classification of video games|l1=Classification of video games by the Australian Office of Film and Literature Classification}}
''Left 4 Dead 2'' was refused classification in Australia by the [[Office of Film and Literature Classification (Australia)|Office of Film and Literature Classification]] (OFLC). It failed to gain a MA15+ rating, the highest possible rating for video games, thus preventing the sale of the game within the country.<ref name="ban"/> In its report, the OFLC cited the reason for refusing classification as "The game contains violence that is high in impact and is therefore unsuitable for persons aged under 18 to play."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/files/left%204%20dead%202-%20classification%20board%20decsion%20report.pdf |title=Decision Report |date=2009-09-17 |accessdate=2009-09-17 |first=Office of Film and Literature Classification |publisher=[[Office of Film and Literature Classification (Australia)|OFLC]]}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> However, a small number of members of the OFLC board believed the game could merit the MA15+ rating which was used to publish the first ''Left 4 Dead''. It was expected that changes could be made to the game, as had to be done with ''[[Fallout 3]]'', to allow the game to be classified as MA15+ and thus sold in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shacknews.com/onearticle.x/60486 |title=Left 4 Dead 2 Banned in Australia |first=Alice |last=O'Conner |date=2009-09-17 |accessdate=2009-09-17 |publisher=[[Shacknews]]}}</ref> Both Lombardi and Newell were "surprised" by the classification refusal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shacknews.com/onearticle.x/60508 |title=Valve Responds to Left 4 Dead 2 Ban |first=Alice |last=O'Conner |date=2009-09-18 |accessdate=2009-09-18 |publisher=[[Shacknews]]}}</ref><ref name="au remake">{{cite web |url=http://www.kotaku.com.au/2009/10/valve-appealing-editing-left-4-dead-2-for-aussie-classification/ |title=Valve Appealing, Editing Left 4 Dead 2 for Aussie Classification |first=David |last=Wildgoose |publisher=Kotaku |date=2009-10-07 |accessdate=2009-10-07}}</ref> Valve appealed the OFLC's decision about a week after being notified of the ruling, comparing the sequel to its predecessor, which had been classified as MA15+, and the mature ratings the sequel had received from similar rating organizations around the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shacknews.com/onearticle.x/60602 |title=Valve Appeals Australia's Left 4 Dead 2 Ban |first=Chris |last=Faylor |date=2009-09-24 |accessdate=2009-09-27 |publisher=[[Shacknews]]}}</ref> However, as the appeal process, expected to end on October 22, was close to the planned release date, Valve submitted a modified version of the game for classification addressing the concerns the OFLC has stated.<ref name="au remake"/> This version, which no longer contained images of "decapitation, dismemberment, wound detail or piles of dead bodies", was classified as MA15+ by the OFLC, thus allowing for the game's release in Australia, though Valve and Electronic Arts still hoped to have their preferred, unmodified version classified by the OFLC for release.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edge-online.com/news/left-4-dead-2-secures-australian-release |title=Left 4 Dead 2 Secures Australian Release |first=Tom |last=Ivan |date=2009-10-08 |accessdate=2009-10-08 |publisher=''[[Edge (magazine)|Edge]]''}}</ref> The appeal of the decision to deny classification to the unedited version of the game was conducted by the independent Classification Review Board, and resulted in the previous ruling to deny classification being sustained. The Classification Review Board cited "insufficient delineation between the depiction of zombie characters and the human figures" as one of the key factors in its classification refusal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shacknews.com/onearticle.x/60964 |title=Left 4 Dead 2 Australian 'Ban' Appeal Fails |first=Alice |last=O'Conner |date=2009-10-22 |accessdate=2009-10-22 |publisher=[[Shacknews]]}}</ref>

[[Image:Zombielurchsydney.jpg|thumb|right|"Zombified" gamers involved in the Epic Zombie Lurch]]
''Left 4 Dead 2'''s classification refusal, as well as for other recent games such as ''Fallout 3'' and ''[[Aliens vs. Predator (video game)|Aliens vs. Predator]]'', has reignited debate over the current prohibition of sale and exhibition of video games for mature audiences.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/technology/story/0,28348,26134374-5014239,00.html |title=Authorities split over video game ratings |first=Aaron |last=MacDonald |date=2009-09-28 |accessdate=2009-09-30 |work=[[News Limited]]}}</ref> On November 14, 2009, approximately 170 people participated in the "Epic Zombie Lurch" protest in [[Sydney]], Australia, organised by local video gamers in protest of the lack of an R18+ rating for video games in Australia.<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.facebook.com/event.php?eid=325982290391 | title = Epic Zombie Lurch | accessdate = 2010-06-20 | date = 2009-11-14 | work = [[Facebook]]}}</ref> In mid-December 2009, the Australian government sought public opinion on the adult classification rating for video games, despite statements by South Australian Attorney General [[Michael Atkinson]] believing the issue to only affect a minority of the country's citizens.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/26504/Australia_Opens_R18_Debate_Invites_Public_Submissions.php |title=Australia Opens R18 Debate, Invites Public Submissions |publisher=[[Gamasutra]] |date=2009-12-14 |accessdate=2009-12-14 |first=Leigh |last=Alexander}}</ref> Following Atkinson's decision to leave the Attorney Generals to be replaced by [[John Rau]], who is reportedly in favour of an R18+ rating<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.vg247.com/2010/03/26/south-australia-attorney-general-john-rau-supports-r18-rating/ | title = South Australia Attorney General John Rau supports R18+ rating | accessdate = 2010-06-20 | last = Nunneley | first = Stephany | date = 2010-03-26 | work = VG247}}</ref>, Valve have revealed that, should the bill be passed, they plan to release an uncensored version of ''Left 4 Dead 2'' for PC in Australia.<ref> {{cite web | url = http://steamcommunity.com/groups/left4dead2pc/announcements/detail/199457111927106867 | title = Good News Australian Gamers | accessdate = 2010-06-20 | date = 2010-03-28 | work = Steam Group "Left 4 Dead 2 PC"}}</ref>

===German ban===
In order to achieve the highest possible rating given by Germany's [[Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle]] (''Freigegeben ab 18 Jahren gemäß § 14 JuSchG'', meaning 18+), Valve had to heavily censor the game's violent content similar to the Australian version. However, the international (and thus uncensored) version was [[Bundespr%C3%BCfstelle_f%C3%BCr_jugendgef%C3%A4hrdende_Medien#The_indexing_process|indexed]] by the [[Bundesprüfstelle für jugendgefährdende Medien]] on December 1, 2009 in order to prevent sellers from advertising or selling it to minors. On February 15, 2010, the Amtsgericht [[Tiergarten]] confiscated all European PC versions for violation of [[StGB#§ 131: Representation of violence|§ 131 StGB]] (representation of violence), meaning they may not be sold; however, it is still legal to import (with the risk that the game is confiscated by customs) and own the game. The court said that the game trivializes violence due to its high killing rate and explicit graphical representation of mutilation. They also sensed a strong cynical attitude behind the game's concept.<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.technolex-anwaelte.de/index.php?id=43&news_id=360 | title = Entscheidung: AG Tiergarten: Beschlagnahme des PC-Spiels "Left 4 Dead 2" | accessdate = 2010-06-20 | date = 2010-02-15 | work = technolex-anwaelte.de | language = German | quote = Der Inhalt des PC Spiels „Left 4 Dead 2" ist als Gewalt verherrlichend anzusehen und verletzt damit den Tatbestand des § 131 StGB.}}</ref> To make up for the censorship, German players receive exclusive weapons ported from ''[[Counter-Strike: Source]]'', these include the [[H&K MP5]], [[Accuracy International AWM]], [[SIG 552]], [[Steyr Scout]] and a [[combat knife]].

==Reception==
{{VG Reviews
|MC = 89/100 <small>(Xbox 360)</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/xbox360/left4dead2 |title=Left 4 Dead 2 (Xbox 360) |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=2009-12-01}}</ref><br />89/100 <small>(PC)</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/pc/left4dead2 |title=Left 4 Dead 2 (PC) |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=2009-12-25}}</ref>
|GR = 89.21% <small>(Xbox 360)</small><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gamerankings.com/xbox360/960511-left-4-dead-2/index.html |title=Left 4 Dead 2 for Xbox 360 Reviews |publisher=[[GameRankings]] |accessdate=2010-03-08}}</ref><br
/>89.12% <small>(PC)</small><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/960510-left-4-dead-2/index.html |title=Left 4 Dead 2 for PC Reviews |publisher=[[GameRankings]] |accessdate=2010-03-08}}</ref>
|1UP = A<ref name="1up review">{{cite web |url=http://www.1up.com/do/reviewPage?cId=3176957&p=1 |title=Left 4 Dead 2 (PC) |publisher=[[1UP.com]] |first=Scott |last=Sharkey |date=2009-11-16 |accessdate=2009-11-16}}</ref>
|GI = 9.5/10<ref name="gameinformer review">{{cite web |url=http://gameinformer.com/games/left_4_dead_2/b/pc/archive/2009/11/17/review.aspx |title=Left 4 Dead 2 |work=[[Game Informer]] |first=Tim |last=Turi |date=2009-11-17 |accessdate=2009-11-18}}</ref>
|IGN = 9.0/10<ref name="ign review"/>
|EuroG = 9/10<ref name="eurogamer review"/>
|GSpot = 9.0/10<ref name="gamespot review">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/pc/action/left4dead2/review.html |title=Left 4 Dead 2 Review |publisher=[[GameSpot]] |first=Chris |last=Watters |date=2009-11-17 |accessdate=2009-11-18}}</ref>
|GT = 8.7/10<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gametrailers.com/video/review-left-4-dead/59116 |title=Left 4 Dead 2 GameTrailers Review |publisher=[[GameTrailers]] |date=2009-11-17 |accessdate=2009-12-29}}</ref>
|OXM = 9.5/10<ref name="oxm review">{{cite web |url=http://www.oxmonline.com/article/reviews/xbox-360/g-l/left-4-dead-2 |title=Left 4 Dead 2 Review |publisher=[[Official Xbox Magazine]] |first=Ryan |last=McCaffrey |date=2009-11-18 |accessdate=2009-12-30}}</ref>
}}
''Left 4 Dead 2'' received strong positive reviews from game journalists, praising the changes made with the new melee weapons and firearms, the new strategies introduced through the new special infected, and the details of the southern locale and individual campaigns compared with the campaigns of the first game. [[Ars Technica]] praised the game's replayability and the attention put in every detail.<ref name="L4D2review-ArsTechnica">{{cite web |url=http://arstechnica.com/gaming/reviews/2009/11/ars-presents-the-reasons-you-need-to-buy-left-4-dead-2.ars |title=The reasons you need to buy Left 4 Dead 2 on PC |last=Kuchera |first=Ben |publisher=[[Ars Technica]] |accessdate=2009-11-19 |date=2009-11-19}}</ref> [[Libération]] also praised the game, commenting that Valve was one of the last game studios making games geared toward hardcore PC gamers.<ref name="L4D2review-libe">{{cite web |url=http://www.ecrans.fr/Left-4-Dead-2-prend-aux-tripes,8536.html |title=« Left 4 Dead 2 » prend aux tripes |last=Cario |first=Erwan |publisher=[[Libération]] |accessdate=2009-11-19 |date=2009-11-19 |quote=''As soon as I arrive, I'm aimed towards the playroom. Visiting the studio? Meeting the upper staff management? I will see later. Valve people do not imagine for a minute that a journalist may have cross half the globe for something else than playing the game fifteen days before the others. As if the game spoke for itself, as if it was carrying a speech far more powerful than any of those who participated in its birth. It is probably true.''}}</ref> [[IGN]] considered that the game improved on the first in every way, and that anyone who liked the concepts introduced by the first game should buy the second.<ref name="ign review">{{cite web |url=http://pc.ign.com/articles/104/1045665p1.html |title=Left 4 Dead 2 Review |publisher=[[IGN]] |first=Charles |last=Onyett |date=2009-11-16 |accessdate=2009-11-16}}</ref> [[Eurogamer]] also praised the game, and considered that it was "overflowing with personality".<ref name="eurogamer review">{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/left-4-dead-2-review |title=Left 4 Dead 2 |publisher=[[Eurogamer]] |first=Tom |last=Bramwell |date=2009-11-17 |accessdate=2009-11-17}}</ref> ''Left 4 Dead 2'' received the Best Xbox 360 Game award at the [[Spike Video Game Awards|2009 Spike Video Game Awards]]. The game has been nominated for the "Outstanding Achievement in Game Play Engineering", "Outstanding Achievement in Online Game Play", and "Action Game of the Year" [[Interactive Achievement Award]] from the [[Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.interactive.org/images/pdfs/13th_Annual_IAA_Finalists.pdf | title = 13th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards Finalists | publisher = [[Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences]] | date = 2010-01-21 | accessdate = 2010-01-24 | format = [[PDF]] }}</ref>

===Technical issues===
The Xbox 360 version of the game was noted at launch for having serious issues with lag and slowdown in online game modes, the majority coming from using the game's dedicated servers. According to Valve, these problems were due to an unexpectedly huge number of players online on Xbox Live.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} It was shortly fixed after release by a server infrastructure change and adding new dedicated servers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.l4d.com/blog/post.php?id=3160 |title=Massive 360 Server Upgrade |publisher=[[Valve Corporation]] |accessdate=2009-11-25 |date=2009-11-25}}</ref>

Valve acknowledged problems with the PC version of the game upon launch, including inability to install the game, or users finding it crashes within minutes.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} The current version of Left 4 Dead 2 is 2.0.3.3, with most users reporting success with bug fixes.

===Sales===
Pre-release sales estimates for ''Left 4 Dead 2'' were positive. As of July 2009, ''Left 4 Dead 2'' ranked fifth in purchase intent out of all upcoming games, with 6 out of 10 polled stating that they would buy the game.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=24504 |title=OTX: Call Of Duty Brand Return Helps Modern Warfare 2 |first=Staff |date=2009-07-21 |publisher=[[Gamasutra]] |accessdate=2009-07-26}}</ref> According to Lombardi, pre-orders for the sequel within the month following the announcement were double those for ''Left 4 Dead'' at the same time relative to release date.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/l4d2-pre-orders-twice-that-of-original |title=L4D2 pre-orders twice that of original News |date=2009-07-03 |accessdate=2009-07-03 |first=Robert |last=Purchese |publisher=[[Eurogamer]]}}</ref> In a press release on October 5, 2009 Valve announced that, based on the strength of pre-orders, they expect ''Left 4 Dead 2'' to be the fastest selling product in the company's history, with the game's pre-release sales averaging 300% greater than ''Left 4 Dead''.<ref name="Valve Corporation"/> In an interview in November 2009, Chet Faliszek claimed the number of pre-sales of ''Left 4 Dead 2'' were four times that of the original game.<ref name="4x preorder">{{cite web |url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=226704 |title=Left 4 Dead 2 pre-orders "four times" that of the original |work=[[Computer and Video Games]] |date=2009-11-05 |accessdate=2009-11-05 |first=Andy |last=Robinson}}</ref>

On December 1, 2009, Valve reported that more than two million retailed copies of ''Left 4 Dead 2'' were sold in two weeks, which represents "more than double" the sales of the original game's two week debut.<ref>{{cite web |author=Graft, Kris |date=December 1, 2009 |title=Valve: Left 4 Dead 2 Sells 2 Million In Two Weeks |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/26309/Valve_Left_4_Dead_2_Sells_2_Million_In_Two_Weeks.php |publisher=[[Gamasutra]] |accessdate=2009-12-02}}</ref> According to the [[NPD Group]], the Xbox 360 version was the fifth best-selling retail title for consoles in November 2009, with over 744,000 copies sold.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=26492 |title=NPD Top 20 Reveals Nintendo Titles, God Of War Remakes |first=Matt |last=Matthews |date=2009-12-11 |accessdate=2009-12-20 |publisher=[[Gamasutra]]}}</ref>

In February 2010, [[Electronic Arts]], Left 4 Dead 2 retail distributor, revealed that the game had sold 2.9 million on retail so far.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/5467174/left-4-dead-2-sells-29-million-dragon-age-27-million-ea-loses-82-million/news_index.php?story=26492 |title=Left 4 Dead 2 Sells 2.9 Million, Dragon Age 2.7 Million; EA Loses $82 Million |publisher=[[Kotaku]]|date=2010-02-08}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of undead-themed video games]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.l4d.com/ ''Left 4 Dead'' official website]

{{Valve games}}
{{Source engine games}}
{{Video game controversy}}

[[Category:2009 video games]]
[[Category:Cooperative video games]]
[[Category:First-person shooter multiplayer online games]]
[[Category:First-person shooters]]
[[Category:Multiplayer online games]]
[[Category:Post-apocalyptic video games]]
[[Category:Source engine games]]
[[Category:Valve Corporation games]]
[[Category:Video game censorship]]
[[Category:Video game controversies]]
[[Category:Video game sequels]]
[[Category:Video games with commentaries]]
[[Category:Mac OS X games]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Xbox 360 games]]
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