Laticifer
A laticifer is a type of elongated secretory cell found in the leaves and/or stems of plants that produce latex and rubber as secondary metabolites. Laticifers may be divided into:
- Articulated laticifers, i.e., composed of a series of cells joined together, or
- Non-articulated laticifers, consisting of one long coenocytic cell.
Non-articulated laticifers begin their growth from the meristematic tissue of the embryo, termed the laticifer initial, and can exhibit continual growth throughout the lifetime of the plant.[1] Laticifer tubes have irregularly edged walls and a larger inner diameter than the surrounding parenchyma cells.[2] In the development of the cell, elongation occurs via karyokinesis and no cell plate develops resulting in coenocytic cells which extend throughout the plant.[citation needed] These cells can reach up to tens of centimeters long and can be branched or unbranched. They are thought to have a role in wound healing and as defense against herbivory, as well as pathogen defense, and are often used for taxonomy.
Laticifers were first described by Anton de Bary in 1877.
Laticifers are highly specialized cells which can produce a wide variety of proteins.[3] These proteins include enzymes functioning as proteinases and chitinases which help defend the producing plant against insects and other herbivores. In one study it was found that the presence and concentration of some proteins can differ greatly within the genus Croton relative to three species studied.[3]
Cell Turgor
[edit]Pressurized flow of latex has been studied in multiple Asclepias species as a form of defense in addition to the secondary metabolites stored in the latex.[4] In order to augment the defense of the plant some non-articulated laticifer cells contain highly pressurized stores of latex. It has been noted that pressure may be produced by the osmotic uptake of water into the laticifer cell resulting in a turgid cell.[5] When pierced the cell bursts and latex travels quickly through the canal system to stop the herbivore.[6] A desert species, Bursera schlechtendalii, pressurizes the canals right where leaves attach to the stem so that when a grazer eats a leaf latex shoots out. This process is termed the “squirt gun” defense.[7]
References
[edit]
- ^ Mahlberg, Paul G.; Sabharwal, Pritam S. (1968). "Origin and early development of nonarticulated laticifers in embryos of Euphorbia marginata". American Journal of Botany. 55 (3): 375–381. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1968.tb07389.x. ISSN 0002-9122.
- ^ Farías, Feliza Ramón; Williamson, June Simpson; Rodríguez, Silvia Valdés; Angeles, Guillermo; Portugal, Victor Olalde (2009-12-01). "Bark anatomy in Croton draco var. draco (Euphorbiaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 96 (12): 2155–2167. doi:10.3732/ajb.0900035. ISSN 0002-9122.
- ^ a b Freitas, Cleverson D. T. de; Souza, Diego P. de; Araújo, Eliane S.; Cavalheiro, Mariana G.; Oliveira, Luciana S.; Ramos, Márcio V. (2010). "Anti-oxidative and proteolytic activities and protein profile of laticifer cells of Cryptostegia grandiflora, Plumeria rubra and Euphorbia tirucalli". Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology. 22 (1): 11–22. doi:10.1590/S1677-04202010000100002. ISSN 1677-0420.
- ^ Agrawal, Anurag A.; Konno, Kotaro (2009-12-01). "Latex: A Model for Understanding Mechanisms, Ecology, and Evolution of Plant Defense Against Herbivory". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 40 (1): 311–331. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120307. ISSN 1543-592X.
- ^ Pickard, William F. (2007-12-13). "Laticifers and secretory ducts: two other tube systems in plants". New Phytologist. 177 (4): 877–888. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02323.x. ISSN 0028-646X.
- ^ Farrell, Brian D.; Dussourd, David E.; Mitter, Charles (October 1991). "Escalation of Plant Defense: Do Latex and Resin Canals Spur Plant Diversification?". The American Naturalist. 138 (4): 881–900. doi:10.1086/285258. ISSN 0003-0147.
- ^ Becerra, Judith X.; Venable, D. Lawrence (September 1990). "Rapid-Terpene-Bath and "Squirt-Gun" Defense in Bursera schlechtendalii and the Counterploy of Chrysomelid Beetles". Biotropica. 22 (3): 320. doi:10.2307/2388545. ISSN 0006-3606.
- Taiz and Zeiger. 1998. Plant Physiology Sinauer
- Mahlberg P. G. 1993. Laticifers - an historical perspective. Botanical Review 59: 1-23