Lactarius turpis
| Lactarius turpis | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Russulales |
| Family: | Russulaceae |
| Genus: | Lactarius |
| Species: | L. turpis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Lactarius turpis Fr. (1838)
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Agaricus turpis Weinm. (1828) | |
Lactarius turpis | |
|---|---|
 | Gills on hymenium |
 | Cap is depressed |
 | Hymenium is decurrent |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Spore print is cream |
 | Ecology is mycorrhizal |
 | Edibility is edible but not recommended |
Lactarius turpis (also L. plumbeus or L. necator)[1] is a Eurasian species of fungus, commonly known as the ugly milk-cap in English.
Its messy, dirty appearance is characteristic of the species and gives it its English name and the Latin species epithet, turpis. It seems to collect debris on top and the gills acquire a dirty brownish stain due to discoloured milk.
Taxonomy
[edit]This very variable mushroom demonstrates a common phenomenon in mycology as there is much disagreement over naming. The three main scientific designations:
- Lactarius turpis Fr.,
- Lactarius necator (Bull.:Fr.) Karsten, and
- Lactarius plumbeus (Bull.:Fr.) S. F. Gray,
are usually,[2] but not always,[3] considered to be synonyms for same species. The epithets necator and plumbeus were both coined by Pierre Bulliard as Agaricus necator (1791) and Agaricus plumbeus (1793), but there is and was confusion as to which mushrooms were meant. The name turpis, derived from the Latin term turpis "ugly",[4] was originated by Johann Anton Weinmann and taken over by Elias Magnus Fries in 1838.[5] Plumbeus too referred to the milk-cap's appearance, derived from the Latin for plumbeus "lead-coloured".
Description
[edit]
The cap is normally 4–20 cm (1.5–8 in) in diameter.[6] At first it has an involute margin and a somewhat depressed centre. The upper surface is olive brown or yellow-green and is often sticky or slimy in the middle. When young it has velvety zones and may be shaggy at the rim. Later it becomes funnel-shaped and the colour darkens to blackish. The gills are crowded, dirty white, stained olive-brown by old milk, which is initially white on contact with the air. They are somewhat decurrent. With potassium hydroxide or ammonia there is a purple reaction.
The stipe is up to about 7 cm (2+3⁄4 in) tall by 3 cm (1+1⁄4 in) in diameter and it is similar in colour to the cap, but much lighter. It may have shallow pits (scrobiculae). The flesh is a dirty white and tends to turn brown. The taste (especially the abundant milk) is acrid. There is little smell. The spores are about 7x6 μ and are ornamented with a pattern of ridges.[2][5][7][8][9][10] The spore print is cream in colour.[6]
Similar species
[edit]A similar species in Pacific Northwest conifer forests, as well as Sitka spruce forests, is L. olivaceo-umbrinus. Usually found growing individually, it has a stronger olive-brown colour on its cap and stipe, with dark spots on the latter.[10] Also similar are L. atroviridis and L. olivaceoumbrinus.[6]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]Lactarius turpis is found naturally in Europe and Siberia, and has been introduced to Australia and New Zealand. It can also be found in North America, in the northeast (July–September) and near the West Coast (September–November).[6] While especially associated with birch, it is also found with spruce,[10] pine and other trees in mixed woodland.[citation needed]
Edibility
[edit]This species is reported to contain the mutagen necatorin (=7-hydroxycoumaro(5,6-c)cinnoline), and so it cannot be recommended for eating. Boiling reduces the concentration of this compound, but does not effectively eliminate it.[11]
Probably due to the acrid taste, most western European authorities classify this mushroom as inedible[7] or poor.[2][5] However, it has popularly been used (after boiling) as a spice in mushroom dishes in northern and eastern Europe and Siberia (see Mushroom picking in Slavic culture). It is commercially available preserved in salt.[12] Considered a choice mushroom in Russia, one of the best for pickling (salt only, no vinegar).
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ See the entry in Index Fungorum Archived 2007-10-31 at the Wayback Machine for the current name and synonyms.
- ^ a b c Marcel Bon: "The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North-Western Europe" Hodder & Stoughton ISBN 0-340-39935-X.
- ^ Noordeloos Machiel E.; Kuyper Thomas W. (1999). "Notulae ad Floram agaricinam neerlandicam XXXV – On the typification of Lactarius necator". Persoonia. 17 (2).
- ^ Simpson, D.P. (1979). Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5 ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 883. ISBN 0-304-52257-0.
- ^ a b c McNabb RFR (1971). "The Russulaceae of New Zealand. 1. Lactarius DC ex S.F. Gray". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 9 (1): 46–66. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1971.10430170.
- ^ a b c d Audubon (2023). Mushrooms of North America. Knopf. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-593-31998-7.
- ^ a b Reid, Derek; Phillips, Roger; Shearer, Lyndsay (1981). "See entry". Mushrooms and other fungi of Great Britain and Europe. London: Pan Books. ISBN 0-330-26441-9.
- ^ Kibby, Geoffrey; Moser, Meinhard; Plant, Simon (1983). Keys to Agarics and Boleti (Polyporales, Boletales, Agaricales, Russulales). London: Roger Phillips. ISBN 0-9508486-0-3.
- ^ Courtecuisse R, Duhem B (1994). Guide des champignons de France et d'europe. Delachaux & Niestle. ISBN 2-603-00953-2., also available in English.
- ^ a b c Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.
- ^ Suortti T (July 1984). "Stability of necatorin, a highly mutagenic compound from Lactarius necator mushroom". Food Chem. Toxicol. 22 (7): 579–81. doi:10.1016/0278-6915(84)90229-1. PMID 6547686.
von Wright A, Suortti T (August 1983). "Preliminary characterization of the mutagenic properties of 'necatorin', a strongly mutagenic compound of the mushroom Lactarius necator". Mutat. Res. 121 (2): 103–6. doi:10.1016/0165-7992(83)90107-0. PMID 6348529. - ^ See site of YeniseyEcoproduct, Krasnoyarsk
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