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Kuwohi

Coordinates: 35°33′46″N 83°29′55″W / 35.56278°N 83.49861°W / 35.56278; -83.49861
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Kuwohi (Cherokee)
Kuwohi as seen from Sevierville, Tennessee
Highest point
Elevation6,644 ft (2,025 m)[1]
Prominence4,503 ft (1,373 m)[2]
Listing
Coordinates35°33′46″N 83°29′55″W / 35.56278°N 83.49861°W / 35.56278; -83.49861[1]
Geography
Kuwohi (Cherokee) is located in Tennessee
Kuwohi (Cherokee)
Kuwohi (Cherokee)
Kuwohi (Cherokee) is located in the United States
Kuwohi (Cherokee)
Kuwohi (Cherokee)
Location
Parent rangeGreat Smoky Mountains
Topo mapUSGS Clingmans Dome
Climbing
Easiest routeShort paved trail hike

Kuwohi (Cherokee: ᎫᏩᎯ, also known as Clingmans Dome, its former official name) is a mountain in the Great Smoky Mountains of Tennessee and North Carolina in the Southeastern United States.

At an elevation of 6,643 feet (2,025 m), it is the highest mountain in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the highest point in the state of Tennessee, and the highest point along the 2,192-mile (3,528 km) Appalachian Trail. It is also the third highest point in eastern mainland North America, after Mount Mitchell (6,684 feet or 2,037 metres) and Mount Craig (6,647 feet or 2,026 metres).

Description

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Kuwohi has two subpeaks: 6,560-foot (2,000 m) Mount Buckley to the west and 6,400-foot (1,950 m) Mount Love to the east. The headwaters of several substantial streams are located on the slopes of Kuwohi, including Little River on the north slope, and Forney Creek and Noland Creek, both of which are tributaries of the Tuckasegee River, on the south slope. The mountain is located entirely within the watershed of the Tennessee River.[4]

Kuwohi is protected as part of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. A paved road connects it to U.S. Highway 441 at Newfound Gap 6.7 miles (10.8 km) away.[5] A 45-foot (14 m) tall concrete observation tower at the summit, built in 1959 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places, offers a panoramic view of the mountains. An air quality monitoring station, operated by the Environmental Protection Agency, is the second highest in eastern North America.

The Southern Appalachian spruce–fir forest which covers Kuwohi occurs only at the highest elevations in the Southeastern United States and has more in common with forests at northern latitudes than with the forests in the adjacent valleys. Kuwohi stands prominently above the surrounding terrain, rising nearly 5,000 feet (1,500 m) from base to summit. The forest on and around Kuwohi has experienced a large die-off of Fraser fir caused by non-native insect balsam woolly adelgid.[4]

Observation tower

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360-degree panoramic from the tower, Mount Le Conte can be seen center-left
Clingmans Dome Observation Tower
Area1.4 acres (0.57 ha)
Built1959[6]
ArchitectBebb and Olson
Architectural styleModern
NRHP reference No.12000515
Added to NRHPAugust 15, 2012

Built in 1959, the observation tower features a circular observation platform accessed by a spiral ramp. The ramp is 375 feet (114 m) in length, and rises at a 12 percent grade, in sync with the Clingmans Dome Trail. The platform, 28 feet (8.5 m) in diameter, allows spectators a 360-degree panorama of the surrounding terrain.[7] Cantilevered signs point out the various peaks, ridges, cities, and other features visible in the distance. Depending on the haze, visibility ranges from 20 miles (32 km) on hazy days to 100 miles (160 km) on very clear days.[6]

The tower was one of nine observation towers constructed as part of the Mission 66 program (1955–1966), an effort by the National Park Service to upgrade its facilities to accommodate an influx of visitors to national parks during the post-World War II era. Designed by Hubert Bebb of the Gatlinburg-based architecture firm Bebb and Olson, the tower's modern design, especially the use of concrete as the primary building material, marked a departure from previous park structures, which favored more rustic elements. Though some criticized the Kuwohi tower as too "urban," two other park service observation towers—the nearby Look Rock tower along Foothills Parkway and the Shark Valley tower at Everglades National Park—were built using similar designs.[6]

Bebb's original design consisted of a massive stone tower topped by a circular platform and fire observation cab, accessed by a concrete ramp. Fred Arnold, head of the park service's Forest and Wildlife Protection branch, rejected the inclusion of the fire observation cab, arguing that while Kuwohi was the highest point in the park, it was not particularly useful for fire detection purposes. Park service director Conrad Wirth objected to the use of a ramp, favoring instead a spiral staircase. After John B. Cabot, head of the park service's Eastern Office of Design and Construction, convinced him of the ramp's usefulness, Wirth decided the stone tower would not be necessary, stating a single central support column would suffice.[6]

The tower was built by the Waynesville, North Carolina construction firm of W.C. Norris at a cost of $57,000 (equivalent to $600,000 in 2023). Ground was broken in December 1958.[7] After several weather delays and a great deal of controversy over the aesthetics of the design,[8] the tower was completed on October 23, 1959.[9]

Access

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Information Center

Kuwohi is the most accessible mountain top in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The 7-mile (11 km) Clingmans Dome Road, which is open annually from April 1 through November 30,[4] begins just past Newfound Gap and leads up the mountain to the Forney Ridge Parking Area, 330 feet (100 m) below the summit. A 1⁄2 mile (0.80 km) paved trail leads from the parking lot to the observation tower.[10] The short, steep trail provides a small visitor information center and park store staffed by the Great Smoky Mountains Association. The trail offers a glimpse of the often hostile environment of highland Appalachia, passing through the spruce-fir forest and its accompanying blowdowns and dead Fraser Firs.

The Appalachian Trail (A.T.) crosses Kuwohi, passing immediately north of the observation tower. A 7.5-mile (12.1 km) leg of the trail connects the mountain with Newfound Gap and provides the only access to the mountain in winter months. The nearest A.T. backcountry shelters are the Double Spring Gap Shelter, which is 2.6 miles (4.2 km) to the west near the Goshen Prong junction, and the Mount Collins shelter, which is 4 miles (6.4 km) to the east near the A.T.'s junction with the Sugarland Mountain Trail. Kuwohi is the upper terminus for several additional hiking trails, including the Forney Ridge Trail (to Andrews Bald) and the Forney Creek Trail (to the Benton MacKaye Trail on the shores of Fontana Lake).

The western terminus of the Mountains-to-Sea Trail, which connects the Smokies to the Outer Banks of North Carolina, is located atop Kuwohi. It follows the Appalachian Trail for 3.8 miles (6.1 km) to the east, where it then begins to descend toward the Blue Ridge Parkway, via the Fork Ridge Trail.

History

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Viewpoint along the Alum Cave Trail ascending towards Mount Le Conte

The Cherokee name for the mountain is Kuwahi or Kuwohi (ᎫᏩᎯ, translating to 'mulberry place'.[11][12] According to a Cherokee myth recorded by ethnologist James Mooney in the late 19th century, the mountain was the home of the White Bear, the great chief of all bears, and the location of one of the bears' council houses. The enchanted lake of Ataga'hi ("Gall Place"), the waters of which could cure wounded bears, was believed by the Cherokee to be located somewhere between Kuwohi and the headwaters of the Oconaluftee River to the east.[13]

In 1789, an act passed by the North Carolina legislature ceded what is now Tennessee to the federal government. This act fixed a portion of the boundary between the two along the crest of the "Great Iron or Smoky Mountains," which would have included the mountain later known as Clingmans Dome.[14] The mountain was dubbed "Smoky Dome" by American settlers moving in from other areas.

In 1859, the mountain was renamed to "Clingmans Dome" by geographer Arnold Guyot for compatriot Thomas L. Clingman,[15] who extensively explored, measured, and promoted the area in the 1850s, and who would go on to become a Confederate general of the American Civil War. Guyot named the mountain for Clingman because of an argument between Clingman and a professor at the University of North Carolina, Elisha Mitchell, over which mountain was actually the highest in the region. Mitchell contended that a peak by the name of Black Dome (now known as Mount Mitchell) was the highest, while Clingman asserted that Smoky Dome was the true highest peak. Guyot determined that Black Dome was 39 feet (12 m) higher than Smoky Dome.

In the early morning hours of June 12, 1946, a Boeing B-29 Superfortress crashed near the summit of Kuwohi, killing all twelve aboard.[16]

In June 2022, Lavita Hill and Mary "Missy" Crowe, both members of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, drafted legislation for the Tribe to support changing the name of Clingmans Dome to Kuwahi ('mulberry place')—the original name given to the area by Cherokees. The resolution describes the area, "Kuwahi or 'mulberry place', is the highest point in our area and has significance to us as Cherokees as it was visited by medicine people who prayed and sought guidance from the Creator regarding important matters facing our people, and then returned to our towns to give guidance and advice."[17] The Tribal Council of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians passed the legislation, submitted by Hill and Crowe, during its regular session on July 14, 2022, thus lending the Tribe's support for the name change effort. The change was presented as an opportunity "to talk about the language" and remind people that "this was Cherokee homeland."[18]

The official process started with the filing of an application for a name change through the United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN).[18] On August 2, 2022, the Buncombe County Board of Commissioners voted unanimously to support the name change, after consultation with the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians.[11] The council of the tribe voted in early 2024 to authorize the submission of an application to BGN.[19] The National Park Service "strongly supported" this name change.[12] It was ultimately approved, with the official press release of the name change to Kuwohi, which was effective immediately, being released on September 18, 2024.[20]

Geology

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Kuwohi is part of a geological formation known as the Copperhill Formation. It consists predominately of massive, coarse-grained metagreywacke and metaconglomerate. The lower northern flanks of Kuwohi are underlain by thick layers of sulfidic, quartz-garnet-muscovite phyllite and schist, which occur within the metagraywackes and metaconglomerates. Adjacent to and south of its summit, thin, southward-dipping, and discontinuous beds of garnetiferous (locally graphitic and sulfidic)metasiltstone occur within the Copperhill Formation.[21]

The Copperhill Formation is part of the greater Ocoee Supergroup, a body of clastic metasedimentary rocks formed 560 million years ago. They unconformably lie upon Precambrian granitic and gneissic rocks. The sediments that originally comprised the Ocoee Supergroup accumulated in a string of narrow, deep-water basins that stretched along the entire southern-central Appalachian margin from Tennessee, North Carolina, to Georgia. These basins were rift basins formed by the rifting of Rodinia.[22][23]

The initial metamorphism of the Ocoee Supergroup occurred about 400 million years ago as the result of Ordovician-Silurian tectonism during the Taconic orogeny. Later, Devonian-Mississippian metamorphism of these strata occurred during the Acadian orogeny and additional Pennsylvanian to Permian alteration by retrograde metamorphism and deformation occurred during the Alleghanian orogeny. During the latest part of this orogeny, this segment of the Appalachian Mountains was formed by thrust faulting and folding that uplifted these strata as a series of complexly deformed thrust sheets. During the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, the gradual uplift and erosion of this part of the Appalachian Mountains has continued.[21][22][23]

Although a dense forest understory covers most of the mountain, outcroppings of the Copperhill Formation can be found on Kuwohi at the Forney Ridge Parking Lot at the end of Clingmans Dome Road. This outcrop exposes massive metaconglomerate of the Copperhill Formation. At this outcrop, it consists of massive 6-metre (20 ft) thick beds of micaceous quartzite. It contains coarse pebbles of quartz and feldspar, flat pebbles of fine-grained black graywacke, and egg-shaped concretions up to 30 centimetres (12 in) in diameter. These cobble-sized concretions are readily weathered to leave rust-stained depressions or cavities in the metaconglomerate.[24]

Soils of Kuwohi are mostly moderately deep to shallow, well drained dark brown loam or sandy loam of strong to extreme acidity; Breakneck and Pullback series are most common.[25]

Climate

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The climate of the summit of Kuwohi is humid continental (Köppen Dfb[26]). The surrounding areas have an oceanic (Köppen Cfb) climate, as does most of the Blue Ridge Mountains. As with much of the southern Blue Ridge, the area qualifies as part of the Appalachian Temperate Rainforest.[27]

Climate data for Kuwohi[27]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 35
(2) 		35
(2) 		39
(4) 		49
(9) 		57
(14) 		63
(17) 		65
(18) 		64
(18) 		60
(16) 		53
(12) 		42
(6) 		37
(3) 		50
(10)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 19
(−7) 		18
(−8) 		24
(−4) 		34
(1) 		43
(6) 		49
(9) 		53
(12) 		52
(11) 		47
(8) 		38
(3) 		28
(−2) 		21
(−6) 		36
(2)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 7.0
(180) 		8.2
(210) 		8.2
(210) 		6.5
(170) 		6.0
(150) 		6.9
(180) 		8.3
(210) 		6.8
(170) 		5.1
(130) 		5.4
(140) 		6.4
(160) 		7.3
(190) 		82.1
(2,100)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 18
(46) 		20
(51) 		26
(66) 		5
(13) 		trace 0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		trace 2
(5.1) 		5
(13) 		8
(20) 		84
(214.1)
Source: "Great Smoky Mountains". National Park Service. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
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  • Kuwohi, with groves of dead trees
    Kuwohi, with groves of dead trees
  • Base of the helical walkway ramp to the top of the observation tower
    Base of the helical walkway ramp to the top of the observation tower
  • Mountains north of the observation tower obscured by low clouds.
    Mountains north of the observation tower obscured by low clouds.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Kuwohi". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved September 19, 2024.
  2. ^ a b "Clingmans Dome". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
  3. ^ "USA/Canada Range4 High Points". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
  4. ^ a b c National Park Service (2013) Clingmans Dome, Great Smoky Mountains National Park NC, TN, National Park Service, U.S. Department of Interior. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
  5. ^ "Overview of Clingmans Dome Road" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d Cynthia Walton, National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form for Clingmans Dome Observation Tower, 26 October 2009.
  7. ^ a b Spencer, Marci (2013). Clingmans Dome: Highest Mountain in the Great Smokies. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 61–64. ISBN 978-1-61423-907-9.
  8. ^ ""Clingmans Dome controversy, the tower that weathered a media storm"". TheSmokies.com. September 1, 2021.
  9. ^ Brewer, Carson (October 25, 1959). "Clingmans Dome Tower Opens New Scenes to Park Visitors". The Knoxville News Sentinel. p. C-1. Retrieved June 7, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. ^ "Clingmans Dome". SummitPost.org. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
  11. ^ a b Jones, Andrew. "Buncombe County votes to support changing 'Clingmans Dome' name to Cherokee 'Kuwohi'". The Asheville Citizen Times. Retrieved August 29, 2022.
  12. ^ a b Liming, Katie (September 18, 2024). "Kuwohi name restored to the highest peak in the Smokies". National Park Service. Retrieved September 18, 2024.
  13. ^ James Mooney, Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee (Nashville: C and R Elder, 1972), pp. 264, 321.
  14. ^ Michael Frome (1994). Strangers In High Places: The Story of the Great Smoky Mountains. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. p. 67.
  15. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 85.
  16. ^ Wadley, Jeff; McCarter, Dwight (2002). Mayday! mayday!: aircraft crashes in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 1920-2000. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 1-57233-154-2.
  17. ^ McKie B.P., Scott (June 16, 2022). "Cherokee women seeking name change for Clingman's Dome". The Cherokee One Feather. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  18. ^ a b McKie B.P., Scott (July 14, 2022). "Council supports Clingman's Dome name change". The Cherokee One Feather. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  19. ^ Knoepp, Lilly (January 8, 2024). "Eastern Band of Cherokee takes another step toward renaming Clingmans Dome". BPR. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
  20. ^ Whetstone, Tyler (September 18, 2024). "Clingmans Dome renamed Kuwohi in honor of Cherokee people who consider the mountain sacred". The Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved September 18, 2024.
  21. ^ a b Southworth, S, A Schultz, JN Aleinikoff, and AJ Merschat (2012) Geologic map of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park region, Tennessee and North Carolina. Scientific Investigations Map no. 2997. United States Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, one sheet, scale 1:100,000, and 54-p. pamphlet.
  22. ^ a b Hatcher, RD Jr. (2005) Southern and Central Appalachians, Regional Geology of North America. in RC Selley, LRM Cocks and IR Plimer, eds., pp. 72-81, Encyclopedia of Geology. Elsevier Publishers, London, ISBN 978-0-12-369396-9
  23. ^ a b Hatcher, RD, Jr., WA Thomas, and GW, Viele, (1989) The Appalachian–Ouachita orogen in the United States. The Geology of North America, vol. F–2. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado.
  24. ^ Stose, GW, and AJ Stose (1949) Ocoee Series of the Southern Appalachians. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 60(2):267-320.
  25. ^ SoilWeb, University of California-Davis California Soil Resource Lab, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Accessed: 12 January 2016.
  26. ^ Millison, Andrew (August 2019). "Appendix D: Koppen-Trewartha Climate Classification Descriptions". Permaculture Design: Tools for Climate Resilience. Oregon State University.
  27. ^ a b "Weather - Great Smoky Mountains National Park (U.S. National Park Service)".
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