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This article deals with the grammar of the Kurdish language.

Kurmanji

Nouns

A Kurdish Kurmanji noun in the absolute state, i.e. without any ending of any kind, gives a generic sense of the noun. It is also the “lexical” form of the noun, i.e. the form in which a noun is given in a vocabulary list or dictionary. Nouns are declined in four cases: nominative, oblique, construct (or ezafe) and vocative.


	Sing. M.	Sing. F	Plur.
Oblique	-î	-ê	-an
Construct	-ê	-a	-ên/êt
Vocative	-o	-ê	-no/ine
Indefinite	-ek-	-ek-	-anek
Definite	-eke-	-eke-	-ekan

Pronouns

Kurmanji Kurdish uses two types of personal pronouns.

Number	Singular				Plural
Case	NOM.		OBL		NOM.		OBL.
	normal	suffix	normal	suffix	normal	suffix	normal	suffix
1st	Ez	-(i)m	Min	-(i)t	Em	-(i)n	(ê)Me	-man/(i)n
2nd	Tu	-î	Te	(i)t/u	Hun	(i)n	(ê)We	-tan/u
3rd	Ew	-e	Wê (FEM.) Wî (MASC.)	î/y	Ew	(i)n	(e)Wan	-yan

The ez forms (NOM.) are used as subjects in the present and future tenses. They are also used as subjects in past tenses when the verb is a intransitive one. They are used as objects in past tenses when employed with a transitive verb.

The min forms (OBL.) are used with any proposition or postposition. They are also employed as objects in present and future tenses, but as subjects of the transitive verbs in past tenses.

Kurmanji has lost the the suffixes for OBL pronouns, whereas Sorani has lost nominative normal pronouns.

Sorani

Sorani Kurdish is written with the Arabic alphabet, it has 8 vowels:î[i], û[u], i[I], u[ʊ] , e[e], o[o], a[æ] ,â[ɑ].

Nouns

A Kurdish noun in the absolute state, i.e. without any ending of any kind, gives a generic sense of the noun. It is also the “lexical” form of the noun, i.e. the form in which a noun is given in a vocabulary list or dictionary. The absolute state is normally used for the generic sense, as in قاوه رهشه qâwa rasha(coffee is black).^[1]

Verb

Tense

The main tenses

Min nanaka axom (Present)

I am eating the meal

Min nanim xuard (Past)

I ate the meal

The Past Perfect Tense (Intransitive)

For intransitive verbs with past stems ending in a consonant (like hatin > hat-), the past perfect tense,which is functionally equivalent to the English past perfect (‘I had come,you had gone’), is formed from the past stem + i + the past tense of bûn ‘tobe.’ Verbs with past stems ending in a vowel (like bûn > bû) form the past perfect tense from the simple stem + the past tense of bûn.

hâtibûm You Came for me

hâtibûyan You came for them

hâtibûy(t) You came for him/her

Notes

^ http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Sorani/sorani_1_grammar.pdf

References

W. M. Thackston (2006) Kurmanji Kurdish: A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings
Sorani Kurdish— A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings W. M. Thackston

External links

[1] ttp://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Sorani/sorani_1_grammar.pdf

[1]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 ==Kurmanji==
 ===Nouns===
+{{Main|Kurmanji grammar}}
 A Kurdish Kurmanji noun in the absolute state,
 i.e. without any ending of any kind, gives a generic sense of the noun. It is
@@ Line 55: / Line 56: @@
 Kurmanji has lost the the suffixes for OBL pronouns, whereas Sorani has lost nominative normal pronouns.
-===Demonstrative===
-Demonstrative pronouns when followed by postpositions (attached to the nouns) become demonstrative adjectives.
-{|class=wikitable
-! Case !!colspan=1| NOM. SING. !!colspan=1| NOM. PLUR. !!colspan=2| OBL. SING. !!colspan= 1| OBL. PLUR.
-|-
-|''Distance'' ||||||MASC. || FEM.||
-|-
-| '''near'''   || ev ... (e)|| ev ... ane || vî ... î || vê ... ê || van ... an(-e)
-|-
-| '''far'''   || ew ... (e) || ew ... ane|| wî ... î ||wê ... ê|| wan ... an(-e)
-|-
-| '''too far'''   || how ... e || how ... ane  ||how ... e||how ... e|| how ... ane
-|-
-|}
-As demonstrative adjectives, Sorani Kurdish does not use OBL forms (though for demonstrative pronouns it does use OBL. plural forms); neither Kurmanji uses nominative plural forms.
-===Pre- and postpositions===
-The table shows some prepositions.
-{| class="wikitable"
-|+
-|-
-! Preposition!! postposition !! absolute form !! meaning
-|-
-| Li/Le || da/de & ra/re & (e)we/ve || lê || at, of, from
-|-
-|Ji || ra/re|| jê || from
-|-
-|bo /jibo||  || || for
-|-
-| -e || ||-ê|| to, towards
-|-
-| Di/de|| da/de || tê da/de || in
-|-
-| be/bi || || pê || to, by
-|-
-|be/bi|| (e)we/ve ||pê we || with
-|}
-===Verbs===
-===Present and future===
-Present and future tenses for the verb ''zanîn'' ( to know).
-{| class="wikitable"
-|+
-|-
-!Person!! 1st !! 2nd || 3rd ||Plural
-|-
-!Tenses !!colspan=4| Intransitive & transitive
-|-
-!Present
-| dizanim || dizanî ||dizane || dizanin
-|-
-!Subjunctive present
-|bizanim||bizanî||bizane||bizanin
-|-
-!Future
-| -ê bizanim || -ê bizanî || -ê bizane|| -ê bizanin
-|-
-!  !!colspan=4| Intransitive past
-|-
-!Simple past
-| hatim||hatî||hat || hatin
-|-
-!Imperfective preterite
-|dihatim||dihatî||dihat||dihatin
-|-
-!Perfect
-|hatîme||hatîye||hatîye||hatîne
-|-
-!Plusperfect
-| hatibûm||hatibûy(î)||hatibû||hatibûn
-|-
-!Subjunctive preterite
-|hatibim||hatibî||hatibe||hatibin
-|-
-!Past Conditional
-|hatibam(a)||hatibay(î)||hatiban(a)||hatiban(a)
-|}
-Past tenses for intransitive verb of ''hatin'' (to come).
-If a transitive verb accepts a nominative personal suffix, it agrees with the object of the sentence.
-Transitive verbs in Sorani when not used in sentences accept OBL. personal suffixes (in contrast to intransitive verbs which always accept NOM. personal suffixes).
 ==Sorani==
+{{Main|Sorani grammar}}
 [[Sorani]] Kurdish is [[Kurdish alphabet#Sorani Alphabet|written with the Arabic alphabet]], it has 8 vowels:î[i], û[u], i[I], u[ʊ] , e[e], o[o], a[æ] ,â[ɑ].
 ===Nouns===

Revision as of 23:07, 12 October 2009

Kurmanji

Nouns

Pronouns

Sorani

Nouns

Verb

Tense

The Past Perfect Tense (Intransitive)

See also

Notes

References

External links