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Ban Kulin

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Kulin
Ban of Bosnia
Reign1180–1204
PredecessorManuel I Komnenos
SuccessorStephen Kulinić
BornUsora
Bosnia
Diedc. November 1204
Bosnia
SpouseVojislava
HouseKulinić
ReligionBosnian Church
Roman Catholicism (briefly)
Kulin's state in map of expansion of medieval Bosnia

Kulin (Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: Кулин; d. c. November 1204) was the Ban of Bosnia from 1180 to 1204, first as a vassal of the Byzantine Empire and then of the Kingdom of Hungary, although his state was de facto independent. He was one of Bosnia's most prominent and notable historic rulers and had a great effect on the development of early Bosnian history.[1] One of his most noteworthy diplomatic achievements is widely considered to have been the signing of the Charter of Ban Kulin, which encouraged trade and established peaceful relations between Dubrovnik and his realm of Bosnia.[2][3] His son, Stephen Kulinić succeeded him as Bosnian Ban. Kulin founded the House of Kulinić.

Early life

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Kulin's sister was married to Miroslav of Hum, the brother of Serbian Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja (r. 1166–1196).[4][5] He belonged to the Bosnian nobility and was brought to the throne when the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos (1143–1180) was the overlord of Bosnia.[6][7] In 1180, when Komnenos died, Stefan Nemanja and Kulin asserted independence of Serbia and Bosnia, respectively.[5][7]

Reign

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His rule is often remembered as being emblematic of Bosnia's golden age, and he is a common hero of Bosnian national folk tales. Under him, the "Bosnian Age of Peace and Prosperity" would come to exist.[8] Bosnia was completely autonomous and mostly at peace during his rule.[9]

War against Byzantium

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In 1183, Kulin Ban led his troops with the forces of the Kingdom of Hungary under King Béla and the Serbs under Stefan Nemanja, who had just launched an attack on the Byzantine Empire. The cause of the war was Hungary's non-recognition of the new emperor, Andronikos Komnenos. The united forces met little resistance in the eastern Serbian lands – the Byzantine squadrons were fighting among themselves as the local Byzantine commanders Alexios Brannes supported the new Emperor, while Andronikos Lapardes opposed him – and deserted the Imperial Army, going onto adventures on his own. Without difficulties, the Byzantines were pushed out of the Morava Valley and the allied forces breached all the way to Sofia, raiding Belgrade, Braničevo, Ravno, Niš and Sofia itself.

Heresy

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In 1199, Serbian prince Vukan Nemanjić informed the Pope, Innocent, of heresy in Bosnia. Vukan claimed that Kulin, a heretic, had welcomed the heretics whom Bernard of Split had banished, and treated them as Christians. In 1200, the Pope wrote a letter to Kulin's suzerain, the Hungarian King Emeric, warning him that "no small number of Patarenes" had gone from Split and Trogir to Ban Kulin where they were warmly welcomed, and told him to "Go and ascertain the truth of these reports and if Kulin is unwilling to recant, drive him from your lands and confiscate his property". Kulin replied to the Pope that he did not regard the immigrants as heretics, but as Catholics, and that he was sending a few of them to Rome for examination, and also invited that a Papal representative be sent to investigate. Unconvinced, the Pope sent his legates to Bosnia to interrogate Kulin and his subjects about religion and life, and if indeed heretical, correct the situation through a prepared constitution. The Pope wrote to Bernard in 1202 that "a multitude of people in Bosnia are suspected of the damnable heresy of the Cathars." The two legates sent by the Pope went through the country of Bosnia and interrogated the clergy.

Bilino Polje abjuration

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Main article: Bilino Polje abjuration

Not only did Casamaris listen to his informants' answers, but where they were in error, he would have taught them correct doctrine, in line with Innocent's directive. John must have convinced himself that he had fulfilled Innocent's command to correct the krstjani, because the "Confessio" (Abjuration) signed at Bilino Polje by seven priors of the Krstjani church on 8 April 1203, makes no mention of errors. The same document was brought to Budapest, 30 April by Casamaris and Kulin and two abbots, where it was examined by the Hungarian King and the high clergy. Kulin's son.[10][11]

Copy B of the Charter of Ban Kulin.

Charter of Ban Kulin

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Main article: Charter of Ban Kulin

The Charter of Ban Kulin was a trade agreement between Bosnia and the Republic of Ragusa that effectively regulated Ragusan trade rights in Bosnia written on 29 August 1189. It is one of the oldest written state documents in the Balkans and is among the oldest historical documents written in Bosnian Cyrillic. The charter is of great significance in national pride and historical heritage of Bosnia.

Death

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After his death in 1204, Ban Kulin was succeeded to the Bosnian throne by Stjepan, ban of Bosnia, often deemed his son.[12]

Marriage and children

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Kulin married Vojislava,[13][14] with whom he had two sons:

Monument to the Kulin ban in the Book Park in Banja Luka, with an inscribed charter of the Kulin ban from 1189.

Legacy and folklore

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As a founder of first de facto independent Bosnian state, Kulin was and still is highly regarded among Bosnians.[15] Even today Kulin's era is regarded as one of the most prosperous historical eras, not just for Bosnian medieval state and its feudal lords, but for the common people as well, whose lasting memory of those times is kept in Bosnian folklore, like an old folk proverb with significant meaning: "Od kulina Bana i dobrijeh dana" ("English: Since Kulin Ban and those good old days").[15]

Accordingly, in today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, many streets and town squares, as well as cultural institutions, and non-governmental organizations, bear Kulin's name, while numerous culturally significant events, manifestation, festivals and anniversaries are held in celebration of his life and deeds.[16][17]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Malcolm, Noel (1 October 1996). Bosnia: A Short History. London: New York University Press. p. 364. ISBN 978-0814755617.[page needed]
  2. ^ Mahmutćehajić, Rusmir (2003). Sarajevo essays: politics, ideology, and tradition. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. p. 252. ISBN 9780791456378.
  3. ^ Franz Miklosich, Monumenta Serbica, Viennae, 1858[page needed]
  4. ^ Fine 1994, p. 19–20.
  5. ^ a b Stanoje Stanojević (1931). Istorija Jugoslovena: Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca: za srednje i stručne škole. Izd. knj. Gece Kona. p. 75.
  6. ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 646.
  7. ^ a b Pejo Ćošković (2013). "Kulin". hbl.lzmk.hr (in Croatian). Hrvatski biografski leksikon. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  8. ^ Malcolm, Noel (1 October 1996). Bosnia: A Short History. London: New York University Press. p. 364. ISBN 978-0814755617.
  9. ^ Bosnia and Herzegovina -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia Bosnia and Herzegovina: Ancient and Medieval Periods
  10. ^ Ivan, Majnarić (22 October 2008). "The papal legate Ivan de Casamaris and the 1203 act of abjuration in Bilino polje: The Papal legate who was not a legate in Bosnia". Radovi/Institute for Historical Sciences of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zadar: Institute for Historical Sciences of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zadar (in Croatian) (50): 1–13. ISSN 1330-0474. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  11. ^ Loos, M. (1974). Dualist Heresy in the Middle Ages (Vol. 10 ed.). ACADEMIA Publishing House of Czechoslovak Academy of Science / Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 162, 163, 164, 165. ISBN 9789024716739. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  12. ^ Emir Filipovic, twitter
  13. ^ Младен Лесковац; Александар Форишковић; Чедомир Попов (2004). Српски биографски речник. Vol. 2. Будућност. p. 293. ISBN 9788683651627.
  14. ^ Nikola Čupić (1921). Godišnjica Nikole Čupića. Vol. 34–36. Štampa Državne štamparije Kraljevine Jugoslavije. p. 36. Натпис нам, даље, изрично каже, да је Кулиновој жени било име Војислава.
  15. ^ a b "Dan kada je Kulin ban napisao Povelju" (in Bosnian). Al Jazeera Balkans. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  16. ^ "Manifestacija "Od Kulina bana i dobrijeh dana"". rtvze.ba (in Bosnian). RTVZE. 7 April 2017. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  17. ^ "ZENICA Prigodan kulturno-umjetnički program povodom godišnjice Povelje Kulina bana" (in Bosnian). avaz.ba. Avaz. Retrieved 13 April 2017.

Further reading

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Preceded by Bosnian Ban
1180–1204 		Succeeded by
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