Jump to content

Kryvyi Rih

Coordinates: 47°55′N 33°23′E / 47.91°N 33.39°E / 47.91; 33.39
Extended-protected article
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Kryvyi Rog)

Kryvyi Rih
Кривий Ріг
City
From upper left: Historical centre, Kryvyi Rih-Main railway station, ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih, Quarter 95, the boat station on the Saksahan, a landscape of the Inhulets from Eagle's Nest
Flag of Kryvyi Rih
Flag
Coat of Arms of Kryvyi Rih
Coat of arms
Official logo of Kryvyi Rih
Brandmark
Motto: 
Life-long city[citation needed]
Anthem: Anthem of Kryvyi Rih
Kryvyi Rih is located in Ukraine
Kryvyi Rih
Kryvyi Rih
Location of Kryvyi Rih in Ukraine
Kryvyi Rih is located in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
Kryvyi Rih
Kryvyi Rih
Location of Kryvyi Rih in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
Coordinates: 47°55′N 33°23′E / 47.91°N 33.39°E / 47.91; 33.39
CountryUkraine
OblastDnipropetrovsk Oblast
RaionKryvyi Rih Raion
HromadaKryvyi Rih urban hromada
Historic GovernorateZaporizhzhian Sich (1734 – 1774)

Azov Governorate (1775 – 1781)
Yekaterinoslav Viceroyalty (1782 – 1795)
Novorossiya Gov. (1796 – 1801)
Kherson Gov. (1802 – 1918)

Yekaterinoslav Gov. (1919)
Founded1775 (249 years ago)
Town charter1860
City status1919
Administrative HQKryvyi Rih City Hall,
Ploshcha (Square) Molodizhna
RaionsList of 7 districts
  1. Ternivskyi District
  2. Pokrovskyi District
  3. Saksahanskyi District
  4. Tsentralno-Miskyi District
  5. Dovhyntsivskyi District
  6. Metalurhiinyi District
  7. Inhuletskyi District
Government
 • TypeCity council, regional
 • MayorCity council secretary Yuri Vilkul (Mayor Konstantyn Pavlov [de; uk; ru] died on 15 August 2021, since then his powers are temporarily exercised by the city council secretary)[1]
 • Governing bodyKryvyi Rih City Council
 • Head of military administrationOleksandr Vilkul[2]
Area
 • City
431 km2 (166 sq mi)
 • Rank2nd, UA
Elevation
[3]
84 m (276 ft)
Population
 (2022)
 • City
603,904
 • Rank8th, UA
 • Density1,400/km2 (3,600/sq mi)
 • Metro
1,170,953
 (2019)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
50000-50479
Area code+380 56(4)
Websitekrmisto.gov.ua
Map

Kryvyi Rih (/ˈkrɪviː ˈriː/; Ukrainian: Кривий Ріг, IPA: [krɪwɪj ˈr⁽ʲ⁾iɦ] ⓘ), also known as Krivoy Rog (Russian: Кривой Рог [krʲɪˈvoj ˈrok]),[4] is a city in central Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Kryvyi Rih Raion and its subordinate Kryvyi Rih urban hromada in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast.[5] The city is part of the Kryvyi Rih Metropolitan Region. Its population is estimated at 603,904 (2022 estimate),[6] making it the seventh-most populous city in Ukraine and the second largest by area. Kryvyi Rih is claimed to be the longest city in Europe.[7][8]

Located at the confluence of the Saksahan and Inhulets rivers, Kryvyi Rih was founded as a military staging post in 1775. Urban-industrial growth followed Belgian, French and British investment in the exploitation of the area's rich iron-ore deposits, generally called Kryvbas, in the 1880s. Kryvyi Rih gained city status after the October Revolution in 1919.

Stalin-era industrialisation built Kryvorizhstal in 1934, the largest integrated metallurgical works in the Soviet Union. After a brutal German occupation in World War II, Kryvyi Rih experienced renewed growth through to the 1970s. The economic dislocation associated with the break-up of the Soviet Union contributed to high unemployment and a large-scale exodus from the city in the 1990s. The privatization of Kryvorizhstal in 2005 was followed by increased foreign and private investment which helped finance urban regeneration. Beginning in 2017, there were major labour protests and strikes.

Since the beginning of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Kryvyi Rih has been the target of frequent Russian missile strikes. It was a focus of the southern Ukraine campaign, but the closest ground advance by Russia stalled some 50 kilometres (31 mi) to the south of the city before it was turned back in March 2022.

Etymology

Ukrainian transcriptions

Kryvyi Rih, which in Ukrainian literally means 'crooked horn' or 'curved cape', was the name originally given in the 18th century to the general area of the present city by Zaporozhian Cossacks. According to local legend, the first village in the area was founded by a "crooked" (Ukrainian slang for 'one-eyed') Cossack named Rih (literally, 'horn'). The name likely derives from the shape of the landmass formed by the confluence of the river Saksahan with the Inhulets.[9]

History

Early history

See also: Liquidation of the Zaporozhian Sich

In 1734 the Cossack Zaporizhian Sich (or Host) incorporated the area within the Inhul Palanka division of their de-facto republic. A list of villages and winter camps (zymivnyki) from that time mentions Kryvyi Rih. In 1770, Kryvyi Rih was again recorded as the camp of the Zaporizhian Sich.[10][11]

In May 1775, after the end of the Russian-Turkish War, Russian authorities established Kryvyi Rih as a staging post, in the tradition of the Mongol yam, on the roads to the Russian garrisons of Kremenchuk, Kinburn foreland and Ochakov.[12] In August 1775, on the direct order of Catherine the Great, the Sich was forcibly dissolved. The cossack lands were annexed to the Russian province of Novorossiya and distributed among the Russian and Ukrainian gentry.[13]

The early 19th century saw the construction of the first stone houses (1828), and three water mills.[14] In 1860, the village was designated a township.[15]

Industrial growth

Alexander Pol discovered and initiated iron ore investigation and production in this area. He is credited with discovering the Kryvbas.[16][17] This stimulated the formation of a mining district.[18] In 1884, Alexander III started the Catherine Railway, first to Dnipro and then 505 km to the coal-mining region of Donbas.[19][20]

In 1880, with 5 million francs of capital, Pol founded the "French Society of Kryvyi Rih Ores". In 1882 16.4 thousand tons of ore were extracted from surface mines on the outskirts of town by 150 workers. The first underground mine of the basin began operations in 1886.[21] In 1892, the Hdantsivka ironworks was started. Ore began to be processed locally, spawning new metallurgical enterprises spurred by substantial western, and in particular Belgian,[22] investment. At the same time Kryvyi Rih ore began to feed the German metallurgical industry in Silesia. In 1902, the Catherine Railroad linked Kryvyi Rih to the coal mines of the Donbas.[20]

  • Kryvyi Rih's synagogue, 19th century
    Kryvyi Rih's synagogue, 19th century
  • Alexander Pol studied iron ore in detail and proved its commercial value
    Alexander Pol studied iron ore in detail and proved its commercial value
  • An ore quarry in 1899
    An ore quarry in 1899
  • Joltaїa Rieka Iron Mining Company share, 1899
    Joltaїa Rieka Iron Mining Company share, 1899
  • Poshtova Street about 1900
    Poshtova Street about 1900
  • Kryvyi Rih Mutual Credit Society
    Kryvyi Rih Mutual Credit Society
  • A regional map in 1914
    A regional map in 1914
  • Minerais de Fer de Krivoї Rog share
    Minerais de Fer de Krivoї Rog share

At the end of the 19th century the tallest building was the Central Synagogue, built by a thriving Jewish community of artisans, merchants and traders.[15] In 1905, the community was subject to pogroms, in which the authorities were complicit. Many Jewish people left the area, emigrating to Germany, Austria-Hungary and the United States.[23]

The surrounding mines attracted prospectors looking to turn a quick profit.[24] The supply of mined ore soon exceeded demand. Many mines had to cut employment or temporarily suspend operations. Workers, many drawn from the Russian-speaking north (from Great Russia),[25] laboured in harsh conditions with no security. Work in the mines induced lung cancer, tuberculosis and asthma.[26] In protest, workers began to develop ideas about socialism and democracy. Labour unrest resulted in several terrorist attacks and in widespread strikes.[27]

The First World War interrupted access to the export markets, and many workers were drafted into the military. A council of soviet of Soldiers and Worker's Deputies was formed in 1917. January 1918 saw the first attempt by the Bolsheviks to establish the authority in the town of the new Soviet government in Moscow.[28][29]

Russian Civil War

In the civil war that followed the Bolshevik Revolution of October 1917, Kryvyi Rih changed hands several times. In February 1918, the Bolsheviks proclaimed the Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic, but then in March conceded the territory under the terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to the German-controlled Ukrainian State.[30] After the Germans and their Austro-Hungarian allies withdrew in November 1918, the town was successively occupied by the nationalists of the Ukrainian People's Republic, the counter-revolutionary Volunteer Army of General Denikin (the "Whites"),[28] the anarchist Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine (the Makhnovshchina)[31] and, from 17 January 1920, by the Bolshevik Red Army.[32] In 1922 the region was incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR, a constituent republic of the Soviet Union.

Soviet era

Industrialisation and collectivisation

The town, with a population of 22,571, was now designated a city. Mine operations were revived, and in 1924 a 55.3 km (34.4 mi) water-supply system was laid underground. In the summer of 1927, 10,000 people began to work on the Dnieprostroi, a huge dam on the Dnieper River in Zaporizhzhia, whose hydro-electric power drove Kryvyi Rih's industrialisation.[33] The first Mining Institute opened in 1929. The Medical and Pedagogical Institutes were founded.[34]

In line with Stalin's plans for break-neck industrialisation, in 1931 the foundation of the Kryvyi Rih Metallurgical Plant, the future Kryvorizhstal, was laid.[35] The first blast furnace of the metallurgical works produced steel three years later. The city grew rapidly.[36] In the surrounding countryside, industrialisation was accompanied by the collectivisation of agriculture. The dispossession of the peasants and the confiscation of their harvests induced the Holodomor or Great Famine of 1932–33.[37]

By 1941, at over 200,000, the population of the industrial city had increased almost tenfold.[38]

Nazi occupation

During World War II, Kryvyi Rih was occupied by the German Army from 15 August 1941 to 22 February 1944. It was administered for most of that period as part of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine. In advance of the Germans, industrial plant and machine operators were evacuated to Nizhny Tagil in the Urals.[32] An initial toleration of Ukrainian cultural activity and propaganda by the pro-German Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists in the town ended in January and February 1942 with the arrest and execution of the leading Ukrainian activists.[39]

In 1939, 12,745 Jews had lived in Krivoy Rog, comprising about 6% of the total population. Those who did not leave the city during the organized evacuation were systematically concentrated and murdered by the Nazi occupiers during the Holocaust. The first mass killing of two to three hundred by an Einsatzkommando occurred at the end of August 1941 at a brick works. On 14–15 October a combination of SS, German police and Ukrainian auxiliaries murdered 7,000 more at an iron ore mine. Children were thrown into the pits alive.[40]

Hitler had repeatedly stressed the crucial importance of this area: "The Nikopol manganese is of such importance, it cannot be expressed in words. Loss of Nikopol (on the Dnieper River, today's southwest of Zaporizhzhia) would mean the end of war."[41] The German bridgehead on the left bank of the Dnieper gave the German command a base in order to restore the land connection with their forces locked in the Crimea.[42] During the first half of January 1944,[43] Soviet troops made repeated attempts to eliminate the Nikopol-Krivoy Rog enemy group. The Nikopol–Krivoy Rog Offensive did not succeed in breaking into the city until the end of February. Although the greater part of city was destroyed, a special 37th Red Army detachment prevented the German demolition of the power stations in the city and the Saksahan dams.[44]

Post-war

After the war, people lived among the ruins while rebuilding the housing stock. The housing shortage was met by innovative technological solutions, and temporary barracks and houses were quickly built.

In the late 1940s, re-construction was accompanied by Stakhanovite propaganda:[46] Pre-war iron ore production was restored by 1950.[32] In 1961 this was supplemented by new mines and by the Central and, Northern Iron Ore Enrichment Works.[47] By the end of the Soviet era, Kryvbas was producing 42% of the USSR's and 80% of Ukrainian ore.[48]

At the beginning of the 1960s, the city received a signature 185m-tall, guyed tubular steel TV mast.[49] Housing stock was replaced and expanded with several large Khrushchyovkas apartment complexes. Urban planning incorporated broad tree-lined avenues with trams lines running down their center.[50]

On June 16–18, 1963, increased food prices triggered protests in the city, estimated to involve between 1,000 and 6,000 people.[51] After an ex-serviceman who had interacted with the police was severely beaten, there was rioting. Moscow sent in troops. While the authorities admitted to 4 dead and 15 wounded, witnesses report that soldiers killed at least 7, and that over 200 people were hospitalised with injuries.[52] Fifteen hundred people received prison sentences.[32]

In 1975, the city's two-hundredth anniversary was marked by the development of the Jubilee mine and adjacent residential area, and by the construction of a new city administration building and park. In September 1976, the Krivorozh wool spinning factory was commissioned.[32]

In last years of the Soviet Union, and following a sharp reduction in spending on cultural, sports and youth service, the city witnessed neighbourhood-based gang violence—the so-called "war of Runners".[53] The era of Perestrioka was also marked by the emergence of independent trade unions, and of new civic and political organisations.[54]

The former Krivoi Rog Air Base is located nearby.

In independent Ukraine

Redevelopment and politics

In a national referendum on 1 December 1991, Ukrainian independence was approved by 90% of the votes cast in Kryvyi Rih's Dnipropetrovsk Oblast.[55] The first 25 years of independence was a period of economic dislocation and adjustment. The population of the city decreased by almost 100,000, from a peak of 780,000 in the late 1980s.[56][38]

Assisted by Metinvest, investment followed the 2005 privatization of Kryvorizhstal.[57] There was extensive redevelopment including new shopping and entertainment centers.[58] In July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, Kryvyi Rih Municipality and the Kryvyi Rih Raion came under a common city authority.[59][60] The city remains the second most important in the Dnipropetrovsk region after Dnipro. Krivyi Rih has two independent universities, and several institutes and technical schools.[32]

Until the events of Euromaidan in 2014 and their aftermath, in local and national elections Kryvyi Rih favored Russian-friendly candidates belonging first, in the 1990s, to the Communist Party of Ukraine and then, in the new century, the Party of Regions. In 2010 the city elected Party of Regions Yuriy Vilkul mayor, and helped Viktor Yanukovych to victory in the presidential election. After the Euromaidan events, which were accompanied by demonstrations and clashes in the city centre,[61] support began to ebb from the Party of Regions. Petro Poroshenko, who insisted that Russian separatists in the Donbas "don't represent anybody",[62] was supported in the presidential election of 2014. Vilkul was re-elected mayor in 2015, but amidst large-scale protests alleging electoral fraud.[63][64]

In the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election the city supported its native son Volodymyr Zelenskyy,[65] who defeated Poroshenko in the second round in April.[66][67][68] In the July 2019 elections for the Ukrainian Rada, candidates for Zelenskyy's Servant of the People Party won the city's three parliamentary seats. However, in December 2020, the Servant of the People candidate for mayor, Dmytr Shevchuk, lost to Kostantin Pavlov of the pro-Russian Opposition Platform — For Life.[69]

On 15 August 2021, Pavlov was found dead in the entrance to his home, a gun lying next to his body.[70] In September, reporting on an investigation that included a search of the home of the former, and now acting, mayor, Yyriy Vilkul,[71] the Minister of Internal Affairs Denys Monastyrsky suggested that Pavlov may have committed suicide against the backdrop of a large-scale audit of the city's budget.[72]

Labour protests

Beginning in 2017, Kryvyi Rih had major labour unrest. In May 2017, coordinated protest actions began at the city's main plants, Kryvyi Rih Iron Ore Plant, Evraz-Sukha Balka and AMKR. Employees stopped work, held public meetings and occupied administration offices. Conscious that they were receiving one of the lowest wages across the global industry, the metalworkers raised the demand for a monthly wage of US$1,000/Euros. The conflict stopped after an agreement was reached to gradually raise wages, on average by 50%. In 2018, protest erupted again triggered by the fatal result of underinvestment in plant and safety. On the night of 3–4 March 2018, the roof collapsed at AMKR's converter shop, killing a 25-year-old worker.[73]

In May, the ArcelorMittal steel plant ground to a halt as workers refused to guide trains along the factory's self-enclosed supply chain until they received monthly pay of 1,000 euros. Management brought in employees from state-owned railway company Ukrzaliznytsia to run the factory, breaking the strike but leaving the central dispute in place. An underlying problem, according to ArcelorMittal's chief procurement officer, is a labour shortage. Skilled workers are emigrating to Poland, Czechia, and to other countries. But the plant's upper management sees costs associated with the higher salaries that might retain workers as an unacceptable threat to an ambitious, multibillion-dollar factory modernization project.[74]

Kryvorizhstal, Ukraine's largest integrated steel company, had been privatised in 2005 in publicly televised auction. This was after the incoming government of President Viktor Yushchenko cancelled a 2004 auction that had seen the company sold at a much lower price, to a consortium that included the son-in-law of ex-President Leonid Kuchma. The Indian-owned international steel conglomerate Mittal Steel proved successful with a bid of $4.8 billion, equivalent to a fifth of Ukraine's national budget.[75] In 2006, Mittal took over its international rival, Arcelor, to form ArcelorMittal headquartered in Luxembourg City.[76] Over the next five years, the company said it invested more than $5 billion in its Kryvyi Rih operations.[77]

On 15 October 2020, in an action that began with 393 miners occupying mine-shafts,[78] 18 iron-ore miners came to the surface after spending a total of 43 days underground to protest pay and conditions. The mine administration had introduced piecework wages for most jobs underground, linking people's daily income to the amount of ore mined. In response to this, and to above-ground worker blockades, plant management made concessions on wages, benefits and health and safety.[79][77]

Russian invasion

Main article: 2022 bombing of Kryvyi Rih

On the first day of the invasion of Ukraine by Russia, 24 February 2022, there were air strikes against military targets in the city, causing evacuations of residents in the district of Makulan.[80]

On 27 February, city mayor Oleksandr Vilkul was appointed the head of the military administration of Kryvyi Rih.[2] According to Vilkul, the day previously — the second day the war — the Russian military had attempted an air assault. An Ilyushin Il 76 transport had approached an abandoned Soviet-era air base just east of the city. Carrying more than 100 paratroopers with orders to capture the airfield as an “air bridge”, it was forced to abort its mission, 300 metres from landing. As soon as the city had been hit with missiles, local defenders had blocked the runway with mechanical equipment.[65][22] On the same day, Vilkul said that he had received a phone call from a former colleague who invited him to "sign an agreement of friendship, cooperation and defense with Russia"; he said that he "responded with profanity."[81]

On the third day of the war, 27 February, the Russian forces, according to Vilkul, sent a column of 300 military vehicles from their advancing position to the south, and that after ten days of intense fighting they were turned back. As an industrial center that accounted for fully 10% of Ukraine's GDP, Vilkul was convinced that Kryvyi Rih was a prime target for Russian forces.[82]

In the third week of the war, Russian troops broadened their offensive across Ukraine and were again advancing toward Kryvyi Rih from the south.[83] On 10 March, two rockets struck the Kryvyi Rih International Airport in Lozovatka [uk].[84] On 12 March, Metinvest shuttered an open pit iron ore mine in the city, and sent the huge trucks used at the mine to block key roads to slow the Russian advance.[85] In its 15 March briefing, the Ukrainian Ministry of Defence stated that the movement by "occupation troops" toward Kryvyi Rih had been stopped.[86]

According to Russian sources, the invaders faced extensive improvised fortifications and minefields.[87] On 29 March 2022, Vilkul said that the line of contact was no longer on the border with Dnipropetrovsk region, but 40-60 kilometers south in the Kherson Oblast.[88] He was confident that running 120 km north to south, the longest city in Europe could not be surrounded.[22]

A residential building in Kryvyi Rih after a Russian rocket attack on the night of 13 June 2023

On 30 March, ArcelorMittal which at the beginning of the month had idled its steelmaking operations in Kryvyi Rih citing concern for the safety and security of its 26,000 workers and for its assets,[89][90] announced that it was preparing to restart production.[91] (It 2023, it operated at 25% pre-war capacity. In 2024, the company plans to increase capacity utilization from to 50%).[92]

At the end of May 2022, responding to Russian rocket and missile strikes, Ukrainian forces made limited counterattacks south of Kryvyi Rih.[93] The southern Inhulets and Radushne districts remain exposed to Russian shelling with civilian losses.[94] At dawn on 25 August, Kryvyi Rih was hit by cluster munitions.[95]

On 14 September 2022, the city faced rising water levels in the Inhulets River, and water shortages, as the Russian forces fired eight cruise missiles at local infrastructure.[96] The strike against President Zelenskyy's home town—an attempt, he suggested, to flood the city—came after his visit to towns in the Kharkiv region regained in Ukraine's first major counteroffensive.[97]

Government

The City of Kryvyi Rih and 7 districts
  1. Ternivskyi District
  2. Pokrovskyi District
  3. Saksahanskyi District
  4. Tsentralno-Miskyi District
  5. Dovhyntsivskyi District
  6. Metalurhiinyi District
  7. Inhuletskyi District
Main article: Kryvyi Rih City Council

The city of Kryvyi Rih is governed by the Kryvyi Rih Municipality. It is a city community that is designated as a separate district within its oblast.

Administratively, the city is divided into districts (raions). There are 7 districts: Metalurhiinyi, Tsentralno-Miskyi, Ternivskyi, Saksahanskyi, Inhuletskyi, Pokrovskyi and Dovhyntsivskyi. Small townships, Avanhard, Horniatske, Ternuvatyi Kut, Kolomiitseve and Novoivanivka were added to the city.[98]

In 1775, the Inhulets Povit (territory) of Novorossiysk Governorate was established on lands of the Inhulets palanca, after the abolition of the Zaporozhian Sich. In 1775/1776 it was part of Kherson Governorate. In 1783, the povit centre became Kryvyi Rih, and it was renamed "Kryvyi Rih Povit". In 1860, Kryvyi Rih received the status of township within the Kherson Governorate. In 1919, the township was granted city status in Yekaterinoslav Governorate and, later, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. As a result of the administrative reform in 1923, Kryvyi Rih povit converted to Kryvyi Rih county. In 1930, it became an independent administrative unit of Ukraine.[99][100]

Kryvyi Rih has four single-mandate parliamentary constituencies entirely within the city, through which members of parliament (MPs) are elected to represent the city in Ukraine's national parliament. At the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election, they were won by Petro Poroshenko Bloc and independent candidates with representation being from Yuri Pavlov, Andriy Halchenko, Konstantin Usov respectively.[101]

In multimember districts, the city voted for the Opposition Bloc, a union of all political forces that did not endorse Euromaidan. At the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election, three local MPs were representing Servant of the People, the party of Ukrainian President and Kryvyi Rih native Volodymyr Zelenskyy, and one independent candidate, Dmytro Shpenov.[66][67][68]

Culture

One of the biggest flower clocks in Europe is here. A local history museum is inside of it.[102]

Kryvyi Rih has a thriving theatre, circus and dance scene, and is home to a number of large performance venues. There are also the Doll Theatre and Movement Theatre. The first theater was the Coliseum, built in 1908. The New Theatre of Vyzenberh and Hrushevskyy followed in 1911, at the corner of Lenina and Kalynychenko streets. Kryvbas Theatre began its activities in 1931, and three years later was incorporated with the Shevchenko Theater.

Kryvyi Rih is noted as the birthplace Eugenie Gershoy. She emigrated to the United States with her family in 1903, and there became an American sculptor and watercolorist. Gershoy's work is in the collections of the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the Smithsonian American Art Museum. Her papers are held at Syracuse University.[103] Indie band Brunettes Shoot Blondes, folk musician Eduard Drach, actress Helena Makowska, and dancer Vladimir Malakhov originated from the city.

The first film screenings were conducted in the city in the early 1920s. In 1934 Lenin Cinema was built. Today there are three movie theaters: Olympus, Odessa and Multiplex.[104] The Kryvyi Rih Circus features large-scale exhibition space where fairs are held.[105] A remnant of Soviet heritage are Palaces of Culture, located in every district of the city.

The local historical museum celebrates Cossack history, the industrial heritage of the area and its role in the Soviet State. The municipally owned Art Gallery houses a collection of local paintings.[106]

The nightlife of the city has expanded significantly since the 2000s. Big clubs such as Hollywood[107] and Sky have attracted touring DJs and pop and rap performers. Another major scene of the city is the Palace of Youth and Students of the Kryvyi Rih National University (KNU).[108] The most popular fast-food, McDonald's, is located at Kvartal 95 neighborhood.

Ukrainian cuisine is found adjacent to a range of Jewish and popular American foods: bagels, cheesecake, hot dogs, shawarma and pizza. Japanese cuisine and other Asian restaurants, hookahs, sandwich joints, trattorias and coffeehouses have become ubiquitous. Other well-known places include City Pub and Prado Cafe. The city is home to the annual electronic music Turbofly festival.[109] Rock music, a tradition in Ukraine, is an important part of the city's life and is hosted in few small pubs.

Landmarks

Kryvyi Rih's buildings display a variety of architectural styles, ranging from eclecticism to contemporary architecture. The widespread use of red brick and block apartments characterize the city. Much of the architecture in the city was built during its prosperous days as a center for the ore trade. Just outside the immediate city center is a large number of former factories. Some have been totally destroyed. Others are in desperate need of restoration.

Stalinist architecture was the predominant style of postwar apartments, of 5 to 7 stories. City Hall is the best example of The decree On liquidation of excesses.[110] Khrushchyovka are a type of low-cost, concrete-paneled or brick three- to five-storied apartment building which was developed in the USSR during the early 1960s. They are named after Nikita Khrushchev, then premier of the Soviet government. Dozens of these aging buildings around the city are now past their design lifetime.

Kryvyi Rih has six microdistricts.

The city has many Christian churches, the most notable being the Savior Transfiguration Cathedral of the Ukrainian Orthodox church in union with the Russian Orthodox Church. It is the base of the Kryvyi Rih Eparchy, which was established in July 1996.[111] A Roman Catholic chapel located in the old town, Pokrova church, Mykhailivska church and Christmas church were destroyed in the 1930s during the Great Purge, never to be used as a church again.[112] Beside the Russian jurisdiction, in 2009 to 2011 there existed parallel eparchy of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (as the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyivan Patriarchate). Domination of the pro-Russian political party Party of Regions in Kryvyi Rih expelled that organization.

In 2010, the Jewish community built a new, large synagogue.[113][114]

Large parks hold many of Kryvyi Rih's public monuments. There are numerous socialist realism-style monuments installed in the Soviet years to honor Cossacks, Olexander Paul, Taras Shevchenko (2), Bohdan Khmelnytsky (3, since 1954), Vasili Marguelov, Alexander Pushkin, Fyodor Sergeyev, Mikhail Lermontov, and Maxim Gorky. The few Lenin monuments were destroyed during euromaidan events in 2014.[115] Dozens of cenotaphs and memorials to Second World War soldiers were erected. A Sukhoi Su-15 is on display near the Aviator Club, a Yakovlev Yak-40 at the National Aviation University, Vyzvolennia Square holds a IS3 tank, and a Russian locomotive class Ye is placed near the Railway station.

  • Kryvyi Rih Botanical Gardens of NAS
    Kryvyi Rih Botanical Gardens of NAS
  • Shevchenko Theatre
    Shevchenko Theatre
  • Central Art Square
    Central Art Square
  • Pushkin park in snow
    Pushkin park in snow

Kryvyi Rih has few[116] designated natural monuments: the old pear near Karnavatka, another pear of 1789,[117] Vizyrka landscape reserve, Northern and Southern Red Beam, Amphibolite, Arkose and Skelevatski Outputs, Mopr Rocks, Slate rocks, Sandstone rock.[118] A park named after the newspaper Pravda is very famous for its ampir boat station.[119] Kryvyi Rih Botanical Gardens of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NAS) was established in 1980.[120]

Geography

MOPR/MODR (International Red Aid) city area rocks
Red-colored ground is common because of the iron oxides.

Located 316 kilometres (200 mi) south of Kyiv, the city is the biggest by size within the Central Ukraine and being situated in the right-bank portion of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. In addition, the city is located right on the conditional border where Dnieper Upland transitions to Black Sea Lowland. The Dnieper Upland is part of the Ukrainian Crystalline Shield which in the region contains number of heavy metal deposits such as iron and uranium ores and hard rock deposits like granite. Combination of the crystalline shield with the near flowing river of Dnieper causes the plain-relief river looking as mountainous and running through rapids (Dnieper rapids).

Also, the city is often claimed to be the longest in Europe. It is said up to 100 km[7] or even 126 kilometres (78 mi) [8] from north to south. While the city is strikingly elongated on a map, in reality the greatest distance between two points within city limits is 66.1 km. The longer figures result from drawing a line precisely following the heavily indented city limits from north to south.[121]

The city area is not contiguous, with part of the Inhulets District being an exclave to the city proper. There isn't a continuous built up area along the full length of the city. Kryvyi Rih's shape is influenced by the ore deposits which lie parallel to it and which have been the city's mining mainstay. The city centre is on the east bank of the Inhulets River, near its confluences with its tributary river Saksahan. Both Inhulets and Saksahan change their river course in the area often bending in each direction. The confluence of the river Saksahan with the Inhulets supposedly gave the name for the city by forming a geographical crooked horn ("kryvyi rih").[122]

The city is set in the rolling steppe land surrounded by fields of sunflowers and grain. A short distance east of the city center, there is an area along a small lake where glacial boulders were deposited. As a result, this area was never cultivated and contains one of the few remaining patches of wild steppe vegetation in the area. The city's environmental and construction safety is a growing problem due to abandoned mines and polluted ore-processing waste.

Climate

Kryvyi Rih has a dry warm hot-summer continental climate (Dfa) within to the Köppen climate classification system, like much of southern Ukraine. This tends to generate warm summers and cold winters with relatively low precipitation. Snowfalls are not common in the city, due to the urban warming effect. Districts that surround the city receive more snow and roads leading out of the city can be closed[123] due to snow.[124]

Climate data for Kryvyi Rih (1991–2020, extremes 1948–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.0
(59.0) 		18.9
(66.0) 		24.5
(76.1) 		31.8
(89.2) 		35.8
(96.4) 		36.4
(97.5) 		39.2
(102.6) 		39.6
(103.3) 		36.4
(97.5) 		31.7
(89.1) 		21.7
(71.1) 		15.3
(59.5) 		39.6
(103.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −0.7
(30.7) 		1.0
(33.8) 		7.2
(45.0) 		15.9
(60.6) 		22.2
(72.0) 		26.2
(79.2) 		28.7
(83.7) 		28.4
(83.1) 		22.2
(72.0) 		14.5
(58.1) 		6.3
(43.3) 		1.1
(34.0) 		14.4
(57.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.4
(25.9) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		2.7
(36.9) 		10.2
(50.4) 		16.3
(61.3) 		20.3
(68.5) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.0
(71.6) 		16.3
(61.3) 		9.5
(49.1) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		9.6
(49.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −6.0
(21.2) 		−5.3
(22.5) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		4.8
(40.6) 		10.5
(50.9) 		14.5
(58.1) 		16.4
(61.5) 		15.9
(60.6) 		10.8
(51.4) 		5.3
(41.5) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		5.2
(41.4)
Record low °C (°F) −31.1
(−24.0) 		−27.3
(−17.1) 		−21.0
(−5.8) 		−8.9
(16.0) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		2.8
(37.0) 		7.3
(45.1) 		2.8
(37.0) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		−10.0
(14.0) 		−18.1
(−0.6) 		−24.5
(−12.1) 		−31.1
(−24.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 30
(1.2) 		27
(1.1) 		31
(1.2) 		33
(1.3) 		48
(1.9) 		61
(2.4) 		52
(2.0) 		35
(1.4) 		39
(1.5) 		32
(1.3) 		34
(1.3) 		33
(1.3) 		455
(17.9)
Average rainy days 9 7 11 9 14 12 12 7 9 12 14 9 125
Average snowy days 14 13 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 4 12 51
Average relative humidity (%) 86.8 84.2 79.0 66.0 62.0 66.8 64.0 61.4 67.8 76.2 86.2 87.9 74.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 48 72 142 214 274 303 328 311 219 140 55 32 2,138
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[125]
Source 2: NOAA (humidity 1981–2010, sun 1991-2020)[126][127]

Demographics

National communities
Russian
Armenian
Moldovan
Polish
Jewish
Romani
Georgian
Historical population
YearPop.±%
192631,194—    
1939130,264+317.6%
1959399,915+207.0%
1970605,065+51.3%
1979684,862+13.2%
1989751,103+9.7%
2001707,966−5.7%
2011665,080−6.1%
2022603,904−9.2%
Source: [128]

Historically, the population of Kryvyi Rih began to increase rapidly during the Interwar period, peaking at 197,000 in 1939.[129] From then the population began to decrease rapidly. Foreign workers arrived, and there was increased building of social housing estates by the Kryvyi Rih City Council after the Second World War, such as Sotsmisto and Soniachnyi.[130]

The 2014 estimate for the population of Kryvyi Rih was 654,900 (8th in Ukraine). This was a decrease of 4,348 since the 2013 estimate. Since 2001, the population has grown by 48,001. In 2013, deaths exceeded births by 3,589. The net migration rate is 234 (negative).[129][131]

According to the UNHCR and City Council, 7,000 people have fled to Kryvyi Rih from Donetsk and Luhansk since the beginning of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014, not including those who did not register as asylum seekers.[132][133][134][135][136][137]

Kryvyi Rih historically had a Christian majority-population. It has numerous churches, particularly in the city centre. The well-known Saviour Transfiguration Cathedral in Saksahan Raion is an Orthodox administrative centre, and the bishop of the Kryvyi Rih Eparchy has his main residence here. The town has a school of icon painting. The patron saint of the city is Saint Nicholas, as well as bishops Onufry and Porphyry.[138]

This was long a centre of Jewish population. Its Central Synagogue was the tallest building in town in the late 19th century. The majority of the region's Jews live here, and a significant Jewish community has been re-established. Beis Shtern Shtulman Synagogue[139] opened in 2010 in the city centre. In the early twentieth century, the city had two synagogues, located on Kaunas street. As part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kharkiv-Zaporizhzhia, the city has the Kostel of Mary Mother of Jesus. Kryvyi Rih is also home to Evangelical Christians, CEF, and Vedas communities.

In terms of ethnicity, ethnic Ukrainians account for the majority of the local population. Jews constituted one of the largest ethnic minorities.[140] As of 2018, approximately 71% of Kryvyi Rih's residents were ethnic Ukrainians and 27% ethnic Russians.[141]

Large immigrant groups include people from Korea, Poland, Moldova and Azerbaijan, as well as Assyrians and Roms.[142] Numerous African students come to the city to attend local universities.[143] Central city and Dovhuntsevskyi Raion are centres of population for ethnic minorities.

The Kryvyi Rih Metropolitan Region (KMR) had a population over 1,010,000 in 2010. In addition to Kryvyi Rih, the KMR (factually) includes far more than five raions, and numerous territories in central and southern parts of Ukraine. The KMR is the sixth-largest within Ukraine.

2001 census

As of the Ukrainian national census in 2001, Kryvyi Rih had a population of 710,412 inhabitants. The city is home to a large number of different ethnic groups. Ethnic Ukrainians (79.1%) accounted for the overwhelming majority of the population, while people who claimed to have a Russian background (17.7%) made up the second-largest group. The exact ethnic composition was as follows:[144]

Ethnic groups in Kryvyi Rih
percent
Ukrainians
 
 79.09%
Russians
 
 17.71%
Belarusians
 
 0.96%
Jews
 
 0.26%
Armenians
 
 0.22%
Azerbaijanis
 
 0.18%
Gypsies
 
 0.17%
Moldovans
 
 0.13%
Tatars
 
 0.11%
Germans
 
 0.09%

In terms of native languages, 70.8% of the population spoke Ukrainian, while 27.6% spoke Russian. Smaller linguistic minorities spoke Belarusian, Romani or Armenian. The exact linguistic composition was as follows:[145]

First languages (2001)
percent
Ukrainian
 
 70.8%
Russian
 
 27.6%
Belarusian
 
 0.2%
Armenian
 
 0.1%
Romani
 
 0.1%
others
 
 0.3%

Economy

In 2020 Kryvyi Rih's share of Ukraine's national GDP was about 7%.[146] In mid-2014, Kryvyi Rih had an IPI of ₴41.6bn[147][148] about $3bn,[149] with 17.9% growth. Exports reached $2.520m (a 4.9% decrease), Import - $276m. The city has received $4.899m of foreign investments, mainly from Germany, Cyprus, Netherlands, and the UK.

The average wage in September 2021 was ₴10.258 ($384).[150] Official unemployment throughout 2018 averaged 0.95%.[151]

Processing and the mining industry - are the two largest sectors of Kryvyi Rih's economy. Rest fraction is about 50%. The city has over 53 plants, mines and factories.[152] ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih, owned by ArcelorMittal since 2005, is the largest private company by revenue in Ukraine,[153] producing over 7 million tonnes of crude steel, and mined over 17 million tonnes of iron ore. As of 2011, the company employed about 37 000 people. The 4 Iron Ore Enrichment Works of Metinvest are a large contributors to the UA's balance of payments. Other giants of the city are the Evraz mining company and HeidelbergCement.[147][148]

Transport

Local public transportation in Kryvyi Rih includes the Metrotram (subway), buses[147][148] and minibus lines, trolleybuses (in operation since 1957, the system presently comprises 23 routes), trams (one of the world's largest tram networks, operating on 88.1 kilometres (54.7 miles) of total route; as of 2014, it was composed of 13 lines) and, taxi.

The publicly owned and operated Kryvyi Rih Metrotram is the fastest, the most convenient and affordable network that covers most, but not all, of the city. The Metrotram is continuously expanding towards the city limits to meet growing demand, currently has two lines with a total length of 18.7 kilometres (11.6 miles) and 11 stations. Despite its designation as a "metro tram" and its use of tram cars as rolling stock, the Kryvyi Rih Metrotram is a complete rapid transit system with enclosed stations and tracks separated both from roads and from the city's conventional tram lines. City public transport serviced 66m persons in the first part of 2014.[147][148]

In May 2021, Kryvyi Rih became the first city in Ukraine to introduce free travel in public transport for its citizens.[154] In order not to pay for municipal transport one must show a special electronic "Kryvyi Rih Card".[154]

The historic tram system,[47] once a well maintained and widely used method of transport, is now gradually being phased out in favor of buses and trolleybuses.

The taxi system is expansive but not regulated. In particular, the taxi fare per kilometer is not regulated. There is a fierce competition between private taxi companies.

Kryvyi Rih International Airport is the airport that serves the city. It is located 17.5 km (10.9 Miles) northwest of the city of Kryvyi Rih.

Education

Kryvyi Rih National University's original building

Kryvyi Rih National University, a major institution, was originally formed as a college and Mining Institute in 1929. It gained university status in 1982. Kryvyi Rih Pedagogical Institute was founded in 1930 as an Institute of Vocational Training, and is the oldest pedagogical institution in Kryvyi Rih, reorganized as a Pedagogical Institute. In 2011 the Cabinet of Ukraine founded Kryvyi Rih National University by uniting the Mining Institute, Pedagogical University, Economic Institute of Kyiv National Economic University and Department of the National Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine.

Other institutions include the local Department of Dnipropetrovsk State University of Internal Affairs, campuses of Zaporizhzhia National University, National University Odesa Law Academy and Interregional Academy of Personnel Management, college of National Aviation University.

In 2014 Donetsk Tugan-Baranovsky National University of Economics and Trade was evacuated to Kryvyi Rih after a start of the Russo-Ukrainian War.[155]

There are 149 general secondary schools and 150 nursery schools and kindergartens in Kryvyi Rih.[147] There are evening schools for adults, musical, art, sports and specialist technical schools.

Sport

Metalurh Stadium, the home ground of FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih

FC Hirnyk Kryvyi Rih is a football club based in Hirnyk Stadium, and competes in the Ukrainian First League. It is part of the Sports Club Hirnyk which combines several other sections. The club's owner is the Kryvyi Rih Iron Ore Combine (KZRK), the biggest subterranean mining public company in Ukraine.

Kryvyi Rih was home to another football team, Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih. The team was founded as FC Kryvyi Rih in 1959. The next year it was part of the republican sports society Avanhard. After a couple of years, it changed to Hirnyk, before obtaining current its name in 1966. Kryvbas debuted in the Ukrainian Premier League in the 1992–93 season. They had been in the top league since their debut, with their best finish in third place in the 1998–99 and 1999–2000 seasons.

At the end of the 2012–13 season the team finished in 7th place. Due to financial difficulties the club declared itself bankrupt in June 2013. FC Kryvbas-2 Kryvyi Rih was the reserve team of Kryvbas. In 1998 the club entered into the professional leagues to compete in the Second League. In 3 seasons the club moved to the Amateur Level before competing one last time in Second League.

SC Kryvbas is a professional basketball club. Achievements of the team are winning the Ukrainian Basketball League in 2009 and winning the Higher League in 2003 and 2004. Since 2010 the team is active in the Ukrainian Basketball SuperLeague.

The city is famous for its annual autorally. It was also the birthplace of the Ukrainian tennis players Valeria Bondarenko, Alona Bondarenko and Kateryna Bondarenko.

Notable people

Helena Makowska, 1916
Volodymyr Zelenskyy, 2022
Pavlo Lazarenko, 1996

Sport

Alona Bondarenko, 2011
Kateryna Bondarenko, 2018

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine

Kryvyi Rih is twinned with:[156]

Friendly cities

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ (in Ukrainian) Ex-mayor of Kryvyi Rih Vilkul will rule the city again Archived 2021-08-25 at the Wayback Machine, Ukrainska Pravda (25 August 2021)
  2. ^ a b "Oleksandr Vilkul appointed head of military administration in Kryvyi Rih". Depo.ua (in Ukrainian). 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  3. ^ "Kryvyi Rih (Ternopil Oblast, Kryvyi Rih Raion)". weather.in.ua. Archived from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
  4. ^ "Ukraine RD: Krivoy Rog". www.jewishgen.org. Archived from the original on 2022-11-23. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
  5. ^ "Криворожская городская громада" (in Russian). Портал об'єднаних громад України. Archived from the original on 2022-02-20. Retrieved 2021-05-08.
  6. ^ Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.
  7. ^ a b "Kryvyi Rih - the Steel Heart of Ukraine". Arnika. September 9, 2017. Archived from the original on November 15, 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2022.
  8. ^ a b (in Ukrainian) "The official written response from The City Council Executive Committee to an information request regarding the geometric parameters of the city" (PDF). Доступ до правди (in Ukrainian). Криворізька міська рада. 29 Dec 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 Nov 2019. Retrieved 6 Nov 2019.
  9. ^ "Комаров В.О. Iсторiя Криворiжжя Днепропетровск: Сiч, 1992". kryvyirih.dp.ua. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.
  10. ^ "Історична хроніка подій 1734-1900. Олександр О.Мельник, ведучий науковий співробітник Криворізького історико-краєзнавчого музею" [Historical chronicle of events 1734-1900. Oleksandr O. Melnyk, leading researcher of the Kryvyi Rih Museum of History and Local History]. kryvyirih.dp.ua. Archived from the original on 2014-11-02.
  11. ^ В. Ізмайлов. Подорож у полуденну Росію в 1799 р. у листах, виданих Володимиром Ізмайловим (tr. "V. Izmaylov. A trip to southern Russia in 1799 in letters published by Volodymyr Izmailov")
  12. ^ Перелік (Списку) казенних селищ Херсонського й Олександрійського повітів, які у 1816 - 1817 р.р. були звернені у військові поселення (tr. "The list (list) of state villages of Kherson and Oleksandriy districts, which in 1816 - 1817 were sent to military settlements")
  13. ^ Borys Krupnytsky & Arkadii Zhukovsky (1993). "The Zaporozhia". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  14. ^ «По Катерининській залізниці», вип. 1-й (tr. ""On the Catherine railway", vol. 1st"), Katerinoslaw, 1903 р
  15. ^ a b Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary 1890—1907
  16. ^ Sudrussland Mageteisen und Sisenglantztatten
  17. ^ Рубін П.Криворожский бассейн и его железные руды. Горный журнал, 1888 г., т. 1
  18. ^ Конткевич С. Геологічний опис околиць Кривого Рогу, Херсонської губернії
  19. ^ Записки капитан-лейтенанта Семечкина», Вид. Об-ва горных инженеров, 1900 р
  20. ^ a b "Donets Basin". www.encyclopediaofukraine.com. Archived from the original on 2022-04-20. Retrieved 2022-04-01.
  21. ^ "Початок добутку залізної руди. Індустріальний розвиток (1881 – 1899)". kryvyirih.dp.ua. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.
  22. ^ a b c Redefyne (17 March 2022). "Belgium can help peaceful Ukrainian citizens and refugees - EU Today". eutoday.net. Archived from the original on 2022-03-18. Retrieved 2022-04-04.
  23. ^ "Історична хроніка подій (м. Кривий Ріг) 1900-1903". kryvyirih.dp.ua. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.
  24. ^ Гірничо-заводський листок №4, 1902р
  25. ^ Allen, W. E. D. (2014-04-03). The Ukraine. Cambridge University Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-107-64186-0. Archived from the original on 2022-05-05. Retrieved 2022-04-14.
  26. ^ "Історична хроніка подій (м. Кривий Ріг) 1900-1903". kryvyirih.dp.ua. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.
  27. ^ "Strike". www.encyclopediaofukraine.com. Archived from the original on 2022-04-01. Retrieved 2022-04-01.
  28. ^ a b "Історична хроніка подій (м. Кривий Ріг) 1900-1903". kryvyirih.dp.ua. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.
  29. ^ Снегирёв В. В. Между двух огней. Предыстория создания ДКР // «Молодогвардеец» — Луганск, 6−11.10.1990.
  30. ^ Материалы о Донецко-Криворожской Республике. Сост. и предисл. Х. Мышкис // «Літопис Революції»: Журнал Істпарту ЦК КП(б)У — 1928. — № 3(30).
  31. ^ "The capital of the freemen dad Makhno and his comrades. Old Man looks out the window". ik-ptz.ru. Retrieved 2022-03-29.
  32. ^ a b c d e f Ltd, TheGridNet. "About Kryvyi Rih". The Kryvyi Rih Grid. Archived from the original on 2023-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
  33. ^ Berend, Tibor Iván (2013). Case Studies on Modern European Economy: Entrepreneurs, Inventions, Institutions. Routledge. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-415-63994-1. Archived from the original on 2022-04-25. Retrieved 2022-04-14.
  34. ^ "Історія КНУ". knu.edu.ua. Archived from the original on 2015-03-22.
  35. ^ "Our History. ArcelorMittal". arcelormittal.com.ua. Archived from the original on 2015-02-15. Retrieved 2014-11-20.
  36. ^ "Історична хроніка подій 1917 - 2002". kryvyirih.dp.ua. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.
  37. ^ Boriak, Hennadii. 2009. Sources for the Study of the 'Great Famine' in Ukraine. Cambridge, MA.
  38. ^ a b "Population of Krivoy Rog: number, demographic situation, ethnic structure. History of the settlement of the city". en.birmiss.com. Archived from the original on 2022-05-05. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
  39. ^ "Період війни - Кривий Ріг". sites.google.com. Archived from the original on 2022-04-06. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
  40. ^ "YV360". @yadvashem. Archived from the original on 2022-07-03. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
  41. ^ История Второй мировой войны. 1939—1945. / Коллектив авторов. — Т. 8. — М.: Воениздат, 1977.
  42. ^ Типпельскирх К. История Второй мировой войны. — СПб.: Полигон; М.:АСТ, 1999.
  43. ^ Грылев А. Н. Днепр — Карпаты — Крым. — М.: Наука, 1970.
  44. ^ Erickson, John (1999) [1983]. Stalin's War with Germany: The Road to Berlin. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 179. ISBN 9780300078138.
  45. ^ Божко А. А. Храм Рождества Пресвятой Богородицы (1886—2012): Исторический очерк / Алексей Алексеевич Божко. — Кривой Рог, 2012. — 84 с., ил.
  46. ^ Українська радянська енциклопедія. В 12-ти томах / За ред. М. Бажана. — 2-ге вид. — К.: Гол. редакція УРЕ, 1974-1985.
  47. ^ a b Електротранспорт України: Енциклопедичний путівник / Сергій Тархов, Кость Козлов, Ааре Оландер. — Київ: Сидоренко В. Б., 2010. — 912 с.: іл., схеми. — ISBN 978-966-2321-11-1.
  48. ^ "Our History. ArcelorMittal". arcelormittal.com.ua. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014.
  49. ^ "Криворожская телевышка". 1kr ua. 14 June 2012. Archived from the original on 30 June 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  50. ^ Осуществленные строительством основные объекты архитектора Иосифа Каракиса // Архитектор Иосиф Каракис: Судьба и творчество (Альбом-каталог к столетию со дня рождения) / Под ред. Бабушкин С. В., Бражник Д., Каракис И. И., А. Пучков; Сост. Д. Бражник, И. Каракис, И. Несмиянова. — Киев, 2002. — С. 97. — 102 с. — (Н0(4УКР)6-8). — ISBN 966-95095-8-0.
  51. ^ "Dissident movement". www.encyclopediaofukraine.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-16. Retrieved 2022-03-28.
  52. ^ Dulchuk, A. V. (23 January 2007). "Червневі події 1963 року в Кривому Розі". www.ar25.org (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 2022-05-05. Retrieved 2022-03-28.
  53. ^ Proskuryakov, Samuil (2020-09-29). "Run or Die. In the 90's, Teenagers of Kryvyi Rih Formed Gangs and Killed One Another, — Account of Their Story by Zaborona". Заборона. Archived from the original on 2022-05-05. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
  54. ^ Kuzio, Taras (2000). Ukraine: Perestroika to Independence (PDF) (Second ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0312216750. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-04-19. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
  55. ^ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, page 1976 ISBN 9783832956097
  56. ^ "Kryvyi Rih Population 2022 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)". worldpopulationreview.com. Archived from the original on 2022-04-01. Retrieved 2022-04-01.
  57. ^ "Реконструкция". KRLife. Archived from the original on 2022-05-26. Retrieved 2014-11-20.
  58. ^ "Проспект Маркса". KRLife. Archived from the original on 2021-10-16. Retrieved 2014-11-20.
  59. ^ "Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ". Голос України (in Ukrainian). 2020-07-18. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  60. ^ "Нові райони: карти + склад" (in Ukrainian). Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України. Archived from the original on 2022-02-25. Retrieved 2021-05-08.
  61. ^ "Криворожский Евромайдан". 0664. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.
  62. ^ "Poroshenko: 'No negotiations with separatists'". Deutsche Welle. 8 May 2014. Archived from the original on 24 May 2014.
  63. ^ "У Кривому Розі готують Майдан через фальсифікації". Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  64. ^ "У Кривому Розі скликають мітинг "за" Вілкула. Акцію "проти" хотіли розігнати". Pravda.com. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  65. ^ a b Zelinsky, Misha (2022-04-01). "'No culture, no sports, only fighting': The steel town that forged Volodymyr Zelensky". Australian Financial Review. Archived from the original on 2022-04-03. Retrieved 2022-04-03.
  66. ^ a b 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election Results Archived 2019-08-14 at the Wayback Machine. Ukrainska Pravda
  67. ^ a b Higgins, Andrew (24 April 2019). "Ukraine's Newly Elected President Is Jewish. So Is Its Prime Minister. Not All Jews There Are Pleased". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  68. ^ a b "CEC registers Zelensky, Smeshko, Bohoslovka, thus raising number of presidential contenders in Ukraine to 26". Interfax-Ukraine. Archived from the original on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  69. ^ "Ukraine. The mayor of Kryvyi Rih Kostiantyn Pavlov is dead, found dead. Politicians suspect that he was shot". Polish News. 16 August 2021. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  70. ^ "Opposition mayor of Ukrainian city found dead". Reuters. 2021-08-15. Archived from the original on 2022-03-18. Retrieved 2022-03-27.
  71. ^ "Police Search House Of Kryvyi Rih Acting Mayor Vilkul And His Son - Source". Ukrainian News. 7 September 2021. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  72. ^ "Analytical review of the week No. 148 of 13.02.2022. 3. Searches in the City Council of Krivoy Rog". Ukrainian Institute of Politics. 13 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-03-23. Retrieved 2022-03-27.
  73. ^ "How workers in Ukraine's metal industry are fighting for wages, rights and democracy". openDemocracy. Archived from the original on 2022-03-18. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
  74. ^ Kovensky, Josh; Chernichkin, Kostyantyn (2018-06-28). "ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih plant rattled by strikes (VIDEO) - Jun. 28, 2018". KyivPost. Archived from the original on 2022-12-26. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
  75. ^ Gow, David (2005-10-24). "Mittal buys Ukraine steel mill in reality TV auction". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 2022-03-20. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  76. ^ Kanter, James; Timmons, Heather; Giridharadas, Anand (2006-06-25). "Arcelor agrees to Mittal takeover". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2019-06-06. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  77. ^ a b "Miners end their strike at Kryvyi Rih Iron Ore Plant, come to surface - Volynets". Interfax-Ukraine. Archived from the original on 2022-03-18. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
  78. ^ Makarenko, Olena (9 October 2020). "Month-long underground strike of miners in Zelenskyy's hometown highlights ills of oligarchic economy". Euromaidan Press. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  79. ^ "These miners protested for 43 days underground. Then they were betrayed". openDemocracy. Archived from the original on 2021-09-29. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
  80. ^ "Kryvyi Rih city's residents being evacuated after air attacks on warehouses of armored brigade". www.ukrinform.net. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-03-18. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
  81. ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (7 May 2022). "Russia's Grave Miscalculation: Ukrainians Would Collaborate". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 May 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
  82. ^ von Hackensberger, Alfred (2022-04-09). "A Visit To Zelensky's Hometown, As Russians May Be Set To Attack Again". Die Welt/Wordcrunch. Archived from the original on 2022-04-22. Retrieved 2022-04-11.
  83. ^ "Russian troops broaden their offensive across Ukraine". Los Angeles Times. 2022-03-11. Archived from the original on 2022-03-18. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
  84. ^ UA-Футбол (2022-03-10). "Дві ракети прилетіло в аеропорт Кривий Ріг". www.ua-football.com (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 2022-03-20. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  85. ^ "With 4,000 Staff in Bunkers, Ukraine's Steel Mills Are a War Zone". Bloomberg.com. 12 March 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-03-18. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
  86. ^ "Military and Political Situation in Ukraine. Morning of March 15th, 2022 - Ihor Zhdanov". Interfax-Ukraine. Archived from the original on 2022-03-18. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
  87. ^ Sergeev, Ilya (26 March 2022). "Кривой Рог: 50 км от города. ВСУ усеяли поля минами, как зерном". SV Pressa. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  88. ^ "ЗСУ відкинули окупантів від Кривого Рогу на кілька десятків кілометрів, - Вілкул". РБК-Украина (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 2022-03-28. Retrieved 2022-03-29.
  89. ^ "ArcelorMittal halts production at its Ukrainian steelmaking operations | ArcelorMittal". corporate.arcelormittal.com. Archived from the original on 2022-03-23. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  90. ^ MacDonald, Alistair (2022-03-03). "Ukraine Steel Plant, One of Its Largest Industrial Complexes, Closes After Holding Out for Days". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 2022-03-21. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
  91. ^ ""АрселорМіттал Кривий Ріг" готується відновити виробництво". Економічна правда (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
  92. ^ Kolisnichenko, Vadim (13 May 2024). "ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih increased production of all major products in April — News — GMK Center". GMK. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
  93. ^ "Ukraine reports counterattack south of Kryvyi Rih". CNN. 29 May 2022. Archived from the original on 2023-01-03. Retrieved 2022-05-30.
  94. ^ @Mariana_Betsa (10 July 2022). "Heartbreaking. A 20-year-old winner of numerous competitions in sports dancing Daria Kudel was killed by a Russian…" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  95. ^ "Олександр Вілкул". Archived from the original on 2022-08-25. Retrieved 2022-08-25.
  96. ^ "Ukraine city faces rising river after Russian strike - official". Reuters. 2022-09-14. Archived from the original on 2022-09-14. Retrieved 2022-09-14.
  97. ^ Ukrainska Pravda (14 September 2022). "Shortages of water after Russian missile attack in Kryvyi Rih". news.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 2022-09-14. Retrieved 2022-09-14.
  98. ^ "Виконком міської ради". kryvyirih.dp.ua. Archived from the original on 2014-11-02.
  99. ^ Волости и важнѣйшія селенія Европейской Россіи. По данным обслѣдованія, произведеннаго статистическими учрежденіями Министерства Внутренних Дѣл, по порученію Статистическаго Совѣта. Изданіе Центральнаго Статистическаго Комитета. Выпуск VIII. Губерніи Новороссійской группы. СанктПетербургъ. 1886. — VI + 157 с.
  100. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 года. М.: Издание ЦСУ Союза ССР, 1928-29. Том 10-16. Таблица VI. Население по полу, народности
  101. ^ "СПИСОК народних депутатів України, обраних на позачергових виборах народних депутатів України 26 жовтня 2014 року". «Голос України». — № 218 (5968). — 2014. — 12 листопада. — С. 4–9. Archived from the original on 2014-11-27.
  102. ^ "World's biggest floral clock begins to tick off time in Ukraine's Kryvyi Rih". Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  103. ^ "Eugenie Gershoy Papers: An inventory of her papers at Syracuse University". Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  104. ^ "Киноафиша". Киноафиша. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2014-11-20.
  105. ^ "Kryvyi Rih Circus". Kryvyi Rih Circus. Archived from the original on 2022-03-14. Retrieved 2014-11-20.
  106. ^ "Local Museum". 1KR UA. 11 October 2011. Archived from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  107. ^ "Hollywood city VK". Hollywood city VK. Archived from the original on 2015-02-26. Retrieved 2014-11-20.
  108. ^ "KNU students Club". KNU. Archived from the original on 2018-06-21. Retrieved 2014-11-20.
  109. ^ "Turbofly VK". Turbofly VK.
  110. ^ Architecture of The Stalin Era, by Alexei Tarkhanov (Collaborator), Sergei Kavtaradze (Collaborator), Mikhail Anikst (Designer), 1992, ISBN 978-0-8478-1473-2
  111. ^ "» Епархия". Archived from the original on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  112. ^ "Православные храмы - История Кривого Рога - 1775.dp.ua". Archived from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  113. ^ Светлана, Поддубная. "Главная страница". Archived from the original on 19 July 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  114. ^ "В Кривом Роге открыли одну из крупнейших синагог в Восточной Европе". Archived from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  115. ^ "Vandals continue demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine". Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  116. ^ "Кафедра інформатики та прикладної математики - Тематика курсових, магістерських робіт". Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  117. ^ Енциклопедія Криворіжжя. — У 2-х т./Упоряд. В. П. Бухтіяров. — Кр. Ріг: «ЯВВА», 2005
  118. ^ "Природні заповідники, заказники, парки та пам'ятки природи Дніпропетровської області". Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  119. ^ "Парк им. газеты "Правда"". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  120. ^ "Криворізький ботанічний сад НАН України". Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  121. ^ "Кривой Рог – самый длинный город в Европе. Миф или реальность?". Archived from the original on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  122. ^ "Комаров В.О. Iсторiя Криворiжжя Днепропетровск: Сiч, 1992". kryvyirih.dp.ua. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.
  123. ^ новостей, Независимое бюро. "Независимое бюро новостей - Из-за сильных снегопадов заблокировано движение в четырех областях Украины". Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  124. ^ "Кривой Рог встретил снегопад во всеоружии?". Archived from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  125. ^ Климат Кривого Рога [Climate of Kryvyi Rih] (in Russian). Pogoda.ru.net. 2016. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  126. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010" (XLS). National Centers for Environmental Information. Archived from the original (XLS) on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  127. ^ "Kryvyi Rih Climate Normals 1991–2020" (CSV). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  128. ^ "Cities & Towns of Ukraine".
  129. ^ a b "Демографічний прогноз міста Кривого Рогу. Кривий Ріг". Kryvyi Rih City Council. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2014-11-20.
  130. ^ "Історична хроніка подій (м. Кривий Ріг)". kryvyirih.dp.ua. Archived from the original on 2014-11-02.
  131. ^ "Демоситуацiя". Kryvyi Rih City Council. Archived from the original on 2014-11-02.
  132. ^ "More Than a Million Ukrainians Have Been Displaced, U.N. Says". The New York Times. 2 September 2014. Archived from the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  133. ^ "ООН: Домівки через бойові дії в Україні полишили понад 415 тисяч людей". Deutsche Welle. August 20, 2014. Archived from the original on May 16, 2015. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
  134. ^ "UNHCR: 730,000 flee Ukraine for Russia". Deutsche Welle. August 20, 2014. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
  135. ^ "В Кривой Рог опять массово кинулись беженцы с востока". krlife.com.ua. Archived from the original on 2015-06-08. Retrieved 2014-11-21.
  136. ^ "На Дніпропетровщині будуть створені бізнес-центри для переселенців". krlife.com.ua. Archived from the original on 2022-05-26. Retrieved 2014-11-21.
  137. ^ "Сколько переселенцев с восточных областей в Кривом Роге?". comments.ua. Archived from the original on 2015-03-19. Retrieved 2014-11-21.
  138. ^ "Мост Днепр". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.
  139. ^ "Еврейская община Кривого Рога". Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  140. ^ "Міські осередки громадських організацій та об'єднань". kryvyirih.dp.ua. Archived from the original on 2015-09-27.
  141. ^ "Kryvyi Rih". www.encyclopediaofukraine.com. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies.
  142. ^ "Фестиваль национально-культурных сообществ в Кривом Роге". 23 September 2013. Archived from the original on 11 January 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  143. ^ "KNU International". KNU. Archived from the original on 2022-05-25. Retrieved 2014-11-19.
  144. ^ "Національний склад міст".
  145. ^ "Рідні мови в об'єднаних територіальних громадах України".
  146. ^ (in Russian)[1] Archived 2021-10-29 at the Wayback Machine, Segodnya (4 October 2020)
  147. ^ a b c d e "Бюлетень "Кривий Ріг у цифрах і фактах 2013 р." (PDF). Kryvyi Rih City Council. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2014-11-20.
  148. ^ a b c d "Економічний прогноз. Кривий Ріг". Kryvyi Rih City Council. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2014-11-20.
  149. ^ "XE: UAH / USD Currency Chart. Ukrainian Hryvnia to US Dollar Rates". Archived from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  150. ^ (in Russian) Уровень средней зарплаты в Кривом Роге за 2021 год: «дно» было в марте http://krlife.com.ua/news/uroven-srednei-zarplaty-v-krivom-roge-za-2021-god-dno-bylo-v-marte Archived 2022-11-04 at the Wayback Machine
  151. ^ (in Russian) В Кривом Роге нехватка экономистов, горняков и металлургов https://www.0564.ua/amp/news/2152513/v-krivom-roge-nehvatka-ekonomistov-gornakov-i-metallurgov Archived 2022-11-04 at the Wayback Machine
  152. ^ "Промышленно-производственные предприятия - Кривой Рог". Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  153. ^ "Top Ukrainian Companies By Revenue". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-11-20.
  154. ^ a b (in Ukrainian) Free, but unpleasant. In Kryvyi Rih, the fare in transport, which needs urgent modernization, is being abolished Archived 2022-09-05 at the Wayback Machine, The Ukrainian Week (21 April 2021)
  155. ^ "Из Донецкой и Луганской областей эвакуированы уже девять университетов". ZN UA. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2014-11-19.
  156. ^ "Міжнародна співпраця". kr.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). Kryvyi Rih. Archived from the original on 2021-05-28. Retrieved 2020-12-07.

Bibliography

  • Криворожье. Справочник-путеводитель / Днепропетровск: Днепропетровское книжное издательство, 1963. — 162 с. (in Russian)
  • Кривому Рогу — 200. Историко-экономический очерк / Редколлегия: П. Л. Варгатюк и др. — Днепропетровск: «Промінь», 1975. — 208 с. (in Russian)
  • Новик Л. И. Кривой Рог: Путеводитель-справочник / Л. И. Новик, Д. И. Кан. — Днепропетровск: «Промiнь», 1986. — 191 с., цв. ил. (in Russian)
  • Пахомов А. Г., Борьба трудящихся Криворожья за власть Советов / А. Г. Пахомов. — Днепропетровск: Днепропетровское областное издательство, 1958. — 204 с. (in Russian)
  • Альбом Кривой Рог-Гданцевка. 1899. (in German)
  • Кривой Рог: Фотоальбом. — Киев: «Мистецтво», 1971. — 137 с., цв. ил. (in Ukrainian)
  • Кривий Ріг: Фотоальбом. — Киев: «Мистецтво», 1976. — 146 с., цв. ил. (in Ukrainian)
  • Кривий Ріг: Фотоальбом. — Киев: «Мистецтво», 1983. — 143 с., цв. ил. (in Ukrainian)
  • Кривий Ріг: Фотоальбом. — Киев: «Мистецтво», 1989. — 144 с., цв. ил. (in Ukrainian)
  • Кривий Ріг — моє місто / Тамара Трофанова. — Кривий Ріг: Видавничий дім, 2009. — [36] с.: фотогр. — 3500 (1 завод-1000) экз. — ISBN 978-966-177-038-5. (in Ukrainian)
  • Кривий Ріг: фотоальбом / редкол.: Г. П. Гончарук (ред.) и др.; фотогр. А. Соловьёв. — Д.: АРТ-ПРЕСС, 2010. — 152 с.: фотогр. — на укр. и англ. языках. — 2200 экз. — ISBN 978-966-348-227-9. Посвящён 235-летию Кривого Рога. (in Ukrainian)
  • Рукавицын И. А. Привет из Кривого Рога / И. А. Рукавицын. — К.: Арт-Технология, 2014. — 104 с.: ил. (русский язык)
  • Визначні місця України / Київ: Держполітвидав УРСР, 1961. — 787 с. (in Ukrainian)
  • Криворожский горнорудный институт. К 50-летию института / Коллектив авторов. — Издательство Львовского университета, 1972. — 184 с. (in Russian)
  • Грушевой К. С. Тогда, в сорок первом… / К. С. Грушевой. — Москва, 1972. — 78 с. (in Russian)
  • Мельник О. О., Криворіжжя: від визволення до перемоги. Хроніка подій з 22 лютого 1944 до 9 травня 1945 р / О. О. Мельник. — Кривий Ріг: Видавничий дім, 2004. — 56 с. (in Ukrainian)
  • Советская историческая энциклопедия / Москва: «Советская энциклопедия», 1965. — Том 8, С. 150–151. (in Russian)
  • Украинская советская энциклопедия. Том 5 (in Ukrainian), — С. 499–500. (in Russian)
  • История Городов и Сёл Украинской ССР (в 26 томах). Том Днепропетровская область, — С. 285–323. (in Russian)
  • Фокин Е. И. Хроника рядового разведчика. Фронтовая разведка в годы Великой Отечественной войны. 1943—1945 гг. / Е. И. Фокин. — М.: ЗАО «Центрполиграф», 2006. — 285 с. — (На линии фронта. Правда о войне). Тираж 6 000 экз. ISBN 5-9524-2338-8. (in Russian)
  • Географический энциклопедический словарь. Географические названия. Издание второе, дополненное / Гл. ред. А. Ф. Трёшников. — Москва: «Советская энциклопедия», 1989. (in Russian)


Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Kryvyi_Rih&oldid=1264954937"