Jump to content

Tallinn

Edit links
Coordinates: 59°26′14″N 24°44′43″E / 59.43722°N 24.74528°E / 59.43722; 24.74528
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Kolõvan)
"Reval" redirects here. For other uses, see Reval (disambiguation).

Tallinn
Capital city
Tallinn Bay and city centre
Flag of Tallinn
Flag
Coat of arms of Tallinn
Coat of arms
Logo of Tallinn
Brandmark
Tallinn is located in Europe
Tallinn
Tallinn
Location within Europe
Tallinn is located in Baltic Sea
Tallinn
Tallinn
Location within Baltic Sea region
Tallinn is located in Estonia
Tallinn
Tallinn
Location within Estonia
Coordinates: 59°26′14″N 24°44′43″E / 59.43722°N 24.74528°E / 59.43722; 24.74528
Country Estonia
CountyHarju
First confirmed written record1219
First possible appearance on map1154
City rights1248
Government
 • MayorJevgeni Ossinovski
Area
159.2 km2 (61.5 sq mi)
Elevation
9 m (30 ft)
Population
 (2023)[2]
453,864
 • Rank1st in Estonia
 • Density2,900/km2 (7,400/sq mi)
 • Urban
638,076[1]
Demonym(s)Tallinner (English)
tallinlane (Estonian)
GDP
[3]
 • Capital city€17.369 billion
(US$18.3 billion) (2022)
 • Per capita€38,959
(US$41,055) (2022)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
ISO 3166 codeEE-784
City budget€1.26 billion[4]
Websitetallinn.ee/eng

Tallinn[5][a] is the capital and most populous city of Estonia. Situated on a bay in north Estonia, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea, Tallinn has a population of about 457,000 (as of 2024)[2] and administratively lies in the Harju maakond (county). Tallinn is the main governmental, financial, industrial, and cultural centre of Estonia. It is located 187 km (116 mi) northwest of the country's second largest city, Tartu; however, only 80 km (50 mi) south of Helsinki, Finland, also 320 km (200 mi) west of Saint Petersburg, Russia, 300 km (190 mi) north of Riga, Latvia, and 380 km (240 mi) east of Stockholm, Sweden. From the 13th century until the first half of the 20th century, Tallinn was known in most of the world by variants of its other historical name Reval.[7]

Tallinn received Lübeck city rights in 1248;[8] however, the earliest evidence of human population in the area dates back nearly 5,000 years.[9] The medieval indigenous population of what is now Tallinn and north Estonia was one of the last "pagan" civilisations in Europe to adopt Christianity following the Papal-sanctioned Livonian Crusade in the 13th century.[10][7] The first recorded claim over the place was laid by Denmark after a successful raid in 1219 led by King Valdemar II, followed by a period of alternating Scandinavian and Teutonic rulers. Due to the strategic location by the sea, its medieval port became a significant trade hub, especially in the 14–16th centuries, when Tallinn grew in importance as the northernmost member city of the Hanseatic League.[7] Tallinn Old Town is one of the best-preserved medieval cities in Europe and is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[11]

In 2012, Tallinn had the highest number of startup companies per person among all capitals and larger cities in Europe.[12] Tallinn is the birthplace of many international high-technology companies, including Skype and Wise.[13][7] The city is home to the headquarters of the European Union's IT agency,[14] and to the NATO Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence. In 2007, Tallinn was listed among the top-10 digital cities in the world,[15] and in 2022, Tallinn was listed among the top-10 "medium-sized European cities of the future".[16]

Names and etymology

[edit]
See also: Names of Tallinn in different languages

The name Tallinn(a)Estonian: [ˈtɑlʲːinː] ⓘ is Estonian. It has been widely considered a historical derivation of Taani-linna,[b] meaning "Danish-castle"[c] (Latin: Castrum Danorum), conceivably because the Danish invaders built the castle in place of the Estonian stronghold after the 1219 battle of Lyndanisse.

The Icelandic Njal's saga—composed after 1270, but describing events between 960 and 1020—mentions an event that occurred somewhere in the area of Tallinn and calls the place Rafala (probably a derivation of Rävala, Revala, or some other variant of the Estonian name of the adjacent medieval Estonian county). Soon after the Danish conquest in 1219, the town became known in the Scandinavian and German languages as Reval (Latin: Revalia). Reval was in official use in Estonia until 1918.

In international use, the English and German-language (Revalⓘ; German: [ˈʁeːval] ⓘ) as well as the Russian analog Revel (Ревель) were all gradually replaced by the Estonian name after the country became independent in 1918. At first, both Estonian forms, Tallinna and Tallinn, were used.[17] Tallinna in Estonian denotes also the genitive case of the name, as in Tallinna Sadam ('the Port of Tallinn').

The first-ever Danish flag falling from the sky during the Battle of Lindanise (Tallinn), 15 June 1219. Painted by C. A. Lorentzen in 1809.

Henry of Livonia, in his chronicle (c. 1229), called the town with the name that is also known to have been used up to the 13th century by Scandinavians: Lindanisa (or Lyndanisse in Danish,[18][19][20] Lindanäs in Swedish and Ledenets in Old East Slavic).

In 1154, a town called قلون (Qlwn[21] or Quwri[22][23]) was recorded in the description of the world on the world map (Tabula Rogeriana) commissioned by the Norman King Roger II of Sicily and compiled by Arab cartographer Muhammad al-Idrisi, who described it as "a small town like a large castle" among the towns of 'Astlanda'. It has been suggested that one possible transcription, 'Qlwn', may have denoted a predecessor of the modern city[24][25] and may somehow be related to a toponym Kolyvan, which has been discovered from later East Slavic chronicles.[26][27] However, a number of historians have considered connecting any of al-Idrisi's placenames with modern Tallinn erroneous, unfounded, or speculative.[28][8][29][30]

History

[edit]
Main article: History of Tallinn
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Tallinn.

The first archaeological traces of a small hunter-fisherman community's presence[9] in what is now Tallinn's city centre are about 5,000 years old. The comb ceramic pottery found on the site dates to about 3000 BCE and corded ware pottery to around 2500 BCE.[31]

The lesser coat of arms of Tallinn depicts the Dannebrog cross.

Around 1050 AD, a fortress was built in what is now central Tallinn, on the hill of Toompea.[22]

As an important port on a major trade route between Novgorod and western Europe, it became a target for the expansion of the Teutonic Knights and the Kingdom of Denmark during the period of Northern Crusades in the beginning of the 13th century when Christianity was forcibly imposed on the local population. Danish rule of Tallinn and northern Estonia started in 1219.

In 1285, Tallinn, then known more widely as Reval, became the northernmost member of the Hanseatic League – a mercantile and military alliance of German-dominated cities in Northern Europe. The king of Denmark sold Reval along with other land possessions in northern Estonia to the Teutonic Knights in 1346. Reval was arguably the most significant medieval port in the Gulf of Finland.[32] Reval enjoyed a strategic position at the crossroads of trade between the rest of western Europe and Novgorod and Muscovy in the east. The city, with a population of about 8,000, was very well fortified with city walls and 66 defence towers. The city wall has been described as an outstanding example of German Medieval fortification architecture.[33]

A weather vane, the figure of an old warrior called Old Thomas, was put on top of the spire of the Tallinn Town Hall in 1530. Old Thomas later became a popular symbol of the city.

City skyline of Tallinn (Reval) and the harbour in 1650
City skyline of Tallinn (Reval) and the harbour in 1650

In the early years of the Protestant Reformation, the city converted to Lutheranism. In 1561, Reval (Tallinn) became a dominion of Sweden.

During the 1700–1721 Great Northern War, plague-stricken Tallinn along with Swedish Estonia and Livonia capitulated to Tsardom of Russia (Muscovy) in 1710, but the local self-government institutions (Magistracy of Reval and Estonian Knighthood) retained their cultural and economical autonomy within Imperial Russia as the Governorate of Estonia. The Magistracy of Reval was abolished in 1889. The 19th century brought industrialisation of the city and the port kept its importance.

On 24 February 1918, the Estonian Declaration of Independence was proclaimed in Tallinn. It was followed by Imperial German occupation until the end of World War I in November 1918, after which Tallinn became the capital of independent Estonia. During World War II, Estonia was first occupied by the Soviet army and annexed into the USSR in the summer of 1940, then occupied by Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1944. During the German occupation Tallinn suffered from many instances of aerial bombing by the Soviet air force. During the most destructive Soviet bombing raid on 9–10 March 1944, over a thousand incendiary bombs were dropped on the town, causing widespread fires, killing 757 people, and leaving over 20,000 residents of Tallinn without shelter. After the German retreat in September 1944, the city was occupied again by the Soviet Union.

Harju Street in Tallinn old town after the Soviet aerial bombing in March 1944

During the 1980 Summer Olympics, the sailing (then known as yachting) events were held at Pirita, north-east of central Tallinn. Many buildings, such as the Tallinn TV Tower, "Olümpia" hotel, the new Main Post Office building, and the Regatta Centre, were built for the Olympics.

In 1991, the independent democratic Estonian nation was restored and a period of quick development as a modern European capital ensued. Tallinn became the capital of a de facto independent country once again on 20 August 1991. The Old Town became a World Heritage Site in 1997,[34] and the city hosted the 2002 Eurovision Song Contest.[35] Tallinn was the 2011 European Capital of Culture, and is the recipient of the 2023 European Green Capital Award.[36] The city has pledged to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2030 and takes pride in its biodiversity and high air quality.[37][38] But critics say that the award was received on false promises since it won the title with its "15-minute city" concept, according to which key facilities and services should be accessible within a 15-minute walk or bike ride but the concept was left out of the green capital program and other parts of the 12 million euro program amount to a collection of temporary and one-off projects without any structural and lasting changes.[39]

Geography

[edit]
Härjapea river, 1889

Tallinn is situated on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, in north-western Estonia.

The largest lake in Tallinn is Lake Ülemiste (9.44 km2 (3.6 sq mi)), which serves as the main source of the city's drinking water. Lake Harku is the second-largest lake within the borders of Tallinn and its area is 1.6 km2 (0.6 sq mi). The only significant river in Tallinn nowadays is the Pirita river, in the eponymous Pirita city district. Historically, a smaller river, called Härjapea, flowed from Lake Ülemiste through the town into the sea, but the river was diverted into underground sewerage system in the 1930s and has since completely disappeared from the cityscape. References to it still remain in the street names Jõe (from jõgi, river) and Kivisilla (from kivi sild, stone bridge).

The length of the seaside coast is 46 km (29 mi), comprising three larger (Kopli, Paljassaare, and Kakumäe) peninsulas. The city has a number of public beaches, including those at Pirita, Stroomi, Kakumäe, Harku, and Pikakari.[40]

The highest point in Tallinn, at 64 m (about 200 ft) above sea level, is situated in Hiiu, Nõmme District, in the south-west of the city. A large limestone cliff runs through the city. It can be seen at Toompea, Lasnamäe, and Astangu. However, the hill at Toompea is not geologically part of the larger limestone cliff.

The rocks and sediments underneath Tallinn are of different composition and age. Youngest are the Quaternary deposits. The materials of these deposits are till, varved clay, sand, gravel, and pebbles that are of glacial, marine and lacustrine origin. Some of the Quaternary deposits are valuable as they constitute aquifers, or as in the case of gravels and sands, are used as construction materials. The Quaternary deposits are the fill of valleys that are now buried. The buried valleys of Tallinn are carved into older rock likely by ancient rivers to be later modified by glaciers. While the valley fill is made up of Quaternary sediments the valleys themselves originated from erosion that took place before the Quaternary.[41] The substrate into which the buried valleys were carved is made up of hard sedimentary rock of Ediacaran, Cambrian and Ordovician age. Only the upper layer of Ordovician rocks protrudes from the cover of younger deposits, cropping out in the Baltic Klint at the coast and at a few places inland. The Ordovician rocks are made up from top to bottom of a thick layer of limestone and marlstone, then a first layer of argillite followed by first layer of sandstone and siltstone and then another layer of argillite also followed by sandstone and siltstone. In other places of the city, hard sedimentary rock is only to be found beneath Quaternary sediments at depths reaching as much as 120 m below sea level. Underlying the sedimentary rock are the rocks of the Fennoscandian Craton including gneisses and other metamorphic rocks with volcanic rock protoliths and rapakivi granites. These rocks are much older than the rest (Paleoproterozoic age) and do not crop out anywhere in Estonia.[41]

Climate

[edit]
Tallinn's Old Town on a September morning.

Tallinn has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with warm, rainy summers and cold, snowy winters.[42]

Winters are cold, but mild for its latitude, owing to its coastal location. The average temperature in February, the coldest month, is −3.6 °C (25.5 °F). During the winters, temperatures tend to hover close to freezing, but mild spells of weather can push temperatures above 0 °C (32 °F), occasionally reaching above 5 °C (41 °F) while cold air masses can push temperatures below −18 °C (0 °F) an average of 6 days a year. Snowfall is common during the winters, which are cloudy[43] and characterised by low amounts of sunshine, ranging from only 20.7 hours of sunshine per month in December to 58.8 hours in February.[44] At the winter solstice, daylight lasts for less than 6 hours and 5 minutes.[45]

Spring starts out cool, with freezing temperatures common in March and April, but gradually becomes warmer and sunnier in May, when daytime temperatures average 15.4 °C (59.7 °F), although nighttime temperatures still remain cool, averaging −3.7 to 5.2 °C (25.3 to 41.4 °F) from March to May.[46] In early spring, freezing temperatures are common in March and snowfall can occur in April.[43]

Summers are warm with daytime temperatures hovering around 19.2 to 22.2 °C (66.6 to 72.0 °F) and nighttime temperatures averaging between 9.8 to 13.1 °C (49.6 to 55.6 °F) from June to August.[46] The warmest month is usually July, with an average of 17.6 °C (63.7 °F).[46] During summer, partly cloudy or clear days are common[43] and it is the sunniest season, ranging from 255.6 hours of sunshine in August to 312.1 hours in July although precipitation is higher during these months.[47][44] At the summer solstice, daylight lasts for more than 18 hours and 40 minutes.[45]

Autumn starts out mild, with a September average daily mean of 12.0 °C (53.6 °F) and increasingly becomes cooler and cloudier in November.[43] In the early parts of autumn, temperatures commonly reach 16.1 °C (61.0 °F) and at least one day above 21 °C (70 °F) in September. In late autumn, snowfall can occur in October and freezing temperatures become more common in November.

Tallinn receives 700 mm (28 in) of precipitation annually, which is evenly distributed throughout the year although March, April and May are the driest months, averaging about 35 to 37 mm (1.4 to 1.5 in), while July and August are the wettest months with 82 to 85 mm (3.2 to 3.3 in) of precipitation.[47] The average humidity is 81%, ranging from a high of 89% to a low of 69% in May.[48] Tallinn has an average windspeed of 3.3 m/s (11 ft/s) with winters being the windiest (around 3.7 m/s (12 ft/s) in January) and summers being the least windy at around 2.7 m/s (8.9 ft/s) in August.[43] Extremes range from −32.2 °C (−26.0 °F) on 31 December 1978 to 34.3 °C (93.7 °F) on 30 July 1994.[49]

According to a 2021 study commissioned by the British price comparison site Uswitch.com, Tallinn is the most unpredictable of European capitals in terms of weather conditions, with a total score of 69/100; the high score is mainly due to the location between a more maritime and a more continental climate and the variation in the duration of sunshine as a consequence of its high latitude. Riga and Helsinki took second and third places.[50][51][52]

Climate data for Tallinn, Estonia (normals 1991–2020 and extremes 1805–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 9.2
(48.6) 		10.2
(50.4) 		17.1
(62.8) 		27.2
(81.0) 		31.4
(88.5) 		32.6
(90.7) 		34.3
(93.7) 		34.2
(93.6) 		28.0
(82.4) 		21.8
(71.2) 		14.1
(57.4) 		11.6
(52.9) 		34.3
(93.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −0.7
(30.7) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		2.8
(37.0) 		9.5
(49.1) 		15.4
(59.7) 		19.2
(66.6) 		22.2
(72.0) 		21.0
(69.8) 		16.1
(61.0) 		9.5
(49.1) 		4.1
(39.4) 		1.2
(34.2) 		9.9
(49.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.9
(26.8) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		4.8
(40.6) 		10.2
(50.4) 		14.5
(58.1) 		17.6
(63.7) 		16.5
(61.7) 		12.0
(53.6) 		6.5
(43.7) 		2.0
(35.6) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		6.4
(43.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −5.5
(22.1) 		−6.2
(20.8) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		0.7
(33.3) 		5.2
(41.4) 		9.8
(49.6) 		13.1
(55.6) 		12.3
(54.1) 		8.4
(47.1) 		3.7
(38.7) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		2.9
(37.2)
Record low °C (°F) −31.4
(−24.5) 		−28.7
(−19.7) 		−24.5
(−12.1) 		−12.0
(10.4) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		4.0
(39.2) 		2.4
(36.3) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		−10.5
(13.1) 		−18.8
(−1.8) 		−32.2
(−26.0) 		−32.2
(−26.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 56
(2.2) 		40
(1.6) 		37
(1.5) 		35
(1.4) 		37
(1.5) 		68
(2.7) 		82
(3.2) 		85
(3.3) 		58
(2.3) 		78
(3.1) 		66
(2.6) 		59
(2.3) 		700
(27.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 12.7 10.6 9.0 7.5 7.3 9.5 9.1 10.3 10.1 12.9 12.3 13.1 124.4
Average relative humidity (%) 89 86 80 72 69 74 76 79 82 85 89 89 81
Mean monthly sunshine hours 29.7 58.8 148.4 217.3 306.0 294.3 312.1 255.6 162.3 88.3 29.1 20.7 1,922.7
Average ultraviolet index 0 1 1 3 4 5 5 4 3 1 0 0 2
Source 1: Estonian Weather Service[46][47][48][44][49]
Source 2: NOAA/NCEI (average precipitation days 1991–2020)[43] Weather Atlas (average ultraviolet index),[53]
Wind speed for Tallinn
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average wind speed m/s (ft/s) 3.7
(12.1) 		3.5
(11.5) 		3.4
(11.2) 		3.3
(10.8) 		3.1
(10.2) 		3.0
(9.8) 		2.8
(9.2) 		2.7
(8.9) 		3.0
(9.8) 		3.3
(10.8) 		3.6
(11.8) 		3.8
(12.5) 		3.3
(10.8)
Source 1: NOAA/NCEI[43]
Coastal temperature data for Tallinn
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F) 1.0
(33.8) 		0.1
(32.2) 		0.1
(32.2) 		1.7
(35.1) 		6.9
(44.4) 		13.4
(56.1) 		18.8
(65.9) 		19.0
(66.2) 		15.8
(60.4) 		10.8
(51.4) 		7.0
(44.6) 		4.1
(39.4) 		8.2
(46.8)
Source 1: Seatemperature.org[54]

Administrative districts

[edit]
Administrative districts of Tallinn

.

District Flag Arms Population
(2022)[55] 		Area Density
Haabersti 47,980 22.26 km2 (8.6 sq mi) 2,157.2/km² (5,587.1/sq mi)
Kesklinn (centre) 65,041 30.56 km2 (11.8 sq mi) 2,128.3/km² (5,512.4/sq mi)
Kristiine 32,725 7.84 km2 (3.0 sq mi) 4,175.4/km² (10,814.4/sq mi)
Lasnamäe 117,230 27.47 km2 (10.6 sq mi) 4,269.0/km² (11,056.6/sq mi)
Mustamäe 65,978 8.09 km2 (3.1 sq mi) 8,156.1/km² (21,124.3/sq mi)
Nõmme 37,402 29.17 km2 (11.3 sq mi) 1,282.1/km² (3,320.6/sq mi)
Pirita 19,034 18.73 km2 (7.2 sq mi) 1,016.1/km² (2,631.7/sq mi)
Põhja-Tallinn 59,612 15.9 km2 (6.1 sq mi) 3,751.6/km² (9,717.6/sq mi)

Tallinn is subdivided into eight administrative linnaosa (districts). Each district has a linnaosa valitsus (district government) which is managed by a linnaosavanem (district elder) who is appointed by the city government. The function of the "district governments", however, is not directly governing, but just limited to providing advice to the city government and the city council on issues related to the administration of respective districts.

The districts are administratively further divided into 84 asum (subdistricts or "neighbourhoods" with officially defined borders).[56]

Government

[edit]

The city is governed by the Tallinn City Council which consists of 79 members elected to four year terms via party list. The mayor is elected by the city council.

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
188150,488—    
189764,572+27.9%
1922122,419+89.6%
1934137,792+12.6%
1959281,714+104.4%
1970369,583+31.2%
1979441,800+19.5%
1989499,421+13.0%
2000400,378−19.8%
2011393,222−1.8%
2021437,817+11.3%
Source: Censuses[57][58]

The population of Tallinn on 1 January 2024 was 457,572.[2] It is the primate and most populous city in Estonia, the 3rd most populous city in the three Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), as well as the 59th most populous city in the European Union.

According to Eurostat, in 2004, Tallinn had one of the largest number of non-EU nationals of all EU member states' capital cities. Ethnic Russians are a significant minority in Tallinn, as around a third of the city's residents are first and second generation immigrants from Russia and other parts of the former Soviet Union; a majority of the Soviet-era immigrants now hold Estonian citizenship.[59]

Ethnic Estonians made up over 80% of Tallinn's population before World War II. As of 2022, ethnic Estonians made up over 53% of the population. Tallinn was one of the urban areas with industrial and military significance in northern Estonia that during the period of Soviet occupation underwent extensive changes in its ethnic composition due to large influx of immigrants from Russia and other parts of the former USSR. Whole new city districts were built where the main intent of the then Soviet authorities was to accommodate Russian-speaking immigrants: Mustamäe, Väike-Õismäe, Pelguranna, and most notably, Lasnamäe, which in 1980s became, and is to this day, the most populous district of Tallinn.

The official language of Tallinn is Estonian. As of 2011, 50.1% of the city's residents were native speakers of Estonian, whereas 46.7% had Russian as their first language. While English is the most frequently used foreign language by the residents of Tallinn, there are also a significant number of native speakers of Ukrainian and Finnish.[60]

Ethnic composition 1922–2021
Ethnicity 1922[61] 1934[62] 1941[63] 1959[64] 1970[64] 1979[64] 1989[64] 2000[65] 2011[66] 2021[67]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Estonians 102,568 83.9 117,918 85.6 132,396 94.0 169,697 60.2 201,908 55.7 222,218 51.9 227,245 47.4 215,114 53.7 217,601 55.3 233,520 53.3
Russians 7,513 6.14 7,888 5.72 5,689 4.04 90,594 32.2 127,103 35.0 162,714 38.0 197,187 41.2 146,208 36.5 144,721 36.8 149,883 34.2
Ukrainians – – 35 0.03 – – 7,277 2.58 13,309 3.67 17,507 4.09 22,856 4.77 14,699 3.67 11,565 2.94 15,450 3.53
Belarusians – – – – – – 3,683 1.31 7,158 1.97 10,261 2.39 12,515 2.61 7,938 1.98 6,229 1.58 6,154 1.41
Finns – – 304 0.22 214 0.15 1,650 0.59 2,852 0.79 2,996 0.70 3,271 0.68 2,436 0.61 2,062 0.52 3,431 0.78
Jews 1,929 1.58 2,203 1.60 0 0.00 3,714 1.32 3,750 1.03 3,737 0.87 3,620 0.76 1,598 0.40 1,460 0.37 1,405 0.32
Latvians – – 572 0.42 340 0.24 702 0.25 1,007 0.28 1,259 0.29 1,032 0.22 827 0.21 628 0.16 1,500 0.34
Germans 6,904 5.65 6,575 4.77 – – 125 0.04 217 0.06 332 0.08 516 0.11 516 0.13 492 0.13 1,219 0.28
Tatars – – 75 0.05 – – 745 0.26 1,055 0.29 1,500 0.35 1,975 0.41 1,265 0.32 1,012 0.26 1,033 0.24
Poles – – 599 0.43 502 0.36 759 0.27 967 0.27 1,084 0.25 1,240 0.26 936 0.23 768 0.20 940 0.21
Lithuanians – – 92 0.07 97 0.07 594 0.21 852 0.23 905 0.21 1,052 0.22 949 0.24 795 0.20 1,092 0.25
Unknown/Not stated 0 0.00 368 0.27 150 0.11 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.00 7 0.00 3,694 0.92 709 0.18 4,317 0.99
Other 3,354 2.74 1163 0.84 1,523 1.08 2,174 0.77 2,528 0.70 4,023 0.94 6,458 1.35 4,198 1.05 5,180 1.32 17,873 4.08
Total 122,268 100 137,792 100 140,911 100 281,714 100 362,706 100 428,537 100 478,974 100 400,378 100 393,222 100 437,817 100
Largest ethnic groups[68]
Ethnic group Population (2022) %
Estonians 233,518 53.34
Russians 149,878 34.23
Ukrainians 15,449 3.53
Belarusians 6,153 1.40
Finns 3,431 0.78
Jews 1,405 0.32
Latvians 1,343 0.34
Germans 1,219 0.28
Lithuanians 1,092 0.25
Armenians 1,043 0.24
Tatars 1,033 0.24
Azerbaijanis 1,029 0.23
Poles 940 0.21
Other 15,960 3.64
Unknown 4,318 0.99

Religion

[edit]

The pie chart to the right shows the distribution of religion in Tallinn as of 2021.

Religion in Tallinn (2021) [1]

  Unaffiliated (64.4%)
  Orthodox & Old Believers (23.8%)
  Lutheran (6.0%)
  Catholic (1.15%)
  Others Christian (1.7%)
  Muslims (1.15%)
  Others Religions or Unknown (1.8%)

Economy

[edit]
Rotermann business district
See also: List of companies based in Tallinn

Tallinn has a highly diversified economy with particular strengths in information technology, tourism and logistics. More than half of Estonia's GDP is created in Tallinn.[69] In 2008, the GDP per capita of Tallinn stood at 172% of the Estonian average.[70] In addition to longtime functions as seaport and capital city, Tallinn has seen development of an information technology sector; in its 13 December 2005, edition, The New York Times characterised Estonia as "a sort of Silicon Valley on the Baltic Sea".[71] One of Tallinn's sister cities is the Silicon Valley town of Los Gatos, California. Skype is one of the best-known of several Estonian start-ups originating from Tallinn. Many start-ups have originated from the Institute of Cybernetics. In recent years,[when?] Tallinn has gradually been becoming one of the main IT centres of Europe, with the Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCD COE) of NATO, eu-LISA, the EU Digital Agency and the IT development centres of large corporations, such as TeliaSonera and Kuehne + Nagel being based in the city.[72]

Tallinn receives 4.3 million visitors annually,[73] a figure that has grown steadily over the past decade. The Finns are especially a common sight in Tallinn;[74] on average, about 20,000–40,000 Finnish tourists visit the city between June and October.[75] Most of the visitors come from Europe, though Tallinn has also become increasingly visited by tourists from the Asia-Pacific region.[76] Tallinn Passenger Port is one of the busiest cruise destinations on the Baltic Sea, it served more than 520,000 cruise passengers in 2013.[77]

The state-owned energy company Eesti Energia, the nationwide electric power transmission system operator Elering, the natural gas distributor Eesti Gaas, and the country's largest private energy company, Alexela Group, all have their headquarters in Tallinn.

Tallinn is the financial centre of Estonia and also an important economic centre in the Baltoscandian region. Many major banks, such as SEB, Swedbank, and Nordea, have their local offices in Tallinn. LHV Pank, an Estonian investment bank, has its corporate headquarters in Tallinn. Tallinn Stock Exchange, part of NASDAQ OMX Group, is the only regulated exchange in Estonia.

Port of Tallinn is one of the biggest ports in the Baltic sea region, whereas the largest cargo port of Estonia, the Port of Muuga, which is operated by the same business entity, is located in the neighboring town of Maardu.[78] Old City Harbour has been known as a convenient harbour since the medieval times, but nowadays the cargo operations are shifted to Muuga Cargo Port and Paldiski South Harbour. As of 2010, there was still a small fleet of oceangoing trawlers that operated out of Tallinn.[79] Tallinn's industries include shipbuilding, machine building, metal processing, electronics, textile manufacturing. BLRT Grupp has its headquarters and some subsidiaries in Tallinn. Air Maintenance Estonia and AS Panaviatic Maintenance, both based in Tallinn Airport, provide MRO services for aircraft, largely expanding their operations in recent years. Liviko, the maker of the internationally-known Vana Tallinn liqueur, is similarly based in Tallinn. The headquarters of Kalev, a confectionery company and part of the industrial conglomerate Orkla Group, is located in Lehmja, near the city's southeastern boundary. Estonia is ranked third in Europe in terms of shopping centre space per inhabitant, ahead of Sweden and being surpassed only by Norway and Luxembourg.[80]

Notable headquarters

[edit]

Notable IT development centres

[edit]
  • Telia Company IT development centre[83]
  • Kuehne + Nagel IT centre[84]
  • Arvato Financial Solutions global IT development and innovation centre[85]
  • Ericsson has one of its biggest production facilities in Europe located in Tallinn, focusing on the production of 4G communication devices.[86]
  • Equinor has announced that the group's financial centre will be relocated to Tallinn.[87]

Education

[edit]
The buildings of Tallinn University of Technology

Institutions of higher education and science include:

Culture

[edit]

Tallinn was a European Capital of Culture for 2011, along with Turku, Finland.

Museums

[edit]
See also: List of museums in Estonia
Estonian Art Museum in Kadriorg Palace

Tallinn is home to more than 60 museums and galleries.[88] Most of them are located in Kesklinn, the central district of the city, and cover Tallinn's rich history.

One of the most visited historical museums in Tallinn is the Estonian History Museum, located in Great Guild Hall at Vanalinn, the old part of the city.[89] It covers Estonia's history from prehistoric times up until the end of the 20th century.[90] It features film and hands-on displays that show how Estonian dwellers lived and survived.[90]

Mikkel Museum

The Estonian Maritime Museum provides an overview of nation's seafaring past. The museum is located in the Old Town, inside one of Tallinn's former defensive structures – Fat Margaret's Tower.[91] Another historical museum that can be found at city's Old Town, just behind the Town Hall, is Tallinn City Museum. It covers Tallinn's history from pre-history until 1991, when Estonia regained its independence.[92] Tallinn City Museum owns nine more departments and museums around the city,[92] one of which is Tallinn's Museum of Photography, also located just behind the Town Hall. It features permanent exhibition that covers 100 years of photography in Estonia.[93]

Estonia's Vabamu Museum of Occupations and Freedom is located in Kesklinn (the Central district). It covers the 51 years (1940–1991) when Estonia was occupied by the former Soviet Union and Nazi Germany.[94] Not far away is another museum related to the Soviet occupation of Estonia, the KGB Museum, which occupies the 23rd floor of Sokos Hotel Viru. It features equipment, uniforms, and documents of Russian Secret Service agents.[95]

The city is also home to Estonian Museum of Natural History and the Estonian Health Museum, both located in Old Town. The Museum of Natural History features several themed exhibitions that provide an overview of the wildlife of Estonia and the world.[96] The Estonian Health Museum has exhibitions covering human anatomy, health care, and the history of medicine in Estonia on display.[97]

Tallinn is home to several art and design museums. The Estonian Art Museum, the largest art museum in Estonia, consists of four branches – Kumu Art Museum, Kadriorg Art Museum, Mikkel Museum, and Niguliste Museum. Kumu Art Museum features the country's largest collection of contemporary and modern art. It also displays Estonian art starting from the early 18th century.[98] Those who are interested in Western European and Russian art may enjoy Kadriorg Art Museum collections, located in Kadriorg Palace, a beautiful Baroque building erected by Peter the Great. It stores and displays about 9,000 works of art from the 16th to 20th centuries.[99] The Mikkel Museum, in Kadriorg Park, displays a collection of mainly Western art – ceramics and Chinese porcelain donated by Johannes Mikkel in 1994. The Niguliste Museum occupies former St. Nicholas' Church; it displays collections of historical ecclesiastical art spanning nearly seven centuries from the Middle Ages to post-Reformation art.

Those who are interested in design and applied art may enjoy the Estonian Museum of Applied Art and Design collection of Estonian contemporary designs. It displays up to 15.000 pieces of work made of textile art, ceramics, porcelain, leather, glass, jewellery, metalwork, furniture, and product design.[100] To experience more relaxed, culture-oriented exhibits, one may turn to Museum of Estonian Drinking Culture. This museum showcases the historic Luscher & Matiesen Distillery as well as the history of Estonian alcohol production.[101]

Danse Macabre by Bernt Notke on display at St. Nicholas' Church

Lauluväljak

[edit]
Main article: Estonian Song Festival
The Tallinn Song Festival Grounds (Lauluväljak)

The Estonian Song Festival (in Estonian: Laulupidu) is one of the largest choral events in the world[verification needed], listed by the UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. It is held every five years in July on the Tallinn Song Festival Grounds (Lauluväljak) simultaneously with the Estonian Dance Festival.[102] The joint choir has comprised more than 30,000 singers performing to an audience of 80,000.[102][103]

Estonians have one of the biggest collections of folk songs in the world[verification needed], with written records of about 133,000 folk songs.[104] From 1987, a cycle of mass demonstrations featuring spontaneous singing of national songs and hymns that were strictly forbidden during the years of the Soviet occupation to peacefully resist the oppression. In September 1988, a record 300,000 people, more than a quarter of all Estonians, gathered in Tallinn for a song festival.[105]

Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival

[edit]
Main article: Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival

Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival (Estonian: Pimedate Ööde Filmifestival, or PÖFF), is an annual film festival held since 1997 in Tallinn, the capital city of Estonia. PÖFF is the only festival in the Nordic and Baltic region with a FIAPF (International Federation of Film Producers Association) accreditation for holding an international competition programme in the Nordic and Baltic region with 14 other non-specialised festivals, such as Cannes, Berlin, Venice. With over 250 feature films screened each year and over 77500 attendances (2014), PÖFF is one of the largest film events of Northern Europe and cultural events in Estonia in the winter season. During its 19th edition in 2015 the festival screened more than 600 films (including 250+ feature-length films from 80 countries), bringing over 900 screenings to an audience of over 80, 000 people as well as over 700 accredited guests and journalists from 50 countries. In 2010 the festival held the European Film Awards ceremony in Tallinn.

Cuisine

[edit]
See also: Estonian cuisine

The traditional cuisine of Tallinn reflects culinary traditions of north Estonia, the role of the city as a fishing port, and historical German influences. Numerous cafés have played a major role in a social life of the city since the 19th century, as have bars, especially in the Kesklinn district.

The martsipan industry in Tallinn has a very long history. The production of martsipan started in the Middle Ages, almost simultaneously in Tallinn (Reval) and Lübeck, both member cities of the Hanseatic League. In 1695, marzipan was mentioned as a medicine, under the designation of Panis Martius, in the price lists of the Tallinn Town Hall Pharmacy.[106] The modern era of martsipan in Tallinn began in 1806, when the Swiss confectioner Lorenz Caviezel set up his confectionery on Pikk Street. In 1864, it was bought and expanded by Georg Stude and now is known as the Maiasmokk café. In the late 19th century martsipan figurines made by Tallinn's confectioners were supplied to the Russian imperial family.[107]

Arguably, the most symbolic seafood dish of Tallinn is vürtsikilu ("spicy sprat") – salted sprats pickled with a distinctive set of spices including black pepper, allspice and cloves. The making of traditional vürtsikilu is thought to have originated from the city's outskirts. In 1826, the merchants of Tallinn exported 40,000 cans of vürtsikilu to Saint Petersburg.[108] A closely associated dish is kiluvõileib ("sprat-butter-bread") – a traditional rye bread open sandwich covered with a layer of butter and vürtsikilu as the topping. Boiled egg slices and culinary herbs are optional extra toppings. Alcoholic beverages produced in the city include beer, vodka, and liqueurs (such as the eponymous Vana Tallinn). The number of craft beer breweries has expanded sharply in Tallinn over the last decade, entering local and regional markets.

Tourism

[edit]

What can arguably be considered to be Tallinn's main attractions are located in the Tallinn Old Town (divided into a "lower town" and Toompea hill) which is easily explored on foot. The eastern parts of the city, notably Pirita (with Pirita Convent) and Kadriorg (with Kadriorg Palace) districts, are also popular destinations, and the Estonian Open Air Museum in Rocca al Mare, west of the city, preserves aspects of Estonian rural culture and architecture. The historical wooded suburbs like Kalamaja, Pelgulinn, Kassisaba and Kelmiküla and revitalized industrial areas like Rotermanni Quarter, Noblessner and Dvigatel are also unique places to visit.

Toompea – Upper Town

[edit]
Toompea castle
Stenbock House on Toompea hill is the official seat of the Government of Estonia.
Main article: Toompea

This area was once an almost separate town, heavily fortified, and has always been the seat of whatever power that has ruled Estonia. The hill occupies an easily defensible site overlooking the surrounding districts. The major attractions are the medieval Toompea Castle (today housing the Estonian Parliament, the Riigikogu), the Lutheran St Mary's Cathedral, also known as the Dome Church (Estonian: Toomkirik), and the Russian Orthodox Alexander Nevsky Cathedral.

All-linn – Lower Town

[edit]

This area is one of the best preserved medieval towns in Europe and the authorities are continuing its rehabilitation. Major sights include the Town Hall square (Estonian: Raekoja plats), the city wall and towers (notably "Fat Margaret" and "Kiek in de Kök") as well as a number of medieval churches, including St Olaf's, St. Nicholas' and the Church of the Holy Ghost. The Catholic Cathedral of St Peter and St Paul is also in the Lower Town.

Kadriorg

[edit]
Main article: Kadriorg

Kadriorg is 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) east of the city centre and is served by buses and trams. Kadriorg Palace, the former palace of Peter the Great, built just after the Great Northern War, now houses the foreign art department of the Art Museum of Estonia, the presidential residence and the surrounding grounds include formal gardens and woodland.

The main building of the Art Museum of Estonia, Kumu (Estonian: Kunstimuuseum, Art Museum), was built in 2006 and lies in Kadriorg park. It houses an encyclopaedic collection of Estonian art, including paintings by Carl Timoleon von Neff, Johann Köler, Eduard Ole, Jaan Koort, Konrad Mägi, Eduard Wiiralt, Henn Roode and Adamson-Eric, among others.

Pirita

[edit]
Main article: Pirita

This coastal district is a further 2 kilometres north-east of Kadriorg. The marina was built for the Moscow Olympics of 1980, and boats can be hired on the Pirita River. Two kilometres inland are the Botanic Gardens and the Tallinn TV Tower.

Transport

[edit]
A CAF tram in Tallinn (Pärnu maantee street) in 2018

City transport

[edit]
Main article: Public transport in Tallinn

The city operates a system of bus (73 lines), tram (5 lines) and trolley-bus (4 lines) routes to all districts; the 33 kilometres (21 mi) long tram system[109] is the only tram network in Estonia.[110][111] A flat-fare system is used. The ticket-system is based on prepaid RFID cards available in kiosks and post offices. In January 2013, Tallinn became the first European capital to offer a fare-free service on buses, trams and trolleybuses within the city limits. This service is available to residents who register with the municipality.[112]

Tallinn offers a wide range of smart mobility options, with extensive free-floating fleets of e-scooters, e-bikes, bikes, and cars available for rent throughout the city.[113][114][115]

Air

[edit]

The Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport is about 4 kilometres (2 miles) from Town Hall square (Raekoja plats). There is a tram (Line Number: 4) and local bus connection between the airport and the edge of the city centre (bus no. 2). The nearest railway station Ülemiste is only 1.5 km (0.9 mi) from the airport. The construction of the new section of the airport began in 2007 and was finished in summer 2008.

Ferry

[edit]
The port of Tallinn is one of the busiest cruise and passenger harbours in Northern Europe with over 10 million people passing through in 2016.
See also: Baltic Sea cruiseferries

Several ferry operators, Viking Line, Tallink and Eckerö Line, connect Tallinn to Helsinki, Mariehamn, Stockholm, and St. Petersburg. Passenger lines connect Tallinn to Helsinki (83 km (52 mi) north of Tallinn) in approximately 2–3.5 hours by cruiseferries, with up to eight daily crossings all year round.

Railroad

[edit]
Railway platform at the Tallinn Baltic Station

The Elron railway company operates train services from Tallinn to Tartu, Valga, Türi, Viljandi, Tapa, Narva, Koidula. Buses are also available to all these and various other destinations in Estonia, as well as to Saint Petersburg in Russia and Riga, Latvia. The Russian railways company operated a daily international sleeper train service between Tallinn – Moscow, and was stopped in 2020.

Tallinn also has a commuter rail service running from Tallinn's main rail station in two main directions: east (Aegviidu) and to several western destinations (Pääsküla, Keila, Riisipere, Turba, Paldiski, and Kloogaranna). These are electrified lines and are used by the Elron railroad company. Stadler FLIRT EMU and DMU units are in service since July 2013. The first electrified train service in Tallinn was opened in 1924 from Tallinn to Pääsküla, a distance of 11.2 km (7.0 mi).

The Rail Baltica project, which will link Tallinn with Warsaw via Latvia and Lithuania, will connect Tallinn with the rest of the European rail network. An undersea tunnel has been proposed between Tallinn and Helsinki,[116] though it remains at a planning phase.

Roads

[edit]

The Via Baltica motorway (part of European route E67 from Helsinki to Prague) connects Tallinn to the Lithuanian-Polish border through Latvia.

Notable people

[edit]

Pre-1900

[edit]

1900 to 1930

[edit]

1930 to 1950

[edit]

1950 to 1970

[edit]

1970 to date

[edit]

Architects and conductors

[edit]

Sport

[edit]

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]

Tallinn is twinned with:[117]

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ /ˈtælɪn/ TAL-in, US also /ˈtɑːlɪn/ TAH-lin;[6] Estonian: [ˈtɑlʲːinː] ⓘ
  2. ^ The Finnic element -linna, like Germanic -burg and Slavic -grad /-gorod, originally meant "fortress", but has been used as a suffix in the formation of town names. The Estonian word linn nowadays means "town" or "city".
  3. ^ The Danish heritage is also evident in the city's lesser coat of arms, depicting the flag of Denmark (Dannebrog).

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Eurostat". eurostat.ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  2. ^ a b c "Population by sex, age and place of residence after the 2017 administrative reform, 1 January". Statistics Estonia. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  3. ^ "GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT BY COUNTY". stat.ee. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  4. ^ "Tallinn's 2024 social sector budget focuses on strengthening social protection". tallinn.ee. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  5. ^ "Definition of Tallinn". Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
  6. ^ "Tal•linn". Dictionary.infoplease.com. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
  7. ^ a b c d Spray, Aaron (30 January 2023). "Why Estonia's Historic Capital City Of Tallinn Is Worth Visiting". Thetravel.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  8. ^ a b "Tallinn on noorem, kui õpikus kirjas!". Delfi. 28 October 2003. Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  9. ^ a b "Villu Kadakas: pringlikütid Vabaduse väljakul". 25 April 2009. Archived from the original on 16 August 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  10. ^ "Country Profile – LegaCarta". Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  11. ^ "Historic Centre (Old Town) of Tallinn". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 7 December 1997. Archived from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  12. ^ Rooney, Ben (14 June 2012). "The Many Reasons Estonia Is a Tech Start-Up Nation". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  13. ^ Germany, SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg (14 March 2015). "Start-ups in Tallinn: Estland, das Silicon Valley Europas? – SPIEGEL ONLINE – Netzwelt". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ a b Ingrid Teesalu (9 June 2011). "It's Official: Tallinn To Become EU's IT Headquarters". ERR. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
  15. ^ "Tech capitals of the world". The Age. 15 May 2012. Archived from the original on 22 April 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
  16. ^ Hankewitz, Sten (17 March 2022). "Tallinn in the top ten of the "Europe's cities of the future" ranking". Estonian World. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  17. ^ Singer, Nat A.; Steve Roman (2008). Tallinn in Your Pocket. In Your Pocket. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-01-406269-0.
  18. ^ (in Danish)In 1219 Valdemar II of Denmark, leading the Danish fleet in connection with the Livonian Crusade, landed in an Estonian town of Lindanisse
  19. ^ "Salmonsens Konversations Leksikon". Runeberg.org. 19 January 2012. Archived from the original on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
  20. ^ (in German) Reval's ältester Estnischer Name Lindanisse, Verhandlungen der gelehrten estnischen Gesellschaft zu Dorpat. Band 3, Heft 1. Dorpat 1854, p. 46–47
  21. ^ Fasman, The Geographer's Library, pp.17
  22. ^ a b Ertl, Alan (2008). Toward an Understanding of Europe. Universal-Publishers. p. 381. ISBN 978-1-59942-983-0. Archived from the original on 26 September 2024. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  23. ^ Birnbaum, Stephen; Mayes Birnbaum, Alexandra (1992). Birnbaum's Eastern Europe. Harper Perennial. p. 431. ISBN 978-0-06-278019-5. Archived from the original on 25 October 2022. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
  24. ^ Fasman, Jon (2006). The Geographer's Library. Penguin. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-14-303662-3.
  25. ^ "A glance at the history and geology of Tallinn" by Jaak Nõlvak. In Wogogob 2004: Conference Materials Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ Terras, Victor (1990). Handbook of Russian Literature. Yale University Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-300-04868-1.
  27. ^ The Esthonian Review. University of California. 1919.
  28. ^ Tarvel, Enn (2016). "Chapter 14: Genesis of the Livonian town in the 13th century". In Murray, Alan (ed.). The North-Eastern Frontiers of Medieval Europe. Book Publishers. ISBN 978-1-409-43680-5.
  29. ^ Ammas, Anneli (18 January 2003). "Pealinna esmamainimise aeg kahtluse all". Eesti Päevaleht. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  30. ^ "Miks ei usu ajaloolased Tallinna esmamainimisse 1154. aastal?". Horisont. 2003. Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  31. ^ Alas, Askur. "The mystery of Tallinn's Central Square" (in Estonian). EE. Archived from the original on 5 November 2008. Retrieved 29 October 2008.
  32. ^ "Turku ja Tallinna – Euroopan kulttuuripääkaupungit 2011". Aiheet | Euroopan parlamentti. 1 October 2011. Archived from the original on 16 May 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
  33. ^ Günther Grundmann. "Die mittelalterliche Stadtbaukunst". Der Ostseeraum im Blickfeld der Deutschen Geschichte. Studien zum Deutschtum im Osten. Vol. 6. Böhlau Verlag. p. 83.
  34. ^ "Historic Centre (Old Town) of Tallinn". UNESCO. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  35. ^ "Tallinn 2002". Eurovision Song Contest. European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  36. ^ Nikel, David (11 September 2021). "Introducing Estonia's Tallinn, European Green Capital 2023". Integrated Whale Media Investments. Forbes. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  37. ^ Bank, European Investment (6 July 2022). EIB Group Sustainability Report 2021. European Investment Bank. ISBN 978-92-861-5237-5. Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  38. ^ Saarniit, Helen. "How can Estonia's transport and housing sectors contribute to cleaner air and a safer climate?". SEI. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  39. ^ Pärli, Merilin (24 January 2023). "Critics: Tallinn's green capital program doesn't offer permanent changes". ERR. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  40. ^ Tallinn Annual Report 2011. Tallinn City Office. p. 41.
  41. ^ a b Vaher, Rein; Miindel, Avo; Raukas, Anto; Tavast, Elvi (2010). "Ancient buried valleys in the city of Tallinn and adjacent area" (PDF). Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences. 59 (1): 37–48. doi:10.3176/earth.2010.1.03. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  42. ^ Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11 (5): 1633–1644. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 February 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  43. ^ a b c d e f g "Tallinn-Harku Climate Normals 1991–2020". NOAA. Archived from the original on 17 April 2024.
  44. ^ a b c "Climate normals-Sunshine". Estonian Weather Service. Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  45. ^ a b "Sunrise and Sunset in Tallinn". Time and Date. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
  46. ^ a b c d "Climate normals-Temperature". Estonian Weather Service. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  47. ^ a b c "Climate normals-Precipitation". Estonian Weather Service. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  48. ^ a b "Climate normals-Humidity". Estonian Weather Service. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  49. ^ a b "Rekordid" (in Estonian). Estonian Weather Service. Archived from the original on 17 April 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  50. ^ "The European capital with the most unpredictable weather – U Switch". Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  51. ^ "British study claims Tallinn has the most unpredictable weather among European capitals – Estonian World". 19 August 2021.
  52. ^ "These Travel Destinations Have The Most Predictable Weather In Europe – The Romania Journal". Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  53. ^ "Tallinn, Estonia – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Archived from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
  54. ^ "Tallinn Sea Temperature". 25 April 2023.
  55. ^ "Statistical Yearbook of Tallinn 2022". Tallinn city government. 19 May 2023. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  56. ^ "01.01.2015". Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  57. ^ "1881, 1897, 1922, 1934, 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989 Census Basic Data" (in Estonian). Statistics Estonia.
  58. ^ "Population and Housing Census 2000-2021". Public Database. Statistics Estonia.
  59. ^ Eurostat (2004). Regions: Statistical yearbook 2004 (PDF). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. p. 115/135. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2010.
  60. ^ "Tallinn arvudes / Statistical Yearbook of Tallinn" (in Estonian and English). Tallinn City Council. 3 August 2011. Archived from the original on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
  61. ^ 1922 a. üldrahvalugemise andmed. Vihk I ja II, Rahva demograafiline koosseis ja korteriolud Eestis (in Estonian and French). Tallinn: Riigi Statistika Keskbüroo. 1924. p. 33. ISBN 9789916103067. Archived from the original on 19 September 2024. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  62. ^ Rahvastiku koostis ja korteriolud. 1.III 1934 rahvaloenduse andmed. Vihk II (in Estonian and French). Tallinn: Riigi Statistika Keskbüroo. 1935. pp. 47–53. hdl:10062/4439. Archived from the original on 19 September 2024. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  63. ^ Eesti Statistika : kuukiri 1942-03/04 (in German and Estonian). Tallinn: Riigi Statistika Keskbüroo. 1942. pp. 66–67. Archived from the original on 19 September 2024. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  64. ^ a b c d Statistikaamet (1995). Eesti rahvastik rahvaloenduste andmetel. I. (PDF) (in Estonian and English). Tallinn: Grafinet. p. 66. ISBN 9985-826-17-5.
  65. ^ "RL222: RAHVASTIK ELUKOHA JA RAHVUSE JÄRGI". Estonian Statistical Database (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 19 September 2024. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  66. ^ "RL0429: RAHVASTIK RAHVUSE, SOO, VANUSERÜHMA JA ELUKOHA JÄRGI, 31. DETSEMBER 2011". Estonian Statistical Database. Archived from the original on 19 September 2024. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  67. ^ "RL21429: Rahvastik Rahvuse, Soo, Vanuserühma Ja ELukoha (Haldusüksus) Järgi, 31. DETSEMBER 2021". Estonian Statistical Database (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 19 September 2024. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  68. ^ "POPULATION, 1 JANUARY by Sex, County, Ethnic nationality and Year". pub.stat.ee. Archived from the original on 19 February 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  69. ^ Kaja Koovit. "Half of Estonian GDP is created in Tallinn". Balticbusinessnews.com. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
  70. ^ "Half of the gross domestic product of Estonia is created in Tallinn". Estonian Statistics Office. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
  71. ^ Mark Ländler, "The Baltic Life: Hot Technology for Chilly Streets" Archived 5 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 13 December 2005.
  72. ^ Anthony Ha, "GameFounders: An Accelerator For European Game Startups" Archived 14 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Techcrunch, 21 June 2012.
  73. ^ "Tallinn investing to enhance customer experience and business and operational opportunities". Airport Business. ACI EUROPE. 17 October 2016. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  74. ^ "ERR: Tallinn hoping for return of Finnish tourists this summer". 23 March 2021. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  75. ^ ERR: Finnish tourist numbers on the rise – new generations traveling to Estonia
  76. ^ Arumäe, Liisu (9 August 2013). "Tallinnas suureneb Vene ja Aasia turistide arv". E24 Majandus (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  77. ^ "Tänavune kruiisihooaeg tõi Tallinna esmakordselt üle poole miljoni reisija" (in Estonian). Port of Tallinn. 11 October 2013. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  78. ^ "Muuga Harbour". Port of Tallinn. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  79. ^ "Reyktal AS fleet". Archived from the original on 18 June 2010.
  80. ^ "MARKTBEAT shopping centre development report" (PDF). Cushman & Wakefield. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  81. ^ "Regulation 1077/2011 establishing a European Agency for the operational management of large-scale IT systems in the area of freedom, security and justice". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  82. ^ "DGs – Home Affairs – What we do – Agencies". European Commission. Archived from the original on 27 June 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  83. ^ Steve Roman (30 May 2012). "TeliaSonera Opens IT Development Center in Tallinn". ERR. Archived from the original on 2 June 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  84. ^ Vahemäe, Heleri (13 September 2013). "Kuehne + Nagel joined ITL". E24 Majandus. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  85. ^ Schieler, Nicole (11 February 2016). "arvato Financial Solutions opens global IT Development and Innovation centre in Tallinn". arvato. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  86. ^ "Ericsson Eesti planning to invest EUR 6.4 mln > Tallinn". Tallinn.ee. Archived from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  87. ^ Raivo Sormunen. "aripaev.ee – Skandinaavia uue börsifirma finantskeskus tuleb Tall". Ap3.ee. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  88. ^ "Tallinn Sightseeing, Museums & Attractions". Tallinn. n.d. Archived from the original on 13 February 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  89. ^ "ESTONIAN HISTORY MUSEUM". Eesti Asaloomuuseum. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  90. ^ a b "Estonian History Museum – Great Guild Hall". Tallinn. n.d. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  91. ^ "Estonian Maritime Museum – Fat Margaret's Tower". Tallinn. n.d. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  92. ^ a b "Tallinna Lunnamuuseum". Lunnamuuseum.ee. n.d. Archived from the original on 6 September 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  93. ^ "ABOUT THE MUSEUM". linnamuuseum.ee. n.d. Archived from the original on 31 August 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  94. ^ "Museum of Occupations". Visitestonia.com. n.d. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  95. ^ "Hotel Viru & KGB Museum". Visittallinn.ee. n.d. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  96. ^ "Estonian Museum of Natural History". Visittallinn.ee. n.d. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  97. ^ "Estonian Health Care Museum". Visitestonia.com. n.d. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  98. ^ "Kumu – Art lives here!". Kumu.ekm.ee. n.d. Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  99. ^ "About the museum". Kadriorumuuseum.ekm.ee. n.d. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  100. ^ "Estonian Museum of Applied Art and Design". Etdm.ee. n.d. Archived from the original on 23 March 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  101. ^ "Museum of Estonian Drinking Culture". Visittallinn.ee. n.d. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  102. ^ a b Estonian Song and Dance Celebrations Estonian Song and Dance Celebration Foundation
  103. ^ "Lauluväljakul oli teisel kontserdil 110 000 inimest". Delfi. Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  104. ^ "Estonia – Estonia is a place for independent minds". estonia.ee. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  105. ^ Zunes, Stephen (April 2009). "Estonia's Singing Revolution (1986–1991)". International Center on Nonviolent Conflict. Archived from the original on 1 November 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  106. ^ "Martsipani ajalugu". kohvikmaiasmokk.ee (in Estonian). AS Kalev. Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
  107. ^ Gendlin, Vladimir; Shaposhnikov, Vasily (19 May 2003). "Estonia // SPRATS IN LIQUEUR". Kommersant. Moscow. Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
  108. ^ "Kuidas vaeste lesknaiste toidust sai Tallinna sümbol". Tarbija24. Postimees (in Estonian). 25 February 2013. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
  109. ^ "Statistical Yearbook of Tallinn 2015". tallinn.ee. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  110. ^ Varema, Remeo (1998). "TALLINN TRAM – 110 YEARS". Tallinna tramm 110 aastat. Vello Talves. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  111. ^ "History of tram transport". Aktsiaselts Tallinna Linnatransport (TLT). Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  112. ^ Willsher, Kim (15 October 2018). "'I leave the car at home': how free buses are revolutionising one French city". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
  113. ^ ERR, Aleksander Krjukov | (7 May 2024). "Deputy mayor: Regulating e-scooters not priority for Tallinn city government". ERR. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
  114. ^ ERR, Huko Aaspõllu | (5 May 2024). "Bolt founder and CEO: Tallinn could fit 20,000 Bolt rental cars". ERR. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
  115. ^ ERR, ERR News | (8 July 2024). "New bikesharing service launches in Tallinn". ERR. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
  116. ^ Mike Collier. "Helsinki mayor still believes in Tallinn tunnel Archived 24 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine", The Baltic Times, 3 April 2008. Retrieved on 2021-09-13.
  117. ^ "Relations with other cities". Tallinn. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  118. ^ "Raekoja platsil valmib maailma pikim kiluvõileib". Tallinn. Postimees (in Estonian). 14 May 2014. Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.

Bibliography

[edit]
See also: Bibliography of the history of Tallinn

Books and articles

[edit]
  • Burch, Stuart. An unfolding signifier: London's Baltic exchange in Tallinn. Journal of Baltic Studies 39.4 (2008): 451–473.
  • Hallas, Karin, ed. 20th Century Architecture in Tallinn (Tallinn, The Museum of Estonian Architecture, 2000).
  • Helemäe, Karl. Tallinn, Olympic Regatta city. ASIN B0006E5Y24.
  • Kattago, Siobhan. War memorials and the politics of memory: The Soviet war memorial in Tallinn. Constellations 16.1 (2009): 150–166. online
  • Naum, Magdalena. Multi-ethnicity and material exchanges in Late Medieval Tallinn. European Journal of Archaeology 17.4 (2014): 656–677. online[dead link‍]
  • Õunapuu, Piret. The Tallinn department of the Estonian National museum: History and developments. Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 48 (2011): 163–196.
  • Pullat, Raimo. Brief history of Tallinn (Estopol, 1999).
  • Tannu, Elena (1990). The living past of Tallinn. Perioodika Publishers. ISBN 5-7979-0031-9.

Travel guides

[edit]
  • Clare Thomson (February 2006). Tallinn. Footprint Publishing. ISBN 1-904777-77-5.
  • Neil Taylor (2004). Tallinn. Bradt City Guide. ISBN 1-84162-096-3.
  • Dmitri Bruns. Architectural Landmarks, Places of Interest. ASIN B0006E6P9K.
  • Sulev Maèvali. Historical and architectural monuments in Tallinn. ASIN B0007AUR60.
[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tallinn.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tallinn.
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Tallinn&oldid=1260177349"