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Mastodia

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Mastodia
Mastodia tesselata lichen (dark in color) growing on rocks in an intertidal zone frequented by Gentoo penguins (visible in background)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Eurotiomycetes
Order: Verrucariales
Family: Verrucariaceae
Genus: Mastodia
Hook.f. & Harv. (1847)
Type species
Mastodia tessellata
(Hook.f. & Harv.) Hook.f. & Harv. (1847)
Species

M. antarctica
M. borealis
M. georgica
M. mawsonii
M. mexicana
M. tessellata

Synonyms[1]
  • Leptogiopsis Nyl. (1884)
  • Dermatomeris Reinsch (1890)
  • Kohlmeyera S.Schatz (1980)

Mastodia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Verrucariaceae. It has six species.[2]

Taxonomy

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The genus was circumscribed in 1847 by Joseph Dalton Hooker and William Henry Harvey.[3] The type species, Mastodia tessellata, is a bipolar (i.e., found in both the Arctic and Antarctica), coastal lichen. It forms a symbiotic association with the macroscopic genus Prasiola; this is the only known lichen symbiosis involving a foliose green alga.[4] Studies suggest that throughout its geographic range, the lichen comprises two fungal species (the mycobionts) and three algal lineages (the photobionts) that associate.[5]

Mastodia was once classified in the eponymously named, monogeneric family Mastodiaceae, proposed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1908. Over a century later, molecular phylogenetics analysis demonstrated that Mastodia tessellata belongs to the family Verrucariaceae, and has a sister taxon relationship with the marine genus Wahlenbergiella.[6]

Description

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Mastodia has a foliose (leaf-like) thallus, which is either umbilicate (attached at a single point like a navel) or stalked, with a somewhat uneven or mixed structure. In Mastodia, the outer layers, or cortices, are not distinctively separated. The medullary hyphae, which are the internal fungal filaments, run perpendicularly between the groups of algae cells. These hyphae stimulate the algal cells to divide into groups of 16 or 32, aiding in the lichen's growth.[7]

The reproductive structures of Mastodia, known as perithecia, are either partially submerged in the thallus or protrude from it. The opening of these structures (ostiole) is centrally located. The surrounding tissue, called the parathecium, varies in colour from transparent to pale brown, but it does not have a carbonaceous (blackened) appearance. The paraphyses, which are filament-like structures within the perithecia, tend to disappear quickly. The asci (spore-producing cells) are either club-shaped or cylindrical and typically contain eight spores. The ascospores are transparent and range from long oval to spindle-shaped, with a single internal compartment.[7]

Mastodia also has pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies). The supporting structure, or perifulcrum, consists of slender, vertically aligned hyphae. The conidiophores are simple and elongated; the conidia themselves are either oval or rod-shaped. In terms of size, the ascospores of Mastodia measure between 16 and 19 μm in length and 2 to 2.5 μm in width.[7]

Species

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Both Mastodia complicatula (Nyl.) C.W.Dodge (1948), and Mastodia macquariensis C.W.Dodge (1970) are synonyms of Mastodia tessellata.[9][10]

References

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  1. ^ "Synonymy. Current Name: Mastodia Hook. f. & Harv., in Hooker, Bot. Antarct. Voy. Erebus Terror 1839-1843 2: 499 (1847)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  2. ^ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. hdl:10481/76378.
  3. ^ a b Hooker, Joseph Dalton (1844). The botany of the Antarctic voyage of H.M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839-1843 :under the command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross. Vol. 1. p. 499.
  4. ^ Garrido-Benavent, Isaac; Pérez-Ortega, Sergio; de los Ríos, Asunción (2017). "From Alaska to Antarctica: Species boundaries and genetic diversity of Prasiola (Trebouxiophyceae), a foliose chlorophyte associated with the bipolar lichen-forming fungus Mastodia tessellata". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 107: 117–131. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.10.013. PMID 27769902.
  5. ^ Garrido-Benavent, Isaac; de los Ríos, Asunción; Fernández-Mendoza, Fernando; Pérez-Ortega, Sergio (2017). "No need for stepping stones: Direct, joint dispersal of the lichen-forming fungus Mastodia tessellata (Ascomycota) and its photobiont explains their bipolar distribution". Journal of Biogeography. 45 (1): 213–224. doi:10.1111/jbi.13105. S2CID 90516785.
  6. ^ Pérez-Ortega, Sergio; Ríos, Asunción de los; Crespo, Ana; Sancho, Leopoldo G. (2010). "Symbiotic lifestyle and phylogenetic relationships of the bionts of Mastodia tessellata (Ascomycota, incertae sedis)". American Journal of Botany. 97 (5): 738–752. doi:10.3732/ajb.0900323. PMID 21622440.
  7. ^ a b c Dodge, Carroll W. (1973). Lichen Flora of the Antarctic Continent and Adjacent Islands. Canaan, New Hampshire: Phoenix Publishing. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-0914016014.
  8. ^ a b c d e Dodge, C.W. (1948). Lichens and lichen parasites. British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition Scientific Reports. Vol. 7. pp. 57–59.
  9. ^ "Record Details: Mastodia complicatula (Nyl.) C.W. Dodge, B.A.N.Z. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep., Ser. B 7: 58 (1948)". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  10. ^ "Record Details: Mastodia macquariensis C.W. Dodge, Nova Hedwigia 19(3-4): 439 (1970)". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
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