View source for Klebsiella oxytoca

{{Short description|Species of bacterium}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Klebsiella oxytoca.jpg
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = Gram stain
| genus = Klebsiella
| species = oxytoca
| authority = ([[Carl Flügge|Flügge]] 1886) [[Lautrop]] 1956
| synonyms = 
| synonyms_ref = 
}}
[[File:Klebsiella oxytoca NRRL B-199.jpg|thumb|''Klebsiella oxytoca'' on agar plate]]
'''''Klebsiella oxytoca''''' is a [[Gram-negative]], rod-shaped [[bacterium]] that is closely related to ''[[Klebsiella pneumoniae|K. pneumoniae]]'', from which it is distinguished by being indole-positive; it also has slightly different growth characteristics in that it is able to grow on [[melezitose]], but not [[3-hydroxybutyrate]]. It was first described in 1886 when it was isolated from sour milk and named ''Bacillus oxytocus perniciosus'' (from [[Greek language|Greek]] ''oxus'' 'sour' + ''-tokos'' 'producing').<ref>{{cite book |last1=Flügge |author-link=Carl Flügge |first1=Carl |title=Die Mikroorganismen |url=https://archive.org/details/b22650799|date=1886 |publisher=F.C.W. Vogel |location=Leipzig}}</ref>

''Klebsiella oxytoca'' is characterized by negative [[Methyl red test|methyl red]], positive [[Voges–Proskauer test|VP]], positive [[Citrate test|citrate]], urea and [[TSI slant|TSI]] gas production, is AA, and negative for TSI sulfide, DNAse, growth on sulfide-indole motility medium and the phenylalanine deaminase test.

It is a [[diazotroph]], able to colonise plant hosts and fix atmospheric nitrogen into a form which the plant can use. Association of ''K. oxytoca'' with the [[barley]] rhizosphere during an entire vegetative period has been demonstrated. The bacteria adhere strongly to root hairs, and less strongly to the surface of the zone of elongation and root cap mucilage.<ref name=Brisse>{{cite book|vauthors=Brisse S, Grimont F, Grimont PA |title=Prokaryotes|url=https://archive.org/details/complexintracell00shiv|url-access=limited|date=2006|publisher=Springer New York|location=New York, NY|pages=[https://archive.org/details/complexintracell00shiv/page/n164 159]–196|isbn=9783540325246}}</ref>

Like other enterobacteria, it is capable of acquiring [[Antimicrobial resistance|antibiotic resistance]], and isolates have been shown to produce [[Beta-lactamase|extended-spectrum beta-lactamases]] as well as carbapenemases.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hoenigl|first1=Martin|last2=Valentin|first2=Thomas|last3=Zarfel|first3=Gernot|last4=Wuerstl|first4=Benjamin|last5=Leitner|first5=Eva|last6=Salzer|first6=Helmut J. F.|last7=Posch|first7=Josefa|last8=Krause|first8=Robert|last9=Grisold|first9=Andrea J.|date=2012-04-01|title=Nosocomial Outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella oxytoca in Austria|journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy|language=en|volume=56|issue=4|pages=2158–2161|doi=10.1128/AAC.05440-11|issn=0066-4804|pmid=22290949|pmc=3318378}}</ref>

== Industrial uses ==
''Klebsiella oxytoca'' has shown promise in industrial ethanol [[fuel]] production,<ref name=Dien_2003>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dien B, Cotta M, Jeffries T |title=Bacteria engineered for fuel ethanol production: current status |journal=Appl Microbiol Biotechnol |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=258–66 |year=2003 |pmid=13680206 |doi=10.1007/s00253-003-1444-y|s2cid=10340191 }}</ref> and is referenced as being used to produce hydrogen in patents filed by Nanologix, Inc.

==Clinical significance and epidemiology==
Infections can result in [[colitis]] and [[sepsis]].<ref name="pmid17151365">{{cite journal  |vauthors=Högenauer C, Langner C, Beubler E, etal |title=Klebsiella oxytoca as a causative organism of antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=355 |issue=23 |pages=2418–26 |date=December 2006 |pmid=17151365 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa054765 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Outbreaks of antibiotic-resistant ''Klebsiella oxytoca'' have occurred in multiple hospitals and ICUs throughout the world, and handwashing stations have been identified as a potentially important environmental reservoir.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Leitner|first1=Eva|last2=Zarfel|first2=Gernot|last3=Luxner|first3=Josefa|last4=Herzog|first4=Kathrin|last5=Pekard-Amenitsch|first5=Shiva|last6=Hoenigl|first6=Martin|last7=Valentin|first7=Thomas|last8=Feierl|first8=Gebhard|last9=Grisold|first9=Andrea J.|date=2015-01-01|title=Contaminated Handwashing Sinks as the Source of a Clonal Outbreak of KPC-2-Producing Klebsiella oxytoca on a Hematology Ward|journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy|language=en|volume=59|issue=1|pages=714–716|doi=10.1128/AAC.04306-14|issn=0066-4804|pmid=25348541|pmc=4291428}}</ref>

==Ecology==
[[Housefly|Houseflies]] (''Musca domestica'') have a [[Mutualism (biology)|mutualistic]] relationship with the bacterium ''K. oxytoca''. This bacterium can live on the surface of the housefly eggs and has a deterrent effect on the fungi growing in manure, thus benefiting the fly larvae which are competing with the fungi for nutrients.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lam, Kevin |author2=Thu, Kelsie |author3=Tsang, Michelle |author4=Moore, Margo |author5=Gries, Gerhard |year=2009 |title=Bacteria on housefly eggs, ''Musca domestica'', suppress fungal growth in chicken manure through nutrient depletion or antifungal metabolites |journal=Naturwissenschaften |volume=96 |issue=9 |pages=1127–1132 |doi=10.1007/s00114-009-0574-1 |pmid=19636523 |bibcode=2009NW.....96.1127L |s2cid=187752 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{MeshName|Klebsiella+oxytoca}}
*[http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=4941&submit=Search Type strain of ''Klebsiella oxytoca'' at Bac''Dive'' –  the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]

{{Gram-negative bacterial diseases}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q6420044}}

[[Category:Enterobacteriaceae]]
[[Category:Bacteria described in 1886]]


{{Enterobacterales-stub}}