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[[English language|English]]<br />
[[English language|English]]<br />
May your reign <br />
O Canada! <br />
Our home and native land!<br />
Continue for a thousand, eight thousand generations, <br />
True patriot love in all thy sons command.<br />
Until the pebbles <br />
With glowing hearts we see thee rise,<br />
Grow into boulders <br />
The True North strong and free!
Lush with moss


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Revision as of 00:56, 14 July 2008

Kimi ga Yo
English: May your reign last forever
君が代
Score of Kimi ga Yo.
National anthem of  Japan
LyricsWaka poem, Heian period
Music, 1880
Adopted1999
Audio sample
Kimi ga Yo (Instrumental, 50 tempo)

Kimi ga Yo (君が代), often translated as "May your reign last forever" is Japan's national anthem, and is also one of the world's shortest national anthems in current use.[1] The lyrics are based on a Waka poem written in the Heian period, sung to a melody written in the later Meiji Era. The current melody was chosen in 1880, replacing an unpopular melody composed eleven years earlier.

Although Kimi ga Yo had long been Japan's de facto national anthem, it was only legally recognized as such in 1999 with the passing of a bill on national flag and anthem. After its adoption, there was controversy over the performance of the anthem at public school ceremonies. Along with Hinomaru flag, Kimi ga Yo was considered to be a symbol of Japanese imperialism and militarism in wartime.[1]

Lyrics

Meaning of "kimi" and "Kimi ga Yo"

Traditional Interpretation

Traditionally, since Heian period or before, a word "kimi" has been used

as a noun to indicate an emperor or one's lord (i.e. master);[2][3]
as an honorific noun or suffix to indicate a person.[2]

For example, the protagonist Hikaru Genji (光源氏) of the Tale of Genji is also called "Hikaru no Kimi" or "Hikaru-gimi" (光の君 or 光君).

Current Interpretation

Under the Constitution of Japan (promulgated on Nov. 3, 1946), Japan's emperor is no more a sovereign, but is the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people.

And, in modern Japanese, Kimi is mainly used as a noun

by males to mean singular 'you' of equal or inferior social status;[2]
both by males and females to mean 'my sweetheart.'

In 1999, during the deliberations of National Flag and Anthem Bill, the official definition of Kimi or Kimi-ga-yo was asked repeatedly.

The then Prime Minister Keizō Obuchi replied on June 29, 1999 as follows:

"Kimi" indicates the Emperor, who is the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people, and whose position is derived from the consensus-based will of Japanese citizens, with whom sovereign power resides. And, the phrase "Kimi ga Yo" indicates our State, Japan, which has the Emperor enthroned as the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people by the consensus-based will of Japanese citizens. And it is reasonable to take the lyric of Kimi ga Yo to mean the wish for the lasting prosperity and peace of such country of ours.[4]

Origin

Sazare-Ishi pebbles are believed to grow into a boulder in some legends. A photo taken at Shimogamo Shrine in Kyōto.

The lyrics first appeared in a poem anthology, Kokin Wakashū, as an anonymous poem. While anonymous poems were not uncommon at that time, and the author may have been in fact known, the anonymity might be because the author belonged to one of the lower classes. The poem was also included in a lot of anthologies, and in a later period used as a celebration song by people of all walks of life. Unlike the current anthem, the poem began with "Wa ga Kimi wa" ('you, my lord') instead of "Kimi ga Yo wa" ('your reign'). The change of the lyrics occurred during the Kamakura period.[5]

In 1869, around the start of the Meiji Era, John William Fenton, a visiting Irish military band leader, realized that there was no national anthem in Japan, and recommended Iwao Ōyama, an officer of the Satsuma Clan, to make the national anthem of Japan. Ōyama agreed and selected the lyrics.[6] The lyrics are said to have been chosen for their similarity to the British national anthem, due to Fenton stressing the song and also the importance of having a national anthem.[7] Ōyama then asked Fenton to make the melody for it. The melody was composed and was performed before the Emperor in 1870.[7] Due to the pressure of the Japanese, Fenton had only three weeks to compose the music and a few days to rehearse before performing the anthem to the Emperor.[7] This was the first version of Kimi ga Yo, which was discarded because the melody lacked solemnity.[8] However, this version is performed annually at the Myōkōji Shrine in Yokohama, as this is where Fenton was based as a military band leader. Myōkōji serves as a memorial to him.[6]

In 1880, the Imperial Household Agency adopted a new melody composed by Yoshiisa Oku and Akimori Hayashi. The composer is often listed as Hiromori Hayashi, who was their supervisor and Akimori's father. Akimori was also one of Fenton's pupils.[7] The German musician Franz Eckert applied the melody with Western style harmony. This is the second and current version of Kimi ga Yo. By 1893, Kimi ga Yo was included in public school ceremonies due to efforts by the then Ministry of Education.[5] According to The Japan Times, Kimi ga Yo is played in C major.[1]

Controversy

Kimi ga Yo played at a volleyball tournament in Ōsaka.

Since the end of World War II, there has been criticism of the anthem for its association with militarism and the virtual worship of the emperor as a deity, which some see as incompatible with a democratic society.[1] Similar objections have been raised to Japan's current national flag, and demonstrations are sometimes held against both. In 1999, the Japanese government passed the bill on national flag and anthem, which designated Kimi ga Yo as the national anthem and Hinomaru as the national flag.

Since Oct 23, 2003, 410 teachers and school workers have been punished for refusing to stand and sing the anthem as ordered by school principals. This has made recent headlines.[9]

Schools have seen conflict over both the anthem and the flag, as the Tokyo Board of Education requires that the anthem be sung and that the flag be flown at events at Tokyo metropolitan government schools, and that school teachers respect both (by, for example, standing for the singing of the anthem) or risk losing their jobs.[10][11] Some have protested that such rules violate the Constitution of Japan, while the Board, for its part, has argued that since schools are government agencies, their employees have an obligation to teach their students how to be good Japanese citizens.[1]

Opponents respond that as Japan is a democratic country, a national anthem praising a monarch is not appropriate and that forced participation in a ceremony involving the singing of an anthem is against the freedom of thought clause in the Constitution (Article 19). The government stated at the time of the Act of 1999 that the lyrics are meant to wish for Japan to be at peace with the emperor as a symbol of unity.[5]

In 2006 Katsuhisa Fujita, a retired teacher in Tokyo, was threatened with imprisonment, and fined 200,000 yen (roughly 2,000 US dollars), after he was accused of disturbing a graduation ceremony at Itabashi High School by urging the attendees to remain seated during the playing of the anthem.[12] At the time of Fujita's sentence, 345 teachers had been punished for refusing to take part in anthem related events, though Fujita is the only man to have been convicted in relation to it.[13]

As a way to avoid that type of punishment, teachers who are opposed to the compulsory singing of the anthem have tried to expand various English-language parody lyrics across Japan and through the Internet.[14] The parodies take the Japanese syllables and replace them with English phonetic equivalents (for example, in one of the more popular versions, "Kimi ga yo wa" becomes "Kiss me girl, your old one"), allowing those who sing the new version to remain undetected in a crowd.[15] Japanese conservatives deride what they describe as 'sabotage'. There is also a political significance to some of the alternative English lyrics as they can allude to comfort women.[16]

On September 21, 2006, the Tokyo District Court ordered the Tokyo Metropolitan Government to pay compensation to all the teachers who had been subjected to fines and/or punishment under the directive of the Tokyo Board of Education. The then Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi commented, "It is a natural idea to treat the national anthem importantly". This was seen as a landmark ruling in Japan upholding the Fundamental Law of Education in Japan. The ruling has been appealed by the Metropolitan Government.[17]

Protocol

In the Act on national flag and anthem, there is no detailed protocol on how to show respect towards Kimi ga Yo when it is being performed. However, local government bodies and private organizations either give suggestions or demand a certain protocol is to be followed. For example, an October 2003 directive by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government told all teachers to stand during the national anthem at all graduation ceremonies. While standing, the teachers are required to sing Kimi ga Yo while facing Hinomaru.[18] United States military personnel in Japan, while in civilian dress, are required by regulations to place their right hand over their heart when either Kimi ga Yo, The Star-Spangled Banner or any national anthem is performed.[19] The Act also does not dictate when or where Kimi ga Yo needs to be played. Kimi ga Yo, however, is commonly played at sporting events inside of Japan, or during international sporting events where Japan has a competing team. At sumō tournaments, Kimi ga Yo is played before the award ceremony.[8]

Recordings

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See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e JUN HONGO (of The Japan Times) (2007-07-17). "Hinomaru, 'Kimigayo' express conflicts both past and future". The Japan Times ONLINE. Published by The Japan Times Ltd. Retrieved 2007-07-26. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
  2. ^ a b c 新村出記念財団(1998). A dictionary of Japanese 『広辞苑』 ("Kōjien"), 5th edition. Published by Iwanami Shoten, Publishers.
  3. ^ "君が代の源流 (in Japanese)". "Inside "Kimigayo" (in English)". Furuta's Historical Science Association. Retrieved 2008-05-10. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  4. ^ The House of Representatives (1999-06-29). "Info of the minutes (in Japanese) of the plenary session No.41 of the House of Representatives in the 145th Diet term". Database run by National Diet Library. Retrieved 2008-05-10. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  5. ^ a b c Mayumi Itoh (2001). "Japan's Neo-Nationalism: The Role of the Hinomaru and Kimigayo Legislation". JPRI WORKING PAPER. Published by Japan Policy Research Institute. Retrieved 2007-07-07. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ^ a b Aura Sabadus (2006-03-14). "Japan searches for Scot who modernised nation". The Scotsman. Published by Johnston Press Digital Publishing. Retrieved 2007-12-10. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
  7. ^ a b c d Colin Joyce (2005-08-30). "Briton who gave Japan its anthem". Telegraph.co.uk. Published by Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 2007-12-10. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
  8. ^ a b Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2008). "NATIONAL FLAG AND ANTHEM" (PDF). Japan Fact Sheet. Site "Web Japan" sponsored by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2008-05-10. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ^ JAPAN TODAY (2008-05-24). "2 teachers punished for refusing to stand up, recite 'Kimigayo'". JAPAN TODAY. Published by Kyodo News. Retrieved 2008-05-24. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
  10. ^ Justin McCurry (of Guardian) (2006-06-05). "A touchy subject". guardian.co.uk. Published by Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 2006-07-29. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
  11. ^ The Asahi Shimbun (2008-02-11). "EDITORIAL: National anthem ruling". IHT/Asahi via asahi.com. Published by The Asahi Shimbun Company. Retrieved 2008-05-11. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
  12. ^ Kyodo News (2006-05-24). "FEATURE: Upcoming verdict on retired teacher draws attention". KYODO NEWS ON THE WEB. Published by Kyodo News. Retrieved 2006-07-29. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
  13. ^ AFP (2006-05-31). "Japanese teacher fined for anthem protest". TAIPEI TIMES. Published by The Taipei Times. Retrieved 2007-12-10. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
  14. ^ Masahiro Morioka (2006-05-30). "Parody of the Japanese national anthem, Kiss me Kimigayo". Life Studies Blog. Retrieved 2007-11-18. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
  15. ^ Justin McCurry (of Guardian) (2006-05-30). "Japan's rebels sing out with English parody of anthem". guardian.co.uk. Published by Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 2006-07-29. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
  16. ^ THE SANKEI SHIMBUN (2006-05-29). "「君が代」替え歌流布　ネット上「慰安婦」主題？". 正論 Web. Published by The Sankei Shimbun. Retrieved 2006-07-31. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
  17. ^ The Japan Times (2006-09-23). "City Hall to appeal 'Kimigayo' ruling". The Japan Times ONLINE. Published by The Japan Times Ltd. Retrieved 2007-10-25. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
  18. ^ The Japan Times (2004-04-07). "EDITORIAL: Coercion can't foster respect". The Japan Times ONLINE. Published by The Japan Times Ltd. Retrieved 2007-12-19. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
  19. ^ Trevor M. Carlee (2005-02-18). "Corps places hand over heart for national anthem". Okinawa Marine. From United States Marine Corps. Retrieved 2007-12-19. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
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