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Tauranga

Coordinates: 37°41′S 176°10′E / 37.683°S 176.167°E / -37.683; 176.167
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For the electorate, see Tauranga (New Zealand electorate).

Tauranga
City
Tauranga City Centre
Tauranga City
Tauranga Post Office
Tauranga Post Office
View from Mount Maunganui
View from the Mount
Historic villas in Tauranga South
Historic villas in Tauranga South
City centre
Classic Car show taking place at The Strand
Tauranga is located in North Island
Tauranga
Tauranga
Location of Tauranga, New Zealand
Tauranga is located in New Zealand
Tauranga
Tauranga
Tauranga (New Zealand)
Coordinates: 37°41′S 176°10′E / 37.683°S 176.167°E / -37.683; 176.167
CountryNew Zealand
IslandNorth Island
RegionBay of Plenty
WardsMauao/Mount Maunganui
Matua-Otūmoetai
Te Papa
Bethlehem
Tauriko
Welcome Bay
Arataki
Pāpāmoa
Te Awanui (Māori)
Settled1250–1300
Gazetted as a borough1882
City constituted17 April 1963
Electorate(s)Tauranga
Bay of Plenty
Government
 • MP (Tauranga)Sam Uffindell (New Zealand National Party)
 • MP (Bay of Plenty)Tom Rutherford (New Zealand National Party)
 • MayorMahé Drysdale
 • Deputy MayorJen Scoular[1]
 • Territorial authorityTauranga City Council
Area
[2]
 • Land141.91 km2 (54.79 sq mi)
Highest elevation
232 m (761 ft)
Lowest elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
 (June 2024)[3]
 • Territorial
162,800
 • Urban
162,800
Time zoneUTC+12:00 (NZST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+13:00 (NZDT)
Postcode(s)
Map of postcodes
3110, 3112, 3116, 3118
Area code07
Local iwiNgāti Ranginui, Ngāi Te Rangi, Ngāti Pūkenga
WebsiteTauranga.govt.nz

Tauranga (Māori pronunciation: [ˈtaʉɾaŋa])[4][5] is a coastal city in the Bay of Plenty Region and the fifth-most populous city of New Zealand, with an urban population of 162,800 (June 2024)[3], or roughly 3% of the national population. It was settled by Māori late in the 13th century, colonised by Europeans in the early 19th century, and was constituted as a city in 1963.[6]

The city lies in the north-western corner of the Bay of Plenty, on the south-eastern edge of Tauranga Harbour. The city extends over an area of 141.91 square kilometres (54.79 sq mi), and encompasses the communities of Bethlehem, on the south-western outskirts of the city; Greerton, on the southern outskirts of the city; Matua, west of the central city overlooking Tauranga Harbour; Maungatapu; Mount Maunganui, located north of the central city across the harbour facing the Bay of Plenty; Otūmoetai; Papamoa, Tauranga's largest suburb, located in the Bay of Plenty; Tauranga City; Tauranga South; and Welcome Bay.

Tauranga is one of New Zealand's main centres for business, international trade, culture, fashion and horticultural science. The Port of Tauranga is New Zealand's largest port in terms of gross export tonnage and efficiency.[7] Tauranga is one of New Zealand's fastest-growing cities, with an 11% increase in population between the 2006 census and the 2013 census,[8] and 19% between the 2013 and 2018 census. Due to its rapid population growth, Tauranga has become New Zealand's fifth-largest city, overtaking Dunedin and the Napier-Hastings urban areas.

History

[edit]
See also: List of historic places in Tauranga

Settlement

[edit]

The earliest known settlers were Māori, who arrived in the 13th century at Tauranga in the Tākitimu and the Mātaatua waka.

At 9 am on Friday, 23 June 1826, Herald was the first European ship to enter Tauranga Harbour. The Revd. Henry Williams conducted a Christian service at Otamataha Pā.[9][10][11]

In December 1826 and again in March 1827, the Herald travelled to Tauranga from the Bay of Islands to obtain supplies of potatoes, pigs and flax.[12][13] In 1835 a Church Missionary Society mission station was established at Tauranga by William Wade. Rev. Alfred N. Brown arrived at the CMS mission station in 1838.[14] John Morgan also visited the mission in 1838.[15]

View of waterfront in 1924

Europeans trading in flax were active in the Bay of Plenty during the 1830s; some were transient, others married local women and settled permanently. The first permanent non-Maori trader was James Farrow, who travelled to Tauranga in 1829, obtaining flax fibre for Australian merchants in exchange for muskets and gunpowder. Farrow acquired a land area of 2,000 square metres (1⁄2 acre) on 10 January 1838 at Otūmoetai Pā from the chiefs Tupaea, Tangimoana and Te Omanu, the earliest authenticated land purchase in the Bay of Plenty.[16]

In 1840, a Catholic mission station was established. Bishop Pompallier was given land within the palisades of Otūmoetai Pā for a church and a presbytery. The mission station closed in 1863 due to land wars in the Waikato district.[17]

New Zealand Wars–Tauranga Campaign

[edit]

The Tauranga Campaign took place in and around Tauranga from 21 January to 21 June 1864, during the New Zealand Wars. The Battle of Gate Pa is the best known.

The Battle of Gate Pā was an attack on the well fortified Pā and its Māori defenders on 29 April 1864 by British forces made up of approximately 300 men of the 43rd Regiment and a naval contingent. The British casualties were 31 dead (including 10 officers), and 80 wounded – the single most devastating loss of life suffered by the British military in the whole of the New Zealand Wars. The Māori defenders abandoned the Pā during the night with casualties estimated at 25 dead and an unknown number of wounded.[18]

Fires

[edit]

In November 1916, a large fire broke out at the strand destroying 12 buildings, including the Commercial Hotel.[19]

Tauranga Hotel on fire surrounded by large crowd

In 1936 another large fire occurred which started in the hotel's staff quarters and drew large crowds.[20]

Modern era

[edit]

Under the Local Government (Tauranga City Council) Order 2003,[21] Tauranga became legally a city for a second time, from 1 March 2004.

In August 2011, Tauranga received Ultra-Fast Broadband as part of the New Zealand Government's rollout.[22]

Geography

[edit]

Tauranga is located around a large harbour that extends along the western Bay of Plenty, and is protected by Matakana Island and the extinct volcano of Mauao (Mount Maunganui). Ngamuwahine River is located 19 kilometres southwest of Tauranga.

View down The Strand from the intersection of Harington St in 1924, including Tauranga Hotel and the Farmers' Union Trading Company buildings

Tauranga and the Bay of Plenty are situated along a faultline and so experience (infrequent) seismic activity. There are a few volcanoes around the area (mainly dormant). The most notable of these are White Island and Mauao, nicknamed "The Mount" by locals.

Tauranga is roughly the antipode of Jaén, Spain.

Administrative divisions

[edit]

Suburbs

[edit]

Tauranga City consists of the following suburbs, sorted by 2018 general electoral ward:[needs update]

Notes
  1. ^ Otherwise known as Tauranga Central or Tauranga CBD.

Climate

[edit]

Tauranga has an oceanic or maritime temperate climate (cfb) in the Köppen Climate Classification. Though in the Trewartha Climate Classification it is subtropical (cfbl)[23]

During the summer months the population swells as holidaymakers descend on the city, especially along the popular white coastal surf beaches from Mount Maunganui to Papamoa.

Climate data for Tauranga (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1913–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 33.7
(92.7) 		33.9
(93.0) 		30.3
(86.5) 		28.4
(83.1) 		23.9
(75.0) 		21.9
(71.4) 		22.8
(73.0) 		20.7
(69.3) 		24.7
(76.5) 		25.6
(78.1) 		29.2
(84.6) 		30.6
(87.1) 		33.9
(93.0)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 28.4
(83.1) 		28.4
(83.1) 		26.3
(79.3) 		24.0
(75.2) 		21.1
(70.0) 		18.5
(65.3) 		17.6
(63.7) 		18.2
(64.8) 		20.1
(68.2) 		22.1
(71.8) 		24.9
(76.8) 		26.8
(80.2) 		29.3
(84.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 24.3
(75.7) 		24.4
(75.9) 		22.9
(73.2) 		20.3
(68.5) 		17.7
(63.9) 		15.4
(59.7) 		14.6
(58.3) 		15.2
(59.4) 		16.7
(62.1) 		18.5
(65.3) 		20.5
(68.9) 		22.6
(72.7) 		19.4
(66.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 19.8
(67.6) 		20.1
(68.2) 		18.4
(65.1) 		15.9
(60.6) 		13.6
(56.5) 		11.2
(52.2) 		10.5
(50.9) 		11.0
(51.8) 		12.5
(54.5) 		14.3
(57.7) 		16.1
(61.0) 		18.3
(64.9) 		15.1
(59.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 15.3
(59.5) 		15.8
(60.4) 		13.9
(57.0) 		11.6
(52.9) 		9.4
(48.9) 		7.1
(44.8) 		6.3
(43.3) 		6.7
(44.1) 		8.3
(46.9) 		10.0
(50.0) 		11.6
(52.9) 		14.1
(57.4) 		10.8
(51.4)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 9.7
(49.5) 		10.5
(50.9) 		8.6
(47.5) 		5.3
(41.5) 		3.5
(38.3) 		1.5
(34.7) 		0.9
(33.6) 		1.2
(34.2) 		2.4
(36.3) 		4.1
(39.4) 		5.7
(42.3) 		8.8
(47.8) 		0.2
(32.4)
Record low °C (°F) 3.3
(37.9) 		1.7
(35.1) 		0.7
(33.3) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		−5.3
(22.5) 		−4.8
(23.4) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		−4.6
(23.7) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		0.6
(33.1) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		−5.3
(22.5)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 76.2
(3.00) 		83.2
(3.28) 		94.9
(3.74) 		132.1
(5.20) 		116.2
(4.57) 		120.6
(4.75) 		133.4
(5.25) 		111.6
(4.39) 		86.5
(3.41) 		80.4
(3.17) 		63.4
(2.50) 		103
(4.1) 		1,201.5
(47.36)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 6.3 6.7 8.1 8.7 9.6 10.7 11.7 11.7 10.7 9.6 8.6 8.5 110.9
Average relative humidity (%) 72.8 76.4 78.5 79.8 83.3 85.0 84.3 81.7 76.2 76.1 71.8 73.4 78.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 269.0 221.5 221.4 184.3 170.9 134.1 149.9 176.4 178.2 214.8 240.0 241.0 2,401.5
Mean daily daylight hours 14.4 13.5 12.3 11.1 10.1 9.6 9.8 10.7 11.9 13.1 14.2 14.7 12.1
Percent possible sunshine 60 58 58 55 55 47 49 53 50 53 56 53 54
Source 1: NIWA Climate Data[24][25]
Source 2: Weather Spark[26]

Demographics

[edit]

In 1976 Tauranga was a medium-sized urban area with a population of around 48,000. However, the completion of a harbour bridge in 1988 brought Tauranga and The Mount closer (they amalgamated in 1989) and re-energised the economies of both parts of the enlarged city. By 1996 Tauranga's population had grown to 82,092 and by 2006 it had reached 103,635.[27] By 2023, it had reached 152,844.[28]

In 2008 Tauranga overtook Dunedin to become the sixth-largest city in New Zealand by urban area, and the ninth largest city by Territorial Authority area. With continuing growth it has now surpassed the Napier-Hastings area to become New Zealand's fifth-largest city.

Tauranga covers 141.91 km2 (54.79 sq mi)[2] and had an estimated population of 162,800 as of June 2024,[3] with a population density of 1,147 people per km2.

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
2006103,881—    
2013115,161+1.48%
2018137,130+3.55%
2023152,844+2.19%
Source: [29][28]

Tauranga had a population of 152,844 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 15,714 people (11.5%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 37,683 people (32.7%) since the 2013 census. There were 73,821 males, 78,558 females and 462 people of other genders in 55,929 dwellings.[30] 2.5% of people identified as LGBTIQ+. The median age was 39.4 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 29,604 people (19.4%) aged under 15 years, 26,316 (17.2%) aged 15 to 29, 66,786 (43.7%) aged 30 to 64, and 30,138 (19.7%) aged 65 or older.[28]

People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 78.7% European (Pākehā); 19.3% Māori; 3.6% Pasifika; 10.3% Asian; 1.8% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 2.1% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English was spoken by 96.2%, Māori language by 4.5%, Samoan by 0.4% and other languages by 12.5%. No language could be spoken by 2.1% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.4%. The percentage of people born overseas was 25.2, compared with 28.8% nationally.

Religious affiliations were 31.3% Christian, 1.5% Hindu, 0.4% Islam, 1.9% Māori religious beliefs, 0.6% Buddhist, 0.4% New Age, 0.1% Jewish, and 3.3% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 53.7%, and 6.9% of people did not answer the census question.

Of those at least 15 years old, 22,431 (18.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 64,740 (52.5%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 29,052 (23.6%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $42,100, compared with $41,500 nationally. 14,001 people (11.4%) earned over $100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 61,218 (49.7%) people were employed full-time, 17,007 (13.8%) were part-time, and 3,252 (2.6%) were unemployed.[28]

Population density in the 2023 census
Individual wards
Name Area
(km2)		 Population Density
(per km2)		 Dwellings Median age Median
income
Mauao/Mount Maunganui General Ward 18.34 16,005 873 6,174 38.9 years $47,900[31]
Matua-Otūmoetai General Ward 7.87 18,942 2,407 7,044 41.0 years $44,400[32]
Te Papa General Ward 10.88 18,522 1,702 6,960 37.4 years $38,100[33]
Bethlehem General Ward 21.27 18,819 885 7,068 44.0 years $39,600[34]
Tauriko General Ward 24.68 18,849 764 6,543 37.9 years $44,100[35]
Welcome Bay General Ward 18.25 20,526 1,125 7,149 38.4 years $42,800[36]
Arataki General Ward 19.44 18,816 968 7,215 43.5 years $38,500[37]
Pāpāmoa General Ward 21.19 22,365 1,055 7,779 36.2 years $43,800[38]
New Zealand 38.1 years $41,500
Mount Maunganui Main Beach in winter, with 'Leisure Island' in the background

Government and politics

[edit]

For elections to the New Zealand Parliament, the city of Tauranga is in the Tauranga and Bay of Plenty electorates.

Tauranga is located in the administrative area of the Tauranga City Council. The council consists of the Mayor of Tauranga and nine councillors. The mayor is elected by the city at-large, while the councillors are elected from nine wards (constituencies), each ward electing a single councillor. Elections are held via single transferable vote.[39]

The present nine wards were first established for the 2024 local elections. There are eight general wards (Mauao/Mount Maunganui, Arataki, Pāpāmoa, Welcome Bay, Matua-Otūmoetai, Bethlehem, Tauriko and Te Papa) and one Māori ward (Te Awanui, covering the entire city).[40]

Council elections are usually held every three years, most recently in 2024. The next local election for Tauranga is scheduled for 2028.[41]

In December 2020, the Minister of Local Government Nanaia Mahuta announced that, due to alleged "dysfunction" within the elected council, the council would be replaced by commissioners until the 2022 local elections.[42][43] However, then Tauranga MP Simon Bridges said the appointment of commissioners was unnecessary and a "dramatic and draconian step."[44] An independent review by law firm Russell McVeagh found that Mahuta's decision may have been unlawful.[45] Her decision to reappoint the crown commission for a second term in 2022 through to July 2024 was subject to a legal review by Dentons Kensington Swan who found her decision was challengeable on the grounds of unlawfulness and unreasonableness.[46]

Economy

[edit]

Much of the countryside surrounding Tauranga is horticultural land, used to grow a wide range of fresh produce for both domestic consumption and export. There are many kiwifruit and avocados orchards as well as other crops.

The Port of Tauranga is New Zealand's largest export port. It is a regular stop for both container ships and luxury cruise liners.

Port of Tauranga on the Mount Maunganui side, looking south.
Tauranga harbour
Picturesque sunrise over the Tauranga harbour

Tauranga's main shopping malls are Bayfair, in Mount Maunganui and Tauranga Crossing in Tauriko. Most of the city's shopping centres are located in the suburbs. They include Fraser Cove, Tauranga Crossing, Bethlehem Town Centre, Papamoa Plaza, Fashion Island, Bayfair Shopping Centre, Bay Central and Greerton Village.

Tauranga has the following business innovation centres

The following companies have their head office in Tauranga:

Arts and culture

[edit]

Religion

[edit]

A wide variety of faiths are practised, including Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Sikhism, Taoism and Judaism. There are many denominations of Christianity including Pentecostal, Methodist, Presbyterian, Roman Catholic, Exclusive Brethren, Baptist, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and Jacobite Syrian Christian Church.

Music

[edit]

The National Jazz Festival takes place in Tauranga every Easter.[54]

Events

[edit]

New Year celebrations at the Mount in Mount Maunganui are one of Tauranga's main events, bringing people from all around the country.

In 2014 Tauranga City Council granted permission for an annual Sikh parade to celebrate Guru Gobind Singh's birthday. 2500 people took part in 2014, while in 2015, the number increased to 3500.[55]

Sports

[edit]
McLaren Falls Park, on the outskirts of Tauranga

Tauranga has a large stadium complex in the Mount Manganui suburb, Baypark Stadium, rebuilt in 2001 after a similar complex closed in 1995. It hosts speedway events during summer and rugby matches in winter.

Tauranga is also the home of football (soccer) club Tauranga City United who compete in the Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Division 2.

Tauranga is the home to two rowing clubs – Tauranga Rowing Club in Memorial Park and Bay of Plenty Coast Rowing Club at the picturesque Wairoa River. Both clubs have had successful NZ representation over the years.

Tauranga has an all weather outdoor athletics ground at Tauranga Domain.

Tauranga also has a Hockey Association,[56] separate from the Regional Bay of Plenty body, which represents the city in domestic tournaments.

City facilities and attractions

[edit]
View over Greater Tauranga, taken from the top of Mauao

Greater Tauranga is a very popular lifestyle and tourism destination. It features many natural attractions and scenery ranging from popular beaches and harbour environments to lush bush-clad mountains with waterfalls and lakes.

View of Mount Beach, with Mauao in background

Cultural attractions include the Tauranga Art Gallery, which opened in October 2007 and showcases local, national and international exhibitions in a range of media. On the 17th Avenue, the "Historic Village on 17th",[57] recreates a historic setting with original and replica buildings from early Tauranga housing arts and gift shops.

The Baycourt Community and Arts Centre is a multi-purpose performing arts and theatre facility located in the central business district.

Aviation interests are well served with the Classic Flyers Museum and the Gyrate Flying Club where you can experience flying a modern gyroplane; the "motorbike of the sky".[58]

Tauranga has many parks: one of the largest is Memorial Park, and others include Yatton Park, Kulim Park, Fergusson Park and the large Tauranga Domain. The Te Puna Quarry Park has become a regional attraction, known for being converted from a disused quarry into a community park.[59]

Due to the temperate climate, outdoor activities are very popular, including golf, tramping (hiking), mountain biking and white water rafting. The Bay of Plenty coastline has miles of golden sandy beaches, and watersports are very popular, including swimming, surfing, fishing, diving, kayaking and kitesurfing. Tourists also enjoy dolphin-watching on specially run boat trips.

The coastal suburb Papamoa and neighbouring Mount Maunganui are some of the more affluent areas in Tauranga. The region's beaches attract swimmers, surfers, kayakers and kitesurfers throughout the year.

Tauranga has many outlying islands and reefs that make it a notable tourist destination point for travelling scuba divers and marine enthusiasts.[60] Extensive marine life diversity is available to scuba divers all year round. Water temperatures range from 12 degrees Celsius in winter to 22–24 degrees Celsius in summer. Tauranga houses two professional dive instructor training centres, training NAUI, PADI and SSI dive leader systems.

Infrastructure

[edit]

Hospitals

[edit]

Tauranga Hospital is a public secondary regional hospital located in Tauranga South, with 360 beds including neonatal, geriatric, surgical, maternity and mental health care.[61] It provides elective and emergency healthcare across medical, surgical, paediatric, obstetric, gynaecological and psychiatric services. The main tertiary referral centre for Tauranga Hospital is Waikato Hospital, located in Hamilton. As the site of the Bay of Plenty Clinical School, Tauranga Hospital provides training to medical students from the University of Auckland, as well as selective and elective placements for nursing and midwifery students.[62]

Grace Hospital is Tauranga's only private specialist surgical hospital, located in Oropi. It accommodates 6 operating theatres, 48 inpatient beds, a two-bed HDU, a procedure room for minor surgery and two procedure rooms for endoscopy.[63]

Utilities

[edit]

Powerco operates the local distribution network in the city,[64] with electricity supplied from Transpower's national grid at three substations: Greerton, Kaitemako and Matapihi.

Natural gas arrived in Tauranga in 1982, following the completion of the high-pressure pipeline from the Maui pipeline near Te Awamutu to the city, now operated by First Gas.[65] First Gas also operates the gas distribution network within the city.

From 24 October 2024, the Tauranga City Council began flouridating the city's water supply in response to a directive from the Director-General of Health.[66]

Transport

[edit]
East Coast Main Trunk Railway station in Tauranga City
A KiwiRail train on the East Coast Main Trunk Railway which runs through the central city.

Tauranga City Council is currently responsible for approximately 530 km of roads, 700 km of footpaths, cycle ways and access ways.[67]

Tauranga City Council also has a bit of work under way with their Transportation and Roads strategy. Their aim for the future to change current travel behaviour from a focus on private cars to more sustainable modes such as buses, cycling and walking.

Air

[edit]

Tauranga Airport is served by Air New Zealand with flights to Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch. Sunair is based in Tauranga, operating a fleet of light aircraft. Sunair operates from Tauranga Airport to Whangarei, Claris, Whitanga and Mōtītī Island. Barrier Air also operates from Tauranga to Great Barrier Island.

Rail

[edit]
Tauranga railway bridge

Tauranga is located on the East Coast Main Trunk Railway.

Tauranga has no passenger rail network, however it is a busy freight rail hub due to distribution from the Port of Tauranga.

Bus

[edit]

Main transportation in the city is provided by the BayBus, with twelve routes servicing the city's population. Bay Hopper buses depart the central stops in Tauranga's CBD, Ohauiti, Mount Maunganui and Bayfair every 15 minutes, with the routes to Papamoa and Greerton half-hourly.[68] Bee Cards were introduced for fares on 27 July 2020.[69]

The city is also a waypoint for bus travel between cities, with the Bay Hopper, and Intercity having a daily schedule.

Sea

[edit]

Tauranga has a passenger ferry service that transports passengers from Tauranga CBD to Mount Maunganui's Salisbury wharf. It is a 2-Way service that costs $15 each way.[70][71]

Education

[edit]
Main article: List of schools in the Bay of Plenty Region § Tauranga City

Tauranga is home to the Bay of Plenty Tertiary Education Partnership, made up of:

The organisations currently share two main campuses, but are planning a new central campus. Stage 1 was expected to be open in 2017, catering for 500 but with capacity for 700, which cost $67.3 million.[73][74]

Tauranga's secondary schools are:

ACG Tauranga, the city's first fully private school,[79][80] offers school to Year 12.[81]

Notable residents

[edit]

Past residents

[edit]

Sister cities

[edit]

Tauranga is twinned with:[83]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Tauranga mayor Mahé Drysdale honours grandfather as he's sworn in". Stuff.co.nz. 3 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  2. ^ a b "ArcGIS Web Application". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  3. ^ a b c "Aotearoa Data Explorer". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  4. ^ "100 Māori words every New Zealander should know – Māori Language Week | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". Nzhistory.net.nz. 1 August 1987. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  5. ^ "Tauranga pronunciation: How to pronounce Tauranga in Māori, English". Forvo.com. 12 April 2008. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  6. ^ "Local Government 1860 – present". Tauranga City Council. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 19 December 2008.
  7. ^ "Port of Tauranga Limited – New Zealand's largest and most efficient port – Port of Tauranga". Port-tauranga.co.nz. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  8. ^ "Auckland drives 5% population growth | Radio New Zealand News". Radionz.co.nz. 15 October 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  9. ^ "Appendix IV – The Herald (W. Williams, Journal, 20 June 1826)". Williams, H. The Early Journals of Henry Williams, p. 479-494. 1961. Archived from the original on 2 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  10. ^ Fitzgerald, Caroline (2011). Te Wiremu: Henry Williams – Early Years in the North. Huia Publishers, New Zealand. pp. 72–73. ISBN 978-1-86969-439-5.
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