Kelmayisaurus

Kelmayisaurus; Temporal range: Early Cretaceous ; ~140–100 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Maxilla and dentary of IVPP V 4022, the holotype of K. petrolicus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	Saurischia
Clade:	Theropoda
Family:	†Carcharodontosauridae
Genus:	†Kelmayisaurus; Dong, 1973
Type species
	†Kelmayisaurus petrolicus; Dong, 1973

Kelmayisaurus (meaning "Karamay lizard") is an extinct genus of carcharodontosaurid theropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous. It was roughly 10–12 meters (33–39 feet) long and its name refers to the petroleum-producing city of Karamay in the Xinjiang province of western China near where it was found.

Discovery and species

Kelmayisaurus is known from the holotype and only specimen IVPP V 4022. It consists of a complete left dentary with teeth and partial left maxilla. The specimen was found during the early 1970s in the Lianmuqin Formation of the Tugulu Group, dating to the Valanginian-Albian stages between 140 and 100 million years ago. The discovery locality is near Wuerho in the Junggar Basin.^[1] It was first named and described by Chinese paleontologist Dong Zhiming in 1973 and the type species is Kelmayisaurus petrolicus.^[2]

A supposed second species, K. "gigantus", was mentioned in a popular book as being a 21-meter (69 foot) long vertebral column from the Middle Jurassic Shishugou Formation.^[3] It is a nomen nudum and does not pertain to Kelmayisaurus, but instead appears to be a lapsus calami for the sauropod Klamelisaurus.^[4]^[5]

Classification

Kelmayisaurus had been thought to be a nomen dubium due to its scanty remains,^[6] and its phylogenetic position was uncertain. It was usually regarded as a basal tetanuran of uncertain affinities.^[7]^[8] However, Kelmayisaurus is diagnosable by the form and presence of a deeply inset accessory groove on the lateral side of the dentary, the main toothbearing bone of the lower jaw. Some of its features are like those of carcharodontosaurians, but they are also seen in large megalosauroids like Megalosaurus and Torvosaurus.^[9]

In 2011, a redescription of the holotype by Stephen L. Brusatte, Roger B.J. Benson and Xing Xu found Kelmayisaurus to be valid genus of Carcharodontosauridae with a single autapomorphy. A phylogenetic analysis of Tetanurae recovered K. petrolicus as a basal carcharodontosaurid in a trichotomy with Eocarcharia and a clade comprising more derived carcharodontosaurids.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b Brusatte, S.L.; Benson, R.B.J.; Xu, X. (2011). "A reassessment of Kelmayisaurus petrolicus, a large theropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of China". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 57 (1): 65–72. doi:10.4202/app.2010.0125. hdl:20.500.11820/95de36fb-46b2-4acc-bd2e-1d5a496fc78c.
^ Dong, Z. (1973). "Dinosaurs from Wuerho". Memoirs of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Academia Sinica. 11: 45–52.
^ Grady, W. (1993). The Dinosaur Project: The Story of the Greatest Dinosaur Expedition Ever Mounted. Edmonton: The Ex Terra Foundation. p. 90. ISBN 0-921912-46-3.
^ Mortimer, M. (21 July 2003). "And the largest theropod is..." Dinosaur Mailing List (Mailing list). Retrieved 9 February 2021.
^ Greenfield, T. (11 February 2021). "What is Kelmayisaurus "gigantus"?". Incertae Sedis. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
^ Rauhut, O.W.M.; Xu, X. (2005). "The small theropod dinosaurs Tugulusaurus and Phaedrolosaurus from the early Cretaceous of Xinjiang, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (1): 107–118. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0107:TSTDTA]2.0.CO;2.
^ Molnar, R.E.; Kurzanov, S.M.; Dong, Z. (1990). "Carnosauria". In Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H. (eds.). The Dinosauria. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 169–209. ISBN 0-520-06726-6.
^ Holtz, T.R.; Molnar, R.E.; Currie, P.J. (2004). "Basal Tetanurae". In Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H. (eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 71–110. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
^ Brusatte, S.L.; Benson, R.B.J.; Xu, X. (2010). "The evolution of large-bodied theropod dinosaurs during the Mesozoic in Asia". Journal of Iberian Geology. 36 (2): 275–296. Bibcode:2010JIbG...36..275B. doi:10.5209/rev_jige.2010.v36.n2.12. hdl:20.500.11820/1329c7c5-2a80-47c6-bdce-eda24c633e10.

[Brusatte_et_al._2011-1] Brusatte, S.L.; Benson, R.B.J.; Xu, X. (2011). "A reassessment of Kelmayisaurus petrolicus, a large theropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of China". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 57 (1): 65–72. doi:10.4202/app.2010.0125. hdl:20.500.11820/95de36fb-46b2-4acc-bd2e-1d5a496fc78c.

[2] Dong, Z. (1973). "Dinosaurs from Wuerho". Memoirs of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Academia Sinica. 11: 45–52.

[3] Grady, W. (1993). The Dinosaur Project: The Story of the Greatest Dinosaur Expedition Ever Mounted. Edmonton: The Ex Terra Foundation. p. 90. ISBN 0-921912-46-3.

[4] Mortimer, M. (21 July 2003). "And the largest theropod is..." Dinosaur Mailing List (Mailing list). Retrieved 9 February 2021.

[5] Greenfield, T. (11 February 2021). "What is Kelmayisaurus "gigantus"?". Incertae Sedis. Retrieved 11 February 2021.

[6] Rauhut, O.W.M.; Xu, X. (2005). "The small theropod dinosaurs Tugulusaurus and Phaedrolosaurus from the early Cretaceous of Xinjiang, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (1): 107–118. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0107:TSTDTA]2.0.CO;2.

[7] Molnar, R.E.; Kurzanov, S.M.; Dong, Z. (1990). "Carnosauria". In Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H. (eds.). The Dinosauria. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 169–209. ISBN 0-520-06726-6.

[8] Holtz, T.R.; Molnar, R.E.; Currie, P.J. (2004). "Basal Tetanurae". In Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H. (eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 71–110. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.

[9] Brusatte, S.L.; Benson, R.B.J.; Xu, X. (2010). "The evolution of large-bodied theropod dinosaurs during the Mesozoic in Asia". Journal of Iberian Geology. 36 (2): 275–296. Bibcode:2010JIbG...36..275B. doi:10.5209/rev_jige.2010.v36.n2.12. hdl:20.500.11820/1329c7c5-2a80-47c6-bdce-eda24c633e10.

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