Kafr Zabad

Kafr Zabad
كفر زبد
History
Cultures	Roman
Site notes
Condition	Ruins
Public access	Yes

Kafr Zabad

كفر زبد
Kafr Zabad كفر زبد
Village
	Kafr Zabad Location in Lebanon
	Coordinates: 33°45′30″N 35°58′02″E / 33.75833°N 35.96722°E
Country	Lebanon
Governorate	Beqaa Governorate
District	Zahlé
Elevation	3,235 ft (986 m)
Time zone	UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	+3

Kafr Zabad (Arabic: كفر زبد) is a village in Lebanon.^[2] It is also the site of two ancient Roman antae temples.^[3]

History

The village probably was founded during early Roman centuries. It is located at nearly 986 meters of altitude. It is famous because of its Roman temples.

George F. Taylor classed the temples in a group of Temples of the Beqaa Valley.^[4] They are situated 1,000 feet (300 m) above the village on a hill. The temples had almost been completely destroyed when Taylor visited the site. He noted only foundations and some parts of the cella walls and pediment of the upper temple had survived. Remains of architraves, carved stones and door frames littered the hill.^[3]

The lower temple had only one section of upright door frame, again with blocks of pediment, architrave and cornice lying scattered about the landscape of the Anti-Lebanon. There is a relief carved into a rock approximately 100 metres (330 ft) east of the temple with the figure of a Roman goddess (probably Venus). The figure is barely recognisable and had been mostly destroyed with only the lower half remaining distinguishable:^[3] indeed to the northeast of the lower temple there it is a rock-cut relief of Venus, called "Bint El Malik" or the king's daughter by the local people.

There it is also a Roman sanctuary probably dedicated to the god Mercury; the area also has ancient quarries and shaft tombs from the Roman period.^[5]

In 1838, Eli Smith noted Kefr Zebad as a Druse and Christian village in the Baalbek area.^[6]

Geography

The town is situated 58 km (36 mi) to the east of the Lebanese capital Beirut.

Climate

Kafr Zabad is located in the East of Lebanon. Located in the Beqaa Valley it is normal to have a dry weather. It rarely rains in Kafr Zabad in the summer rather very warm. Winters, however, are rather cold, and are also characterized by heavy snows. The Litani river (which is one of the most polluted rivers in the middle east) flows just around the outskirts of the town.

References

^ Kfar Zabad, localiban
^ Ted Kaizer (2008). The Variety of Local Religious Life in the Near East: In the Hellenistic and Roman Periods. BRILL. pp. 87–. ISBN 978-90-04-16735-3. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c George Taylor (1967). The Roman temples of Lebanon: a pictorial guide. Dar el-Machreq Publishers. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
^ Roman temples in Lebanon
^ Roman temples in the Bekaa Valley: Kafr Zabad
^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 145

Bibliography

Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.

External links

Kfar Zabad, Localiban

[localiban-1] Kfar Zabad, localiban

[Kaizer2008-2] Ted Kaizer (2008). The Variety of Local Religious Life in the Near East: In the Hellenistic and Roman Periods. BRILL. pp. 87–. ISBN 978-90-04-16735-3. Retrieved 15 November 2012.

[Taylor1967-3] George Taylor (1967). The Roman temples of Lebanon: a pictorial guide. Dar el-Machreq Publishers. Retrieved 1 November 2012.

[4] Roman temples in Lebanon

[5] Roman temples in the Bekaa Valley: Kafr Zabad

[6] Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 145

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v t e Zahle District, Beqaa Governorate
Capital: Zahlé
Towns and villages	Ablah Ain Kfar Zabad Ali an Nahri Anjar Barelias Bouarej Chtaura Deir El Ghazal Ferzol Jdita Kafr Zabad Karak Nuh Majdal Anjar Makseh Nabi Ayla Niha Bekaa Qâa er Rîm Qabb Ilyas (=Kabelias) Rayak Saadnayel Taanayel Taalabaya Terbol Zahlé
Other	Aammiq Wetland Hosn Niha Our Lady of Bekaa

v t e Roman archaeological sites in Lebanon
Roman Berytus (actual Beirut)	Berytus ¹ Roman Forum of Berytus Berytus Roman Baths Cisterns of Berytus Baths Berytus Cardo Decumanus Berytus Colonnaded street Byzantine mosaics Roman hippodrome of Berytus Roman Law school of Berytus
Roman Phoenicia (actual Lebanon)	Heliopolis Temple of Bacchus Temple of Jupiter (Baalbek) Temples of Mount Hermon Temples of the Beqaa Valley Aaqbe temple Afqa Ain Aata temple Ain Harcha roman temple Amioun Monastery Arca Caesarea Augusti Pagus Bakka temple Batroumine Bziza temple Canalizations of Zenobia Dakoue temple Mansourieh Roman aqueduct Hebbariye temple Iaat column Kafr Zabad temples Khirbet El-Knese roman temples Labweh Roman temple Libbaya roman temple Monastery of Qozhaya Monastery of Saint Maron Nahle roman temple Nebi Safa temple Niha Hosn Niha Qalaat Faqra Qal'at Bustra temple Castra Chbib Castra El Banat Saraain El Faouqa Schleem roman temple Colonia Aurelia Pia "Sidon" Temnin el-Foka nymphaeum Tripolis in Phoenicia Tyrus ¹ Tyre Necropolis Roman temple to Venus in Yammoune
Related	Roman Lebanon Phoenice (Roman province) Palaestina Secunda Phoenice Libanensis Stone of the Pregnant Woman Ulpianus Marcus Valerius Probus Eudokia of Heliopolis Saint Barbara of Heliopolis Coele-Syria List of Christian cathedrals in Lebanon Christianity in Lebanon Catholic Church in Lebanon Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral 2nd century in Lebanon 3rd century in Lebanon 4th century in Lebanon 5th century in Lebanon 6th century in Lebanon 551 Beirut earthquake
¹ UNESCO World Heritage Sites ² Proposed Category:Roman sites in Lebanon